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A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19 Virology, Vaccines, Variants, and Therapeutics

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Current Medical Science 2021年第6期41卷 1037-1051页

作者： Lauren Forchette William sebastian Tuoen LIU Department of Biomedical Sciences West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine400 Lee Street NorthLewisburgWest Virginia 24901USA

Summary:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the causative pathogen of Ihe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has caused more than 179 million infections and 3.8 million deaths *** the past year,multiple vaccines have already been developed and used,while some others are in the process of being ***,the emergence of new mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 that have demonstrated immune-evading characteristics and an increase in infective capabilities leads to potential ineffectiveness of the vaccines against these *** purpose of this review article is to highlight the current understanding of the immunological mechanisms of the virus and vaccines,as well as to investigate some key variants and mutations of the virus driving the current pandemic and their impacts on current management *** also discussed new technologies being developed for the prevention,treatment,and detection of *** this paper,we thoroughly reviewed and provided crucial information on SARS-CoV-2 virology,vaccines and drugs being used and developed for its prevention and treatment,as well as important variant *** review paper will be beneficial to health care professionals and researchers so they can have a better understanding of the basic sciences,prevention,and clinical treatment of COVID-19 during the *** paper consists of the most updated information that has been available as of June 21,2021.

关键词： severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines-variant strains antiviral therapy

Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第2期21卷 134-143页

作者： sebastian A.Wellford E.Ashley Moseman Department of Integrative Immunobiology Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA

Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract,yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune *** in the nasal passages,the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants;however,this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the *** a result,olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences,including dysfunction of the olfactory system,CNS invasion,dissemination to the lower respiratory tract,and transmission between *** research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue.A better understanding of innate,adaptive,and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as ***,we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa,review the subsequent immune response,and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.

关键词： Mucosal immunology Neuroimmunology Infectious Disease Sars-CoV-2

Design and Construction Challenges for a Hybrid Air and Thermal Energy Storage System Built in the Post-Mining Shaft

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Journal of Thermal Science 2022年第5期31卷 1302-1317页

作者： WANICZEK sebastian OCHMANN Jakub BARTELA Lukasz RULIK sebastian LUTYNSKI Marcin BRZUSZKIEWICZ Michal KOLODZIEJ Konrad SMOLNIK Grzegorz JURCZYK Michal LIPKA Marian Energoprojekt-Katowice SA Katowice40-159Poland Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery Silesian University of TechnologyGliwice44-100Poland Department of Mining Silesian University of TechnologyGliwice44-100Poland Department of Geomechanics and Underground Construction Silesian University of TechnologyGliwice44-100Poland

Compressed Air Energy Storage(CAES)is one of the methods that can solve the problems with intermittency and unpredictability of renewable energy sources.A side effect of air compression is a fact that a large amount of heat is generated which is usually *** the development of CAES systems,the main challenge,apart from finding suitable places for storing compressed air,is to store this heat of compression process so that it can be used for heating the air directed to the expander at the discharging *** paper presents the concept of a hybrid compressed air and thermal energy storage(HCATES)system,which may be a beneficial solution in the context of the two mentioned *** novel concept assumes placing the thermal energy storage(TES)system based on the use of solid storage material in the volume of the post-mining shaft forms a sealed air pressure *** of proposed systems within heavily industrialized agglomerations is a potential pathway for the revitalization of post-mine *** potential of energy capacity of such systems for the Upper Silesian region could exceed the value of 10 *** the paper,the main construction challenges related to this concept are *** issues related to the possibility of storing air under high pressure in the shaft from the view of the rock mass strength are *** overall concept of the TES system installation solution in the shaft barrel is *** basic problems related to heat storage in the cylindrical TES system with a non-standard structure of high slenderness are also *** numerical calculations were based on the results of experiments performed on a laboratory stand,the geometry of which is to reflect the construction of a TES tank in a post-mining *** article presents the results of numerical analysis showing the basic aspects related to difficulties that may occur at the construction stage and during the operation of the proposed HCATES *** paper

关键词： energy compressed air energy storage thermal energy storage post-mine areas revitalization structure analysis

Alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C:A frequently underestimated combination

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第28期15卷 3462-3471页

作者： sebastian Mueller Gunda Millonig Helmut K Seitz Department of Medicine and Center for Alcohol Research Live Disease and Nutrition Salem Medical Center University of Heidelberg Zeppelinstraβe 11-33 69121 Heidelberg Germany

Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) and hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection represent, either alone or in combination, more than two thirds of all patients with liver disease in the Western *** review discusses the epidemiology and combined impact of ALD and HCV on the progres sion of liver *** and HCV affect the progres sion of liver disease to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in a synergistic ***, the risk for HCC increases f ive times with a daily alcohol con sumption of 80 g;in the presence of HCV it is increased 20fold, and a combination of both risk factors leads to a more than 100fold risk for HCC *** consumption also decreases the response to interferon treatment which is probably due to a lack of compliance than a direct effect on HCV *** molecu lar mechanisms are discussed that could explain the synergistic interaction of alcohol and HCV on disease *** include modulation of the immune response and apoptosis, increased oxidative stress via induction of CYP2E1 and the hepatic accumulation of ***, both HCV and alcohol independently cause hepatic iron accumulation in > 50% of patients probably due to suppression of the liversecreted systemic iron hormone hepcidin.A better understanding of hepcidin regulation could help in developing novel therapeutic approaches to treat the chronic disease in the *** now, it can be generally concluded that HCVinfect ed patients should abstain from alcohol and alcoholicsshould be encouraged to participate in detoxification programs.

关键词： Alcoholic liver disease Chronic hepatitis C Steatosis Steatohepatitis Fibrosis Cirrhosis Reactiveoxygen species Hepatocellular carcinoma Iron accu-mulation

Seasonal variations in dissolved organic matter concentration and composition in an outdoor system for bank filtration simulation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 252-261页

作者： Muhammad Zeeshan Omamah Ali Shamas Tabraiz Aki sebastian Ruhl German Environment Agency Section II 3.3Schichauweg 5812307BerlinGermany Technische Universitat Berlin Water TreatmentKF4Str.des 17.Juni 13510623BerlinGermany Natural and Applied Sciences Section School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityCanterburyCT11QUUK

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)in surface waters can vary markedly in character depending on seasonal variations such as rainfall intensity,UV radiations and *** in DOM as well as temperature and rainfall intensity over the year can affect the biochemical processes occurring in bank filtration(BF).Identification and characterization of DOM in the surface water could help to optimize the water treatment and provide stable and safe drinking *** study investigated year-long variations of DOM concentrations and compositions in a surface water of a circulated outdoor pond(research facility)connected to a BF *** was dominated by humic substances and a changing pattern of DOM in surface water was observed throughout the year.A significant increase of DOM(~38%)in surface water was noted in August compared to *** fluorescent DOM showed that DOM in summer was enriched with the degradable fraction whilst non-degradable fraction was dominated in winter.A constant(1.7±0.1 mg/L)effluent DOM was recirculated in the system throughout the *** removal through BF varied between 4%to 39%and was achieved within a few meters after infiltration and significantly correlated with influent DOM concentration(R^(2)=0.82,p0.05)change in the removal of DOM was observed in two subsurface layers(upper and lower).This study highlights the presence of a constant non-degradable DOM in the bank filtrate,which was not affected by temperature,redox conditions and UV radiations.

关键词： Bank filtration Dissolved organic matter Dissolved oxygen Fluorescence spectroscopy Excitation-emission matrix

Metabolic control of adult neural stem cell behavior

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Frontiers in Biology 2015年第2期10卷 100-106页

作者： Marlen Knobloch sebastian Jessberger Brain Research Institute Faculty of Medicine and Science University of Zurich 8057 Zurich Switzerland

Neural stem cells generate new neurons throughout life in distinct regions of the mammalian brain. This process, called adult neurogenesis, is important for tissue homeostasis and physiological brain function. In addition, failing or altered neurogenesis has been associated with a number of diseases such as major depression and epilepsy. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the neurogenic process in the adult brain may enable future therapeutic approaches to target neural stem/progenitor cells （NSPCs） and their progeny to ameliorate disease symptoms and/or disease progression. Recently, the control of cellular metabolism has emerged as a regulator of NSPC activity in the adult brain. Here we review recent findings that attempt to describe stage-specific modulations of metabolism to ensure proper neurogenesis and suggest future avenues of research aiming to understand how metabolism affects NSPC behavior.

