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Optical Analysis of a ZnO/Cu_(2)O Subcell in a Silicon-Based Tandem Heterojunction Solar Cell

Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2017年第1期7卷 57-69页

作者： Φrnulf Nordseth Raj Kumar Kristin Bergum Laurentiu Fara sean erik foss Halvard Haug Florin Dragan Dan Craciunescu Paul Sterian Irinela Chilibon Cristina Vasiliu Laurentiu Baschir Dan Savastru Edouard Monakhov Bengt Gunnar Svensson Institute for Energy Technology(IFE) KjellerNorway Department of Physics/Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology(SMN) University of OsloOsloNorway University Politehnica of Bucharest BucharestRomania Academy of Romanian Scientists BucharestRomania National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics(INOE-2000) BucharestRomania

Research on silicon-based tandem heterojunction solar cells (STHSC) incorporating metal oxides is one of the main directions for development of high-efficiency solar cells. In this work, the optical characteristics of a STHSC consisting of a ZnO/Cu2O subcell on top of a silicon-based subcell were studied by optical modelling. Cu2O is a direct-gap p-type semiconductor which is attractive for application in solar cells due to its high absorptance of ultra-violet and visible light, nontoxicity, and low-cost producibility. Highly Al-doped ZnO and undoped Cu2O thin films were prepared on quartz substrates by magnetron sputter deposition. Thermal annealing of the Cu2O layer at 900°C enhances the electrical properties and reduces optical absorption, presumably as a result of increased grain size. Hall effect measurements show that the majority carrier (hole) mobility increases from 10 to 50 cm2/V×s and the resistivity decreases from 560 to 200 Ω×cm after annealing. A Cu2O absorber layer of 2 μm thickness will generate about 10 mA/cm2 of photocurrent under AM1.5G illumination. The optical analysis of the STHSC involved calculating the spectral curves for absorptance, transmittance, and reflectance for different thicknesses of the thin film layers constituting the ZnO/Cu2O subcell. The complex refractive indices of the thin films were derived from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements and implemented in the simulation model. The lowest reflectance and highest transmittance for the ZnO/Cu2O subcell are obtained for a thickness of approximately 80 nm for both the top and bottom AZO layers. The SiNx anti-reflection coating for the c-Si bottom subcell must be optimized to accommodate the shift of the photon spectrum towards longer wavelengths. By increasing the thickness of the SiNx layer from 80 nm to 120 nm, the total reflectance for the STHSC device is reduced from 12.7% to 9.7%.

关键词： Tandem Solar Cells Heterojunction Cuprous Oxide Magnetron Sputtering Optical Properties Optical Modelling

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Simultaneous endoscopic and video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement in walled-off pancreatic necrosis using a laparoscopic access platform:Two case reports

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第5期28卷 588-593页

作者： Lars Lindgaard Morten Laksáfoss Lauritsen Srdan Novovic erik Feldager Hansen John Gásdal Karstensen Palle Nordblad Schmidt Pancreatitis Centre East(PACE) Gastro UnitCopenhagen University Hospital-Amager and HvidovreHvidovre 2650Capital RegionDenmark Department of Clinical Medicine University of CopenhagenCopenhagen 2100Capital RegionDenmark

BACKGROUND Infected walled-off necrosis is a potentially life-threatening complication of necrotizing *** some patients can be treated by drainage alone,many patients also need evacuation of the infected *** necroses in relation to the pancreatic bed are easily reached via an endoscopic transluminal approach,whereas necroses that involve the paracolic gutters and the pelvis are most efficiently treated via a percutaneous *** and complex necroses may need a combination of the two *** SUMMARY Transluminal and percutaneous drainage followed by simultaneous endoscopic and modified video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement was carried out in two patients with very large(32-38 cm),infected walled-off necroses using a laparoscopic access *** 34 d and 86 d and a total of 9 and 14 procedures,respectively,complete regression of the walled-off necroses was *** laparoscopic access platform improved both access to the cavities as well as the *** transluminal and percutaneous necrosectomy are feasible with the laparoscopic access platform serving as a useful *** This approach may be necessary to control infection and achieve regression in some patients with complex collections.

