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Detecting Sorghum Plant and Head Features from Multispectral UAV Imagery

Plant Phenomics 2021年第1期3卷 337-350页

作者： Yan Zhao Bangyou Zheng Scott CChapman Kenneth Laws Barbara George-Jaeggli Graeme LHammer David RJordan Andries B.Potgieter The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationCentre for Crop ScienceGattonQueensland 4343Australia CSIRO Agriculture and Food St.LuciaQueensland 4072Australia The University of Queensland School of Agriculture and Food SciencesSt.LuciaQueensland 4072Australia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Agri-Science QueenslandWarwickQueensland 4370Australia

In plant breeding,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)carrying multispectral cameras have demonstrated increasing utility for high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)to aid the interpretation of genotype and environment effects on morphological,biochemical,and physiological traits.A key constraint remains the reduced resolution and quality extracted from“stitched”mosaics generated from UAV missions across large areas.This can be addressed by generating high-quality reflectance data from a single nadir image per plot.In this study,a pipeline was developed to derive reflectance data from raw multispectral UAV images that preserve the original high spatial and spectral resolutions and to use these for phenotyping applications.Sequential steps involved(i)imagery calibration,(ii)spectral band alignment,(iii)backward calculation,(iv)plot segmentation,and(v)application.Each step was designed and optimised to estimate the number of plants and count sorghum heads within each breeding plot.Using a derived nadir image of each plot,the coefficients of determination were 0.90 and 0.86 for estimates of the number of sorghum plants and heads,respectively.Furthermore,the reflectance information acquired from the different spectral bands showed appreciably high discriminative ability for sorghum head colours(i.e.,red and white).Deployment of this pipeline allowed accurate segmentation of crop organs at the canopy level across many diverse field plots with minimal training needed from machine learning approaches.

关键词： breeding backward Plant

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A Weakly Supervised Deep Learning Framework for Sorghum Head Detection and Counting

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Plant Phenomics 2019年第1期1卷 1-14页

作者： Sambuddha Ghosal Bangyou Zheng Scott CChapman Andries BPotgieter David RJordan Xuemin Wang Asheesh KSingh Arti Singh Masayuki Hirafuji Seishi Ninomiya Baskar Ganapathysubramanian Soumik Sarkar Wei Guo Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA 2Department of Computer ScienceIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA 3CSIRO Agriculture and FoodSt.LuciaQLDAustralia 4School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandGattonQLD 4343Australia 5Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)The University of QueenslandGattonQLDAustralia 6Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI)The University of QueenslandWarwickQLDAustralia 7Department of AgronomyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA 8International Field Phenomics Research LaboratoryInstitute for Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem Services

The yield of cereal crops such as sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)depends on the distribution of crop-heads in varying branching arrangements.Therefore,counting the head number per unit area is critical for plant breeders to correlate with the genotypic variation in a specific breeding field.However,measuring such phenotypic traitsmanually is an extremely labor-intensive process and suffers from low efficiency and human errors.Moreover,the process is almost infeasible for large-scale breeding plantations or experiments.Machine learning-based approaches like deep convolutional neural network(CNN)based object detectors are promising tools for efficient object detection and counting.However,a significant limitation of such deep learningbased approaches is that they typically require a massive amount of hand-labeled images for training,which is still a tedious process.Here,we propose an active learning inspired weakly supervised deep learning framework for sorghum head detection and counting from UAV-based images.We demonstrate that it is possible to significantly reduce human labeling effort without compromising final model performance(𝑅2 between human count and machine count is 0.88)by using a semitrained CNN model(i.e.,trained with limited labeled data)to perform synthetic annotation.In addition,we also visualize key features that the network learns.This improves trustworthiness by enabling users to better understand and trust the decisions that the trained deep learning model makes.

关键词： Deep breeding network

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修剪神经纤维缠结

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Science Bulletin 2023年第21期68卷 2507-2509页

作者：雷鹏 scott Ayton Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China The Florey Neuroscience Institute The University of MelbourneMelbourne VIC 3052Australia

Tau protein (encoded by the MAPT gene) is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other “tauopathies”, where aggregated tau pathology accumulates in neurons. Since tau deposition is strongly associated with cognitive dysfunction in AD, and tau purportedly mediates the toxicity of β-amyloid, therapies developed to reduce tau or its phosphorylation have been tested preclinically and in several small-scale clinical trials[1]. However, caveats for tau-targeting therapy include the limited understanding of its physiological functions and the complicated interactions between its post-translational modifications, aggregation, and cellular toxicity.