关键词： adult neurogenesis metabolic switch quiescence proliferation differentiation

Comparison of iron aluminide Fe_(3)Al with armour steel in ballistic behaviour OA

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2024年第12期42卷 183-190页

作者： Pavel Hanus Milan Pecanac Mirjana Trivkovic Savo Bojic sebastian Balos Technical University of Liberec Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Material ScienceStudentska 2CZ 46117LiberecCzech Republic University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technical SciencesDepartment of Production EngineeringTrg Dositeja Obradovica 621000Novi SadSerbia University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technical SciencesMechanization and Construction EngineeringTrg Dositeja Obradovica 621000Novi SadSerbia

Intermetallic aluminide compounds possess several potential advantages compared to alloyed steels,like enhanced oxidation resistance,lower density and the omittance of critical raw *** aluminides,compared to other transition metal-aluminides of TM_(3)-Al type,although having a higher density compared to titan-aluminides,have a lower density compared to nickel-aluminides,but also a higher ductility than both alternatives,making this material potentially effective in ballistic protection ***-wise,this material may be a worthy alternative to armour steels,which was the aim of this *** materials,Fe_(3)Al intermetallic compound(F3A-C)and Armox 500 armour steel were ballistically tested against tungsten-carbide(WC)armour-piercing ammunition,in accordance with STANAG *** ballistic testing,microhardness and metallographic testing were performed,revealing differences in strain hardening,crack propagation mode and exit hole morphology.F3A-C ballistic resistance is similar to that of armour steel,in spite of the lower tensile and impact mechanical properties,relying on a considerably higher strain hardening rate,thermal properties and a lower density.

关键词： Iron aluminide Armour steel Ballistic testing Impact testing Sem microscopy

How single-cell immunology is benefiting from microfluidic technologies

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2020年第1期6卷 728-741页

作者： Fabien C.Jammes sebastian J.Maerkl Institute of Bioengineering School of EngineeringEcole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland

The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells that work in concert to protect against invading pathogens and tissue *** in this network often result in excessive or absent immune responses leading to allergies,autoimmune diseases,and *** of the mechanisms and their regulation remain poorly *** cells are highly diverse,and an immune response is the result of a large number of molecular and cellular interactions both in time and *** bulk methods are often prone to miss important details by returning population-averaged *** is a need in immunology to measure single cells and to study the dynamic interplay of immune cells with their *** in the fields of microsystems and microengineering gave rise to the field of microfluidics and its application to *** systems enable the precise control of small volumes in the femto-to nanoliter *** controlling device geometries,surface chemistry,and flow behavior,microfluidics can create a precisely defined microenvironment for single-cell studies with spatio-temporal *** features are highly desirable for single-cell analysis and have made microfluidic devices useful tools for studying complex immune *** addition,microfluidic devices can achieve high-throughput measurements,enabling in-depth studies of complex *** has been used in a large panel of biological applications,ranging from single-cell genomics,cell signaling and dynamics to cell–cell interaction and cell migration *** this review,we give an overview of state-of-the-art microfluidic techniques,their application to single-cell immunology,their advantages and drawbacks,and provide an outlook for the future of single-cell technologies in research and medicine.

关键词： fluid network details

Molecular dynamics simulation of the Stribeck curve: Boundary lubrication, mixed lubrication, and hydrodynamic lubrication on the atomistic level

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Friction 2023年第12期11卷 2342-2366页

作者： Simon STEPHAN sebastian SCHMITT Hans HASSE Herbert M.URbassEK Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics(LTD) Department of Mechanical and Process EngieeringTU KaiserslauternRheinland-Pfalz 67663Germany Physics Department and Research Center(OPTIMAS) TU KaiserslauternRheinland-Pfalz 67663Germany

Lubricated contact processes are studied using classical molecular dynamics simulations for determining the entire range of the Stribeck ***,the lateral movement of two solid bodies at different gap height are *** each simulation,a rigid asperity is moved at constant height above a flat iron surface in a lubricating *** methane and decane are considered as *** three main lubrication regimes of the Stribeck curve and their transition regions are covered by the study:Boundary lubrication(significant elastic and plastic deformation of the substrate),mixed lubrication(adsorbed fluid layer dominates the process),and hydrodynamic lubrication(shear flow is set up between the surface and the asperity).We find the formation of a tribofilm in which lubricant molecules are immersed into the metal surface—not only in the case of scratching,but also for boundary lubrication and mixed *** formation of a tribofilm is found to have important consequences for the contact ***,the two fluids are found to show distinctly different behavior in the three lubrication regimes:For hydrodynamic lubrication(large gap height),decane yields a better tribological performance;for boundary lubrication(small gap height),decane shows a larger friction coefficient than methane,which is due to the different mechanisms observed for the formation of the tribofilm;the mixed lubrication regime can be considered as a transition regime between the two other ***,it is found that the nature of the tribofilm depends on the lubricant:While methane particles substitute substrate atoms sustaining mostly the crystalline structure,the decane molecules distort the substrate surface and an amorphous tribofilm is formed.

关键词： boundary lubrication mixed lubrication hydrodynamic lubrication molecular dynamics simulation tribofilm