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High nymphal host density and mortality negatively impact parasitoid complex during an insect herbivore outbreak

Insect Science 2019年第2期26卷 351-365页

作者： Aidan A. g. Hall scott N. Johnson James M. Cook Markus Riegler Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University NSW Australia

Insect herbivore outbreaks frequently occur and this may be due to factors that restrict top-down control by parasitoids, for example, host-parasitoid asynchrony, hyperparasitization, resource limitation and climate. Few studies have examined hostparasitoid density relationships during an in sect herbivore outbreak in a n atural ecosystem with diverse parasitoids. We studied parasitization patterns of Cardiaspina psyllids during an outbreak in a Eucalyptus woodland. First, we established the trophic roles of the parasitoids through a species-specific multiplex PCR approach on mummies from which parasitoids emerged. Then, we assessed host-parasitoid density relationships across three spatial scales (leaf, tree and site) over one yeas We detected four endoparasitoid species of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera);two primary parasitoid and one heteronomous hyperparasitoid Psyllaephagus species (the latter with female development as a primary parasitoid and male development as a hyperparasitoid), and the hyperparasitoid Coccidoctonuspsyllae. Parasitoid development was host-synchronized, although synchrony between sites appeared constrained during winter (due to temperature differences). Parasitization was predominantly driven by one primary parasitoid species and was mostly inversely host-density dependent across the spatial scales. Hyperparasitization by C. psyllae was psyllid-density dependent at the site scale, however, this only impacted the rarer primary parasitoid. High larval parasitoid mortality due to density-dependent nymphal psyllid mortality (a consequence of resource limitation) compounded by a summer heat wave was incorporated in the assessment and resulted in density independence of host-parasitoid relationships. As such, high larval parasitoid mortality during insect herbivore outbreaks may contribute to the absence of host density-dependent parasitization during outbreak events.

关键词： density-dependent mortality insect outbreak psyllid synchronization temperature trophic interactions

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Drug induced acute pancreatitis: Does it exist?

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World Journal of gastroenterology 2014年第44期20卷 16529-16534页

作者： scott Tenner Division of gastroenterology Department of Medicine State University of New York Downstate Medical Center State University of New York

As the incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to rise, establishing the etiology in order to prevent recurrence is important. Although the etiology of acute pancreatitis is not difficult in the majority of patients, almost a quarter of patients are initially labeled as having idiopathic acute pancreatitis. When confronted with a patient with acute pancreatitis and no clear etiology defined as an absence alcoholism, gallstones(ultrasound and/or MRI), a normal triglyceride level, and absence of tumor, it often appears reasonable to consider a drug as the cause of acute pancreatitis. Over 100 drugs have been implicated by case reports as causing acute pancreatitis. While some of these case reports are well written, many case reports represent poorly written experiences of the clinician simply implicating a drug without a careful evaluation. Over-reliance on case reports while ignoring randomized clinical trials and large pharmacoepidemiologic surveys has led to confusion about drug induced acute pancreatitis. This review will explain that drug induced acute pancreatitis does occur, but it is rare, and over diagnosis leads to misconceptions about the disease resulting in inappropriate patient care, increased litigation and a failure to address the true entity: idiopathic acute pancreatitis.

关键词： Drug induced acute pancreatitis Idiopathic acute pancreatitis

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Some non-trivial Kazhdan-Lusztig coefficients of an affine Weyl group of type _n

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Science China Mathematics 2010年第8期53卷 1919-1930页

作者： scott Leonard Department of Mathematics University of Virginia

In this paper we show that the leading coeficient μ(y,w) of some Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials Py,w with y,w in an affine Weyl group of type n is n + *** fact has some consequences on the dimension of first extension... 详细信息

关键词： Kazhdan-Lusztig coeficient Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomial first extension group

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COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKgROUND

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Chinese Physics C 2016年第10期40卷 411-420页

作者： D. scott g.F. Smoot University of British Columbia UCB/LBNL

28.1. Introduction The energy content in radiation from beyond our galaxy is dominated by the cosmic microwave background （CMB）, discovered in 1965 [1]. The spectrum of the CMB is well described by a blackbody function with T = 2.7255 K. This spectral form is a main supporting pillar of the hot Big Bang model for the Universe. The lack of any observed deviations from a blackbody spectrum constrains physical processes over cosmic history at redshifts z ≤ 107 （see earlier versions of this review）.