关键词：神经纤维缠结 pathology Alzheimer

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Engineering cerebral folding in brain organoids

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第11期17卷 2420-2422页

作者： Glen scott Yu Huang Biological Engineering College of EngineeringUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA

Valuable implement to the animal neurological models:Neurological diseases remain the largest cause of death and disability.The discovery of effective therapies is chiefly hindered by the lack of realistic neurological models.Unlike other tissues,it is infeasible or unethical to access primary human neural samples in bulk.But animal models often fail to replicate the complex human-specific neuronal factors present in vivo.Conventional in vitro cultures lack native three-dimensional(3D)morphologies,polarity,and receptor expression,as well as tissue-level interactions(J ensen et al.,2018).

关键词： cerebral diseases

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美国油脂化学家协会在世界贸易中的作用——质量保障检测、有证标准物质和国际联络活动

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粮油食品科技 2022年第1期30卷 67-72页

作者： scott BLOOMER 美国油脂化学家协会美国伊利诺伊61802

美国油脂化学家协会(AOCS)是一个由志愿者领导的协会。AOCS根据公认的国际标准制定和发布油脂、蛋白质、表面活性剂和相关物质的分析方法,以确保全球范围内的公平贸易实践。AOCS官方方法的制定已经超过100年。1909年,AOCS的创始愿景是建... 详细信息

美国油脂化学家协会(AOCS)是一个由志愿者领导的协会。AOCS根据公认的国际标准制定和发布油脂、蛋白质、表面活性剂和相关物质的分析方法,以确保全球范围内的公平贸易实践。AOCS官方方法的制定已经超过100年。1909年,AOCS的创始愿景是建立"一个旨在制定和提高棉籽产品分析方法的组织"。AOCS官方方法对世界贸易至关重要,每年用于确认数十亿磅油籽类商品和加工品的价值。此外,AOCS主持能力验证项目,提供有证标准物质,并与包括国际标准化组织(ISO)和食品法典委员会在内的其他标准制定者合作。AOCS作为一个专业、科学的会员组织,利用包括会议、出版物、兴趣小组、社交机会和网络在内的多种途径,提供当下和新兴的信息,并传播油脂、蛋白质、表面活性剂和相关物质的研究成果。许多从事这些领域工作的科学家、专家和其他工作者都在AOCS找到了他们的职业港湾。AOCS技术领导委员会由一些经验丰富的会员和科学家组成。该委员会为AOCS技术服务部门工作人员就科学问题提供指导,并在AOCS面临的机遇方面优先提供建议。

关键词：分析方法能力验证基因改造标准物质油籽粕谷物和豆类动植物油脂食品法典

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A Generic Model to Estimate Wheat LAI over Growing Season Regardless of the Soil-Type Background

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Plant Phenomics 2023年第2期5卷 333-352页

作者： Qiaomin Chen Bangyou Zheng Karine Chenu scott C.Chapman School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia Agriculture and Food CSIROQueensland Bioscience PrecinctSt LuciaQLDAustralia The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationToowoombaQLDAustralia

It is valuable to develop a generic model that can accurately estimate the leaf area index(LAI)of wheat from unmanned aerial vehicle-based multispectral data for diverse soil backgrounds without any ground calibration.To achieve this objective,2 strategies were investigated to improve our existing random forest regression(RFR)model,which was trained with simulations from a radiative transfer model(PROSAIL).The 2 strategies consisted of(a)broadening the reflectance domain of soil background to generate training data and(b)finding an appropriate set of indicators(band reflectance and/or vegetation indices)as inputs of the RFR model.The RFR models were tested in diverse soils representing varying soil types in Australia.Simulation analysis indicated that adopting both strategies resulted in a generic model that can provide accurate estimation for wheat LAI and is resistant to changes in soil background.From validation on 2 years of field trials,this model achieved high prediction accuracy for LAI over the entire crop cycle(LAI up to 7 m^(2)m^(−2))(root mean square error(RMSE):0.23 to 0.89 m^(2)m^(−2)),including for sparse canopy(LAI less than 0.3 m^(2)m^(−2))grown on different soil types(RMSE:0.02 to 0.25 m^(2)m^(−2)).The model reliably captured the seasonal pattern of LAI dynamics for different treatments in terms of genotypes,plant densities,and water–nitrogen managements(correlation coefficient:0.82 to 0.98).With appropriate adaptations,this framework can be adjusted to any type of sensors to estimate various traits for various species(including but not limited to LAI of wheat)in associated disciplines,e.g.,crop breeding,precision agriculture,etc.

关键词： soil Wheat breeding

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Glutamine-released ammonia acts as an unprecedented signaling molecule activating lipid production

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Genes & Diseases 2023年第2期10卷 307-309页

作者： Chunming Cheng scott Kelsey Deliang Guo Department of Radiation Oncology Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer CenterArthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Instituteand College of Medicine at The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA Center for Cancer Metabolism James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA

In healthy humans, ammonia circulates in the bloodstream at a concentration around 11–32 μmol/L. Whether ammonia plays any physiological role has been unknown until a recent report published in Nature Metabolism.1 Ammonia, long thought to be a toxic waste product of amino acid metabolism, needs to be excreted from the human body as urea. Intriguingly, in this paper, Cheng et al1 for the first time reported that ammonia is not a waste product;rather, it is an unprecedented signaling molecule tying glucose and glutamine to lipid production in human cells. This study revealed that ammonia released from glutamine triggers a cascade of cellular processes leading to the activation of lipogenesis machinery for lipid production (Fig. 1). This discovery has major implications for developing treatments for human diseases such as cancers and metabolic syndromes, as dysregulated metabolism is a hallmark of these diseases.

关键词： ammonia metabolism Ammonia

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Telemedicine for sarcoma patient care

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Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment 2022年第1期8卷 140-149页

作者： scott M.Schuetze Division of Hematology/Oncology Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA

Telemedicine is being incorporated into routine healthcare,including oncology.The integration of telemedicine with patient electronic medical records and the adoption of virtual provider-patient encounters was accelerated by the SARS-CoV2 worldwide pandemic.Although telemedicine has existed for more than 50 years,the impact of telemedicine on patient care and health outcomes is relatively understudied,and little research has been conducted on telehealth in the care of patients with sarcoma.This review discusses the potential applications of telemedicine to the care of patients with sarcoma and some of the data available on patient and provider preferences for telemedicine vs.in-person healthcare encounters.Some of the areas of care in which greater adoption of telemedicine may be beneficial to patients with sarcoma are also discussed.

关键词： Sarcoma telemedicine telepathology telehealth virtual multidisciplinary

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Education Universalization,Rural School Participation,and Population Density

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China & World Economy 2022年第4期30卷 4-30页

作者： Xi Zhang scott Rozelle Institute of Population and Labor Economics Chinese Academy of Social SciencesChina Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford Universitythe US

In many developing countries,low population density may be a major reason for low school participation in rural areas,and the problem is likely to worsen with rapid urbanization.However,few studies have investigated empirically the role of population density in rural education,especially the moderating effect of population density on the outcomes of education policies.This study aims to fill this gap in the literature.From 1999 through the early 2000s,China launched a set of major nationwide policies aimed at universalizing 9-year compulsory education in rural areas.Using difference-in-differences and triple difference strategies,we show that the policies significantly increased the probability of junior high school enrollment of rural children and,more importantly,these policies were more effective in densely populated regions.These findings confirm the imporance of population density to rural education.

关键词： enrollment rate policy effectiveness rural population density universal 9-year compulsory education policy

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高度难熔源区在俯冲起始形成伊豆-小笠原-马里亚纳岛弧中的意义

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Science Bulletin 2022年第2期67卷 119-121,M0003页

作者： scott A.Whattam Robert J.Stern Department of Geosciences King Fahd University of Petroleum and MineralsDhahran 31261Saudi Arabia Department of Geosciences University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTX 75083-0688USA

The ascendent theory that unifies the Earth Sciences is Plate Tectonics, a regime which is unique to Earth. Other convectively active, solid silicate bodies of our Solar System (Venus, Mars, and Io) are encased in a single deforming "lid";on these, multiple plates and hence plate motions do not exist [1]. As Earth’s tectonic plates are driven by the sinking of old and cold oceanic lithosphere at subduction zones, understanding how new subduction zones originate is vital for a complete plate tectonic theory. Proposed mechanisms of subduction initiation (SI) are controversial but can be either spontaneous, i.e., caused by forces originating at the SI site, or induced by ongoing plate motions [2].

关键词： Earth tectonic Solar

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