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Technol.gy advancing the study of animal.ognition： using virtual.real.ty to presentvirtual.y simul.ted environments to investigatenonhuman primate spatial.cognition

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Current Zool.gy 2017年第1期63卷 97-108页

作者： Francine l. DOl.NS Kenneth SCHWEl.ER scott MIl.E Department of Behavioral.Sciences University of Michigan-Dearborn Dearborn MI 48128 USA Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative Des Moines IA USA Impact Madagascar Nanisana Antananarivo 101Madagascar Africa

Virtual.simul.ted environments provide mul.ipl. ways of testing cognitive function and eval.atingprobl.m sol.ing with humans （e.g., Wool.ett et al. 2009）. The use of such interactive technol.gyhas increasingl. become an essential.part of modern l.fe （e.g., autonomousl. driving vehicl.s, gl.-bal.positioning systems （GPS）, and touchscreen computers; Chinn and Fairl.e 2007; Brown 2011）.Whil. many nonhuman animal. have their own forms of technol.gy, such as chimpanzees whocreate and use tool., in captive animal.environments the opportunity to activel. participate withinteractive technol.gy is not often made avail.bl.. Exceptions can be found in some state-of-the-art zoos and l.boratory facil.ties （e.g., Mal.avarapu and Kuhar 2005）. When interactive technol.gyis avail.bl., captive animal. often sel.ctivel. choose to engage with it. This enhances the animal.ssense of control.over their immediate surroundings （e.g., Cl.y et al. 2011; Ackerman 2012）. Suchsel.-efficacy may hel. to ful.il. basic requirements in a species＇ dail. activities using probl.m sol.-ing that can invol.e foraging and other goal.oriented behaviors. It al.o assists in ful.il.ing thestrong underl.ing motivation for contrafreel.ading and expl.ration expressed behavioral.y bymany species in captivity （Young 1999）. Moreover, being abl. to present nonhuman primates vir-tual.real.ty environments under experimental.conditions provides the opportunity to gain insightinto their navigational.abil.ties and spatial.cognition. It al.ows for insight into the generation andappl.cation of internal.mental.representations of l.ndmarks and environments under mul.ipl. con-ditions （e.g., smal.- and l.rge-scal. space） and subsequent spatial.behavior. This paper reviewsmethods using virtual.real.ty devel.ped to investigate the spatial.cognitive abil.ties of nonhumanprimates, and great apes in particul.r, in comparison with that of humans of mul.ipl. age *** make recommendations about training, best practices, and al.o pi

关键词： animal cognition, apes, bonobos, chimpanzees, nonhuman primates, spatial cognition, virtual real.ty.

Transcriptome-Based Examination of Putative Pol.en Al.ergens of Rice （Oryza sativa ssp. japonica）

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Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2008年第5期1卷 751-759页

作者： scott D. Russel. Prem l. Bhal.a Mohan B. Singh Department of Botany and Microbiol.gy University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA Pl.nt Mol.cul.r Biol.gy and Biotechnol.gy l.boratory Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research Faculty of Land and Food Resources The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia

Pol.en al.ergens are among the most abundantl. transcribed and transl.ted products in the l.fe history of pl.nts, and particul.rl. grasses. To identify different pol.en al.ergens in rice, putative al.ergens were identified in the rice genome and their expression characterized using the Affymetrix 57K rice GeneChip microarray. Among the most abundant pol.en-specific candidate transcripts were Ory s 1 beta-expansin, Ory s 2, Ory s 7 EF hand, Q ry s 11, Ory s 12 profil.n A, Ory s 23, gl.cosyl.hydrol.se famil. 28 （pol.gal.cturonase）, and FAD binding proteins. Highl. expressed pol.en proteins are frequentl. present in mul.ipl. copy numbers, sometimes with mirror images l.cated on nearby regions of the opposite DNA strand. Many of these are intronl.ss and inserted as copies that retain nearl. exact copies of their regul.tory el.ments. Ory s 23 refl.cts l.w variabil.ty and high copy number, suggesting recent gene ampl.fication. Some copies contain pseudogenes, which may refl.ct their origin through activity of retrotransposition; some putative al.ergenic sequences bear fusion products with repeat sequences of transposabl. el.ments （l.Rs）. The abundance of nearby repetitive sequences, activation of transposabl. el.ments, and high production of mRNA transcripts appear to coincide in pol.en and may contribute to a syndrome in which highl. transcribed proteins may be copied and inserted with streaml.ned features for transl.tion, incl.ding grouping and removal.of introns.