关键词： Acute necrotizing pancreatitis Walled-off necroses Minimally invasive surgical procedures

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Use of models in large-area forest surveys： comparing model-assisted, model-based and hybrid estimation

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Forest Ecosystems 2016年第2期3卷 153-163页

作者： Goran Stahl Svetlana Saarela Sebastian Schnell Soren Holm Johannes Breidenbach sean P. Healey Paul L. Patterson Steen Magnussen erik Naesset Ronald E. McRoberts Timothy G. Gregoire Department of Forest Resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences UmeA Sweden. Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research As Norway. USDA Forest Service Washington D.C. USA. Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre British Columbia Canada Norwegian University of Life Sciences As Norway. School of Forestry and Fnvirnnmental Studies. Yale Universitv New Haven CT USA.

This paper focuses on the use of models for increasing the precision of estimators in large-area forest surveys. It is motivated by the increasing availability of remotely sensed data, which facilitates the development of models predicting the variables of interest in forest surveys. We present, review and compare three different estimation frameworks where models play a core role： model-assisted, model-based, and hybrid estimation. The first two are well known, whereas the third has only recently been introduced in forest surveys. Hybrid inference mixes design- based and model-based inference, since it relies on a probability sample of auxiliary data and a model predicting the target variable from the auxiliary *** review studies on large-area forest surveys based on model-assisted, model- based, and hybrid estimation, and discuss advantages and disadvantages of the approaches. We conclude that no general recommendations can be made about whether model-assisted, model-based, or hybrid estimation should be preferred. The choice depends on the objective of the survey and the possibilities to acquire appropriate field and remotely sensed data. We also conclude that modelling approaches can only be successfully applied for estimating target variables such as growing stock volume or biomass, which are adequately related to commonly available remotely sensed data, and thus purely field based surveys remain important for several important forest parameters.

关键词： Design-based inference Model-assisted estimation Model-based inference Hybrid inference Nationalforest inventory Remote sensing Sampling

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Why ecosystem characteristics predicted from remotely sensed data are unbiased and biased at the same time-and how this affects applications

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 24-31页

作者： Goran Ståhl Terje Gobakken Svetlana Saarela Henrik J.Persson Magnus Ekstrom sean P.Healey Zhiqiang Yang Johan Holmgren Eva Lindberg Kenneth Nystrom Emanuele Papucci Patrik Ulvdal Hans OleØrka erik Næsset Zhengyang Hou Håkan Olsson Ronald E.McRoberts Department of Forest Resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research StationOgdenUTUSA The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China Department of Forest Resources University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMNUSA

Remotely sensed data are frequently used for predicting and mapping ecosystem characteristics,and spatially explicit wall-to-wall information is sometimes proposed as the best possible source of information for ***,wall-to-wall information typically relies on model-based prediction,and several features of model-based prediction should be understood before extensively relying on this type of *** such feature is that model-based predictors can be considered both unbiased and biased at the same time,which has important implications in several areas of *** this discussion paper,we first describe the conventional model-unbiasedness paradigm that underpins most prediction techniques using remotely sensed(or other)auxiliary *** this point of view,model-based predictors are typically ***,we show that for specific domains,identified based on their true values,the same model-based predictors can be considered biased,and sometimes severely *** suggest distinguishing between conventional model-bias,defined in the statistical literature as the difference between the expected value of a predictor and the expected value of the quantity being predicted,and design-bias of model-based estimators,defined as the difference between the expected value of a model-based estimator and the true value of the quantity being *** show that model-based estimators(or predictors)are typically design-biased,and that there is a trend in the design-bias from overestimating small true values to underestimating large true ***,we give examples of applications where this is important to acknowledge and to potentially make adjustments to correct for the design-bias *** argue that relying entirely on conventional model-unbiasedness may lead to mistakes in several areas of application that use predictions from remotely sensed data.

关键词： Bias Model-based inference Design-based inference

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