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Integrated molecular evolution scott Orland Rogers.

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2012年

作者： scott Orland Rogers.

ISBN: (纸本)9781439819951

"Molecular evolution, phylogenetics, genomics, and other related topics are all critical to understanding evolutionary processes. All too frequently, however, they are treated separately in textbooks and courses, such that students fail to connect all of the concepts, principles, and nuances of the evolutionary processes. Integrated Molecular Evolution brings these related areas together in one vo

关键词： Molecular evolution. Evolution Molecular. genetic Phenomena. Molecular Biology.

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The importance of pre-and postcopulatory sexual selection promoting adaptation to increasing temperatures

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Current Zoology 2021年第3期67卷 321-327页

作者： Miguel gomez-Llano Eve scott Erik I.Svensson Department of Biological Sciences University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR72701USA Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM139PLUK Department of Animal and Plant Sciences The University of SheffieldSheffieldS102TNUK Biology Department Lund UniversityEvolutionary Ecology UnitLund22362Sweden

global temperatures are increasing rapidly affecting species *** if and how different species can adapt fast enough to keep up with increasing temperatures is of vital *** mechanism that can accelerate adaptation and promote evolutionary rescue is sexual *** different mechanisms by which sexual selection can facilitate adaptation are pre-and postcopulatory sexual ***,the relative effects of these different forms of sexual selection in promoting adaptation are ***,we present the results from an experimental study in which we exposed fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster to either no mate choice or 1 of 2 different sexual selection regimes(pre-and postcopulatory sexual selection)for 6 generations,under different thermal *** showed evidence of thermal adaptation under preco-pulatory sexual selection,but this effect was not detected in the postcopulatory sexual selection and the no choice mating *** further demonstrate that sexual dimorphism decreased when flies evolved under increasing temperatures,consistent with recent theory predicting more sexually concordant selection under environmental *** results suggest an important role for precopulatory sexual selection in promoting thermal adaptation and evolutionary rescue.

关键词： evolutionary rescue local adaptation climate change Drosophila sexual selection

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Exploitation of the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway for the treatment of epithelial inflammatory diseases

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World Journal of gastroenterology 2006年第46期12卷 7451-7459页

作者： David A scott Michael Martin Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research group and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville Kentucky United States Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research group and Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville Kentucky United States

Discoveries in the first few years of the 21st century have led to an understanding of important interactions between the nervous system and the inflammatory response at the molecular level, most notably the acetylcholine （ACh）- triggered,α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor （α7nAChR）- dependent nicotinic antinflammatory pathway. Studies using the α7nAChR agonist, nicotine, for the treatment of mucosal inflammation have been undertaken but the efficacy of nicotine as a treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases remains debatable. Further understanding of the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway and other endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms is required in order to develop refined and specific therapeutic strategies for the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases and conditions, including periodontitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, and ulcerative colitis.

关键词： α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Inflammation Mucosa Nicotine Nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway Tobacco smoking

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Variability of the useful life of reservoirs in tropical locations:A case study from the Burdekin Falls Dam, Australia

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2018年第2期33卷 93-106页

作者： Michelle Cooper Stephen E.Lewis Thomas C.Stieglitz scott g.Smithers College of Scilence and Engineering James Cook University Centre for Tropical Water ε Aquatic Ecosystem Research TropWATER James Cook University