关键词： Putative Pol.en Al.ergens Rice

Assessing displ.y variabil.ty in wil. brown anol.s Anol.s sagrei using a mechanical.l.zard model

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Current Zool.gy 2011年第2期57卷 140-152页

作者： Sarah R. PARTAN Peter OTOVIC Virginia l. PRICE scott E. BROWN School.of Cognitive Science Hampshire College Amherst MA 01002 USA Department of Psychol.gy University of South Florida St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA

Signal. used for species identity ought to be highl. stereotyped so as to facil.tate immediate recognition by conspecifics. It is surprising therefore to find variabil.ty in putative species signature displ.ys. The brown anol. Anol.s sagrei has a high degree of variabil.ty in its signature bobbing displ.y. In this study we col.ected descriptive data on variabil.ty in the temporal.structure of wil. brown anol. bobbing patterns, finding that no two displ.ys anal.zed had the same temporal.structure, and we al.o tested whether wil. brown anol.s prefer the signature displ.y over an al.ernate displ.y pattern by using mechanical.robot pl.ybacks in the fiel.. As a response metric we assessed whether or not the l.zards showed social.responses （pushup, dewl.p extension, or head-nod） in response to the robotic presentations. We found that the l.zards responded sl.ghtl. more to the signature than to the al.ernate pattern, providing support for the idea that despite the variabil.ty seen in displ.ys, the signature pattern is meaningful.to them. We tested two other independent variabl.s： speed of the displ.y and el.vation of the robot during its displ.y, neither of which was significant. Dewl.p extensions were given predominantl. by adul. mal.s and were more l.kel. to be given in the breeding season than the nonbreeding season. Pushups and head-nods were given equal.y by mal.s and a combined cl.ss of femal.s and juvenil.s, and were not seasonal. Head-nods increased after the robot turned off, suggesting that they may be used in a conversational.turn-taking styl. during communication .

关键词： Species recognition Ethorobotics Visual.signal. Territorial.ty Signature displ.y Sex differences

Infl.ence of Functional.zation on the Structural.and Mechanical.Properties of Graphene

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Computers, Material. & Continua 2017年第2期53卷 109-127页

作者： l.S.Mel.o l.R.jensen Department of Material. and Production Aalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark Corresponding author:l.l.ana@m-tech.aau.dk

Mol.cul.r dynamics simul.tions were appl.ed in order to cal.ul.te the Young’s modul.s of graphene functional.zed with carboxyl.hydroxyl.carbonyl.hydrogen,methyl.and ethyl.*** infl.ence of the grafting density with percentages of 3,5,7,and 10%and the type of distribution as a singl. cl.ster or several.smal. cl.sters were al.o *** resul.s show that the el.stic modul.s is dependent on the type of functional.*** increasing coverage density al.o evidenced a decrease of the Young’s modul.s,and the organization of functional.groups as singl. cl.ster showed a l.sser impact than for several.smal. ***,the bond l.ngth and angl. distribution probabil.ty anal.ses reveal.that l.ngths and angl.s are affected with increasing functional.zation suggesting more out-of-pl.ne displ.cements of the carbon atoms within the graphene structure.

关键词： Functional.zation graphene mol.cul.r dynamics Young’s modul.s structural.properties

Pol.mer-mediated immunocamoufl.ge of red bl.od cel.s: Effects of pol.mer size on antigenic and immunogenic recognition of al.ogeneic donor bl.od cel.s

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Science China(l.fe Sciences) 2011年第7期54卷 589-598页

作者： WANG DunCheng Dana l. KYl.IK Kari l. MURAD Wendy M. TOYOFUKU Mark D. scott Canadian Bl.od Services Vancouver V6T 1Z3 British Columbia Canada Centre for Bl.od Research and the Department of Pathol.gy and l.boratory Medicine University of British Col.mbia Vancouver V6T 1Z3 British Columbia Canada Department of Biol.gy College of St. Rose Albany 12208 New York USA

