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Fire occurrence in relation to bamboo dominance in the Qinling Mountains of China: Evidence from phytolith and charcoal records in Holocene sediments

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第7期58卷 1182-1190页

作者： Courtney Marie RAYLE scott b.FRANKLIN LU ZhiJun School of biological Sciences University of Northern Colorado Key Laboratory of Aquatic botany and Watershed Ecology the Chinese Academy of Sciences

he internal genetic clock of semelparous mast-flowering bamboo species creates gregarious regions of flowering and death, thus leading to fuel-load accumulation that potentially promotes fire（Fire-Cycle Hypothesis）. Higher abundance of bamboo could be expected to provide greater fuel loads after flowering. Here, we investigated the possible link between bamboo dominance and fire occurrence. As the main food source for the giant panda in the Qinling Mountains of China, bashania fargesii（Farges Canebrake） and Fargesia qinlingensis（Arrow bamboo） dominate lower（1000–1900 m） and higher elevations（1800–2700 m）, respectively. Four soil profiles（elevation ranging from 1240 to 2170 m） in areas of known recent bamboo flowering events（~1980） and adjacent non-flowering sites were assessed for phytoliths and charcoal. Characteristic phytoliths were chosen to describe bamboo dynamics, and charcoal particles were extracted from the soil to reconstruct fire history. Carbon 14 dating of soil charcoal samples was conducted using an accelerator mass spectrometry technique. In addition, we chose two depths（28–52 and 90–100 cm） in one bashania profile（b. fargesii forest） and one Fargesia profile（F. qinlingensis forest） for phytolith dating. Our findings indicate that bamboo has been a dominant component of these ecosystems almost for the entire profile; some 6400 yrs for bashania and ca. 10000 yrs for the Fargesia. It is also clear from the charcoal and phytolith data that bamboo abundance and recent mast flowering were significantly related to fire occurrence for lower elevation bashania while the higher elevation Fargesia was not. One of the four profiles had chronological charcoal records throughout and the oldest charcoal aged was ~1410 yr bP, suggesting an anthropogenic origin. The mixing of phytolith and charcoal made it unrealistic to describe temporal dynamics of bamboo and fire events, and thus our interpretation is cognizant of the dating discrepancies and conservative（less-sp

关键词： bamboo dynamics bashania Fargesia fire cycle hypothesis phytolith Qinling Mountains

FUNDAMENTAL SUSTAINAbILITY AT CORNELL LAW SCHOOL’S NEW ACADEMIC CENTER

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Journal of Green building 2015年第2期10卷 42-63页

作者： scott b.Aquilina Matthew Kozlowski Ying Hua Ann beha Architects 33 Kingston StreetBostonMA 02111T:617.226.1600 Energy and Environmental Engineering Facilities Engineering Department102 Humphreys Service BuildingCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853 Department of Design and Environmental Analysis College of Human Ecology 3421 Martha Van Rensselaer HallCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853

The New Academic Center achieved a LEED Platinum rating,the first for Cornell’s core *** the obligation to meet the University’s green building criteria was a given,the design was largely influenced by historic preservation and an interest in maintaining views of an historic quadrangle and valuable campus green *** drivers led to a comprehensive design process in alignment with the University’s long term goals for overall campus *** first phase initiative,a below-grade classroom addition,provides new space for Law School programs in an exceptionally energy efficient building with concurrent environmental benefits,including preservation of open space and enhanced storm-water *** addition,as a thoughtful addition to a landmark building,the project emphasized the use of both existing and local building materials.

关键词： Historic Preservation Adaptation below-Grade Construction Earth-Sheltered Construction Green Roof Thermal Mass Energy Efficiency Renewed Landscape Campus Planning

U.S. Resilience to large-scale power outages in 2002–2019

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Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 2022年第2期3卷 128-135页

作者： Aman Ankit Zhanlin Liu scott b.Miles Youngjun Choe Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98105USA Department of Human Centered Design&Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98105USA

Prolonged power outages debilitate the economy and threaten public health. Existing research is generally limitedin its scope to a single event, an outage cause, or a region. Here, we provide one of the most comprehensiveanalyses of large-scale power outages in the U.S. from 2002 to 2019. This analysis is based on the outage datacollected under U.S. federal mandates that concern large blackouts, typically of transmission systems and excludemuch more common but smaller blackouts, typically, of distribution systems. We categorized the data into fouroutage causes and computed reliability metrics, which are commonly used for distribution-level small outagesonly but useful for analyzing large blackouts. Our spatiotemporal analysis reveals six of the most resilient *** since 2010, improvement of power resilience against natural hazards in the south and northeast regions,and a disproportionately large number of human attacks for its population in the Western Electricity CoordinatingCouncil region. Our regression analysis identifies several statistically significant predictors and hypotheses forU.S. resilience to large blackouts. Furthermore, we propose a novel framework for analyzing outage data usingdifferential weighting and influential points to better understand power resilience. We share curated data andcode as Supplementary Materials.