Large dam construction for irrigation, hydropower, water supply, and flood control in tropical to subtropical areas increased markedly after 1950. Many of the dams built during this period have filled with sediment and no longer perform to their original design specifications; in many cases, forecast dam life was greatly overestimated. This study investigates the useful life of Burdekin Falls Dam(BFD), northeastern Australia and compares the findings with other tropical reservoirs. Using two independent methods it is estimated that between 61 and 65 million m3 of sediment has been deposited in the reservoir over the 24 years of operation through 2011. This sediment volume equates to an average of0.15% of capacity lost per year since construction was completed. If current sediment loads/climate regimes persist, reservoir capacity will be reduced by 50% after 345 years. However, the useful life of the BFD reduces to just 276 years when drawdown data are considered; these data show reservoir use would be affected once 40% of storage was filled with sediment, with a 60% drawdown return period of 1 in 15 years. When compared to similar large tropical to sub-tropical reservoirs, the BFD has a slightly longer reservoir useful life than dams in India and a much longer half-life than for both similar-sized and larger dams in China, Brazil, and Iran. Properties of the BFD that promote a longer useful life include a lower trap efficiency, relatively low annual sediment load delivered to the reservoir, limited sediment deposition behind the dam wall(and uniform distribution of deposited sediment), and the export of highly turbid annual floodwaters before settling and deposition of any remaining sediment within the reservoir.

关键词： Reservoir half-life Lake Dalrymple Sediment trapping Trap efficiency Tropical reservoir Useful life

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Daily shoaling patterns in the zebrafish Danio rerio

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Current Zoology 2013年第6期59卷 754-760页

作者： Timothy PACIOREK scott McROBERT Department of Biology Saint Joseph's University Philadelphia PA 19131 USA

Shoaling intensity in zebrafish Danio rerio is believed to vary throughout subjective day and night hours. This experiment examines long term variations in shoaling behavior. Adult zebrafish Dan io rerio were maintained under a 12：12 LD cycle （with dim red light serving as reduced visibility during subjective dark hours）, and their shoaling behavior was monitored every hour for a three-day period of time. Our results show that zebrafish perform shoaling behavior throughout subjective day and under reduced visibility conditions, although mean shoaling times during the light phase were significantly higher than mean shoaling times during the dark phase. However, on the 3^rd day of the experiment, mean shoaling times during the subjective night had increased and mean shoaling times during the subjective day had decreased. This shift in intensity was not seen on the first two days of the study, and may represent the influence of experience on the behavior of the test fish. We believe this study shows that shoaling behavior changes with light/dark cycles and that fish shoal even during reduced visibility conditions.

关键词： Shoaling behavior Zebrafish Danio rerio Variation

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Participatory Disaster Recovery Simulation Modeling for Community Resilience Planning

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第4期9卷 519-529页

作者： scott B.Miles Department of Human Centered Design and Engineering University of Washington

A major challenge in enhancing the resilience of communities stems from current approaches used to identify needs and strategies that build the capacity of jurisdictions to mitigate loss and improve recovery. A new generation of resilience-based planning processes has emerged in the last several years that integrate goals of community well-being and identity into recovery-based performance measurement frameworks. Specific tools and refined guidance are needed to facilitate evidence-based development of recovery estimates. This article presents the participatory modeling process, a planning system designed to develop recovery-based resilience measurement frameworks for community resilience planning initiatives. Stakeholder engagement is infused throughout the participatory modeling process by integrating disaster recovery simulation modeling into community resilience planning. Within the process, participants get a unique opportunity to work together to deliberate on community concerns through facilitated participatory modeling. The participatory modeling platform combines the DESaster recovery simulation model and visual analytics *** is an open source Python Library for creating discrete event simulations of disaster recovery. The simulation model was developed using a human-centered design approach whose goal is to be open, modular, and extensible. The process presented in this article is the first participatory modeling approach for analyzing recovery to aid creation of community resilience measurement frameworks.

关键词： Community resilience planning Disasters Disaster recovery Participatory modeling Recovery-based performance targets Simulation modeling

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