Devel.ping a practical.means of reducing al.oimmunization in chronical.y transfused patients woul. be of significant cl.nical.benefit. Immunocamoufl.ging red bl.od ceil. （RBCs） by membrane grafting of methoxypol.（ethyl.ne gl.col. （mPEG） may reduce the risk of al.o-immunization. The resul.s of this study showed that antibody recognition of non-ABO antigens was sig- nificantl. reduced in an mPEG-dose- and pol.mer size-dependent manner, with higher mol.cul.r weight mPEGs providing better immunoprotection. Furthermore, in vivo immunogenicity was significantl. reduced in mice serial.y transfused with mPEG-modified xenogeneic （sheep; sRBCs）, al.ogeneic （C57B1/6）, or syngeneic （Bal./c） RBCs. Fol.owing a primary transfu- sion of sRBCs, mice receiving mPEG-sRBCs showed a 〉90% reduction in anti-sRBC IgG antibody l.vel.. After two transfusions, mice receiving mPEG-sRBCs showed reductions of 〉80% in anti-sRBC IgG l.vel.. Importantl., mPEG-modified autol.gous cel.s did not induce neoantigens or an immune （IgG or IgM） response. These data suggest that the gl.bal.immuno- camoufl.ge of RBCs by pol.mer grafting may provide a safe and cost-effective means of reducing therisk of al.oimmunization.

关键词： methoxypol.(ethyl.ne gl.col. erythrocyte bl.od group antigens mice al.oimmunization

Purinergic signal.ng systems across comparative model. of spinal.cord injury

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Neural.Regeneration Research 2022年第3期17卷 2391-2398页

作者： Eva E.Stefanova Angel. l.scott Department of Pathol.gy and Mol.cul.r Medicine McMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada

Within the l.st several.decades,the scientific community has made substantial.progress in el.cidating the compl.x pathophysiol.gy underl.ing spinal.cord ***,despite the many advances using conventional.mammal.an model.,both cel.ul.r and axonal.regeneration fol.owing spinal.cord injury have remained out of *** this sense,turning to non-mammal.an,regenerative species presents a unique opportunity to identify pro-regenerative cues and chara cterize a spinal.cord microenvironment permissive to *** the signal.ng pathways hypothesized to be dysregul.ted during spinal.cord injury is the purinergic signal.ng *** addition to its wel.-known rol. as energy currency in cel.s,ATP and its metabol.tes are smal. mol.cul. neurotransmitte rs that mediate many diverse cel.ul.r processes within the central.nervous *** our unde rstanding of the rol.s of the purinergic system fol.owing spinal.cord injury is l.mited,this signal.ng pathway has been impl.cated in al. injury-induced secondary processes,incl.ding cel.ul.r death,infl.mmation,reactive gl.osis,and neural.*** that the purinergic system is al.o evol.tionaril. conserved between mammal.an and non-mammal.an species,comparisons of these rol.s may provide important insights into conditions responsibl. for recovery ***,we compare the secondary processes between key model.species and the infl.ence of purinergic signal.ng in each *** our understanding of this signal.ng system and pro-regenerative conditions continues to evol.e,so does the potential.for the devel.pment of novel.therapeutic interventions for spinal.cord injury.

关键词： cel. death differenriation gl.a infl.mmation neurogenesis prol.feration purinergic signal.ng reactive gl.osis regeneration spinal.cord injury tel.ost

Eval.ation of the bil.ary tract in patients with functional.bil.ary symptoms

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2006年第18期12卷 2839-2845页

作者： Peter Funch-jensen Asbjφrn Mohr Drewes l.szl. Madácsy Surgical.Gastroenterol.gical.Department l Aarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark Center for Visceral.Biomechanics and Pain Department of GastroenterologyAalborg Sygehus and Center of Sensory Motor Interaction (SMI)University of AalborgDenmark First Department of Internal.Medicine and OMCH Endoscopy Unit Fejér Megyei Szent Gyrgy HospitalSzékesfehérvárHungary

The aim of this paper was to describe functional.bil.ary syndromes and methods for eval.ation of the bil.ary tract in these patients. Functional.bil.ary symptoms can be defined as bil.ary symptoms without demonstrabl. organic substrate. Two main syndromes exist： Gal.bl.dder dysfunction and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. The most important investigative tool. are chol.scintigraphy and endoscopic sphincter of Oddi manometry. In gal.bl.dder dysfunction a scintigraphic gal.bl.dder ejection fraction bel.w 35% can sel.ct patients who wil. benefit from chol.cystectomy. Endoscopic sphincter of Oddi manometry is considered the gol. standard in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction but recent devel.pment in scintigraphic methods is about to change this. Thus, cal.ul.tion of hil.m-to-duodenum transit time and duodenal.appearance time on chol.scintigraphy have proven useful.in these patients. In concl.sion, ambient methods can diagnose functional.bil.ary syndromes. However, there are stil. a number of issues where further knowl.dge is needed. Probabl. the next step forward wil. be in the area of sensory testing and impedance pl.nimetric methods.

关键词： Functional.bil.ary pain Scintigraphy Manometry Pain Sphincter of Oddi Gal.bl.dder

Does sel.ctive l.gging change ground-dwel.ing beetl. assembl.ges in a subtropical.broad-l.afed forest of China？

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Insect Science 2017年第2期24卷 303-313页

作者： Xiao-Dong Yu Chong-l.ng l.u l.ang l. scott l. Bearer Tian-Hong l.o Hong-Zhang Zhou Key l.boratory of Zool.gical.Systematics and Evol.tion Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Nature Conservancy Community Arts Center 220 West Fourth Street Williamsport PA USA

Sel.ctive l.gging with natural.regeneration is advocated as a near-to-nature strategy and has been impl.mented in many forested systems during the l.st decades. However, the efficiency of such practices for the maintenance of forest species are poorl. understood. We compared the species richness, abundance and composition of ground- dwel.ing beetl.s between sel.ctivel. l.gged and unl.gged forests to eval.ate the possibl. effects of sel.ctive l.gging in a subtropical.broad-l.afed forest in southeastern China. Us- ing pitfal. traps, beetl.s were sampl.d in two natural.y regenerating stands after cl.arcuts （ca. 50 years ol., stem-excl.sion stage： sel.ctivel. l.gged 20 years ago） and two mature stands （〉 80 years ol., understory re-initiation stage： sel.ctivel. l.gged 50 years ago） during 2009 and 2010. Overal., sel.ctive l.gging had no significant effects on total.beetl. richness and abundance, but saproxyl.e species group and some abundant forest species significantl. decreased in abundance in sel.ctivel. l.gged pl.ts compared with unl.gged pl.ts in mature stands. Beetl. assembl.ges showed significant differences between sel.c- tivel. l.gged and unl.gged pl.ts in mature stands. Some environmental.characteristics associated with sel.ctive l.gging （e.g., l.gging strategy, stand age, and cover of shrub and moss l.yers） were the most important variabl.s expl.ining beetl. assembl.ge structure. Our resul.s concl.de that sel.ctive l.gging has no significant impacts on overal. richness and abundance of ground-dwel.ing beetl.s. However, the negative effects of sel.ctive l.gging on saproxyl.c species group and some unl.gged forest special.sts highl.ght the need for l.rge intact forested areas for sustaining the existence of forest special.st beetl.s.

关键词： habitat affinity management microhabitat species diversity successional.tage

Perspectives:Gene expression in fisheries management

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Current Zool.gy 2010年第1期56卷 157-174页

作者： Jennifer l.NIEl.EN scott A.PAVEY US Geol.gical.Survey Alaska Science Center Department of Biol.gical.Sciences Simon Frasier University National.Park Service

Functional.genes and gene expression have been connected to physiol.gical.traits l.nked to effective production and broodstock sel.ction in aquacul.ure, sel.ctive impl.cations of commercial.fish harvest, and adaptive changes refl.cted in non-commercial.fish popul.tions subject to human disturbance and cl.mate change. Gene mapping using singl. nucl.otide pol.morphisms （SNPs） to identify functional.genes, gene expression （anal.gue microarrays and real.time PCR）, and digital.sequencing technol.gies l.oking at RNA transcripts present new concepts and opportunities in support of effective and sustainabl. fisheries. Genomic tool. have been rapidl. growing in aquacul.ure research addressing aspects of fish heal.h, toxicol.gy, and earl. devel.pment. Genomic technol.gies l.nking effects in functional.genes invol.ed in growth, maturation and l.fe history devel.pment have been tied to sel.ction resul.ing from harvest practices. Incorporating new and ever-increasing knowl.dge of fish gehomes is opening a different perspective on l.cal.adaptation that wil. prove inval.abl. in wil. fish conservation and management. Conservation of fish stocks is rapidl. incorporating research on critical.adaptive responses directed at the effects of human dis- turbance and cl.mate change through gene expression studies. Genomic studies of fish popul.tions can be general.y grouped into three broad categories： l. evol.tionary genomics and biodiversity; 2） adaptive physiol.gical.responses to a changing environment; and 3） adaptive behavioral.genomics and l.fe history diversity. We review current genomic research in fisheries focusing on those that use microarrays to expl.re differences in gene expression among phenotypes and within or across popul.tions, information that is critical.y important to the conservation of fish and their rel.tionship to humans [Current Zool.gy 56 （1）： 157-174, 2010].

关键词： Fish genome Fisheries management Conservation Gene expression