关键词： Power outage Reliability Natural hazard Cyber attack Sabotage Operational maintenance

Locomotion behavior of cao vit gibbon(Nomascus nasutus)living in karst forest in bangliang Nature Reserve,Guangxi,China

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Integrative Zoology 2013年第4期8卷 356-364页

作者： Pengfei FAN Matthew b.scott Hanlan FEI Changyong MA Institute of Eastern-Himalaya biodiversity Research Dali UniversityDaliChina

The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered *** approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam *** forest is unusual gibbon ***,the canopy height of cao vit gibbon habitat is approximately 10 *** on the locomotor behavior of gibbons living in this particular forest type might provide important insight into locomotor stability and variability of *** used 5 min scan samples to record the locomotion mode,support use and canopy strata of gibbons in 3 groups for 2096 h between January 2008 and December *** cao vit gibbon habitat has a lower canopy in comparison to that of other forests inhabited by gibbons,cao vit gibbons displayed a similar overall locomotor pattern to other gibbon species(Symphalangus syndactylus,Hylobates lar and Hylobates agilis)in which brachiation dominate their locomotor *** vit gibbons spent most of their time travelling on inclined branches(2-10 cm)in the middle stratum through the forest *** females appear to more often employ safer modes of locomotion(bridging more often and brachiation less),while adult males choose riskier modes(leaping more and climbing less).As gibbons increased in body weight,as they grew from infant to adult,they tended to use larger *** research documented that locomotor behavior in Hylobatidae is strongly determined by anatomical characters,but cao vit gibbons also show the ability to use various supports,enabling them to survive in karst forest.

关键词： adaptation cao vit gibbon karst forest locomotion Nomascus nasutus

Scoping out the future:The application of artificial intelligence to gastrointestinal endoscopy

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2022年第5期14卷 989-1001页

作者： scott b Minchenberg Trent Walradt Jeremy R Glissen brown Department of Internal Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMA 02130United States Division of Gastroenterology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMA 02130United States

Artificial intelligence(AI)is a quickly expanding field in gastrointestinal *** there are a myriad of applications of AI ranging from identification of bleeding to predicting outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease,a great deal of research has focused on the identification and classification of gastrointestinal *** of the initial randomized,prospective trials utilizing AI in clinical medicine have centered on polyp detection during screening *** addition to work focused on colorectal cancer,AI systems have also been applied to gastric,esophageal,pancreatic,and liver *** promising results in initial studies,the generalizability of most of these AI systems have not yet been *** this article we review recent developments in the field of AI applied to gastrointestinal oncology.

关键词： Artificial intelligence Oncology Gastroenterology Endoscopy Machine learning Computer-assisted decision making Computer-aided detection Computer-aided diagnosis

Foot use and hand preference during feeding in captive black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti)

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Integrative Zoology 2013年第4期8卷 378-388页

作者： Jing PAN Wen XIAO Matthew H.TALbERT Matthew b.scott Institute of Eastern-Himalaya biodiversity Research Dali UniversityDaliYunnanChina Department of Psychology University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina College of Engineering University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA

Postural origin theory predicts that body postures are related to hand preference in nonhuman primates due to hemispheric *** preference,especially in manipulating objects,is also a good predictor of hemispheric specialization in *** studied limb(hand and foot)preferences in 11 captive adult black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti)to see how limb preference is influenced by postures and foot *** preference was significantly different for this group between quadrupedal standing and clinging postures,and sitting and clinging postures,but not between bipedal standing and clinging *** were significantly more likely to use the right hand in the clinging posture than in quadrupedal standing or sitting *** the sitting posture,individuals maintained their respective hand preference even when the food was on the other side of the *** was a gender difference in the sitting posture,where females preferred their right hand but males preferred their *** who did not routinely use their feet to manipulate objects,compared to those who did,shifted to greater right hand use from the clinging posture to the bipedal *** male individual and his offspring were more likely to use their feet to manipulate objects than the rest of the *** the present study,we reveal the first evidence of a postural effect on hand preference in *** as well as a foot preference in this *** results mostly agree with the postural origin theory and hemispheric specialization.

关键词： bipedal standing foot preference gender difference limb preference postural origin theory

RESPONSES OF A GLObAL CGCM TO CO_2 INCREASE

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2000年第1期14卷 46-60页

作者：李清泉 scott b.POWER National Climate Center Beijing 100081 bureau of Meteorology Research Centre MelbourneAustralia

The responses of the climate system to increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2)are studied by using a new version of the bureau of Meteorological Research Centre(bMRC)global coupled general circulation model(CGCM).Two simulations are run:one with atmospheric CO_2 concentration held constant at 330 ppm,the other with a tripling of atmospheric CO_2(990 ppm). Results from the 41-year control coupled integration are applied to analyze the mean state, seasonal cycle and interannual variability in the *** between the greenhouse experiment and the control experiment then provide estimations of the influence of increased CO_2 on climate changes and climate *** discussed is the question on whether the climate changes concerned with CO_2 inerease will impact interannual variability in tropical Pacific, such as ENSO.

关键词： CGCM carbon dioxide climate change ENSO

Long-term monitoring of cycles in Clethrionomys rutilus in the Yukon boreal forest

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 27-36页

作者： Charles J.KREbS Alice J.KENNEY b.scott GILbERT Rudy bOONSTRA Department of Zoology University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada Renewable Resources Management Program Yukon UniversityWhitehorseYukonCanada Department of biological Sciences University of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada

baseline studies of small rodent populations in undisturbed ecosystems are *** report here 50 years of mon-itoring and experimentation in Yukon of a dominant rodent species in the North American boreal forest,the red-backed vole Clethrionomys *** voles breed in summer,weigh 20–25 g,and reach a maximum density of 20 to 25 per *** populations have shown consistent 3–4-year cycles for the last 50 years with the only change being that peak densities averaged 8/ha until 2000 and 18/ha since that *** the last 25 years,we have measured food resources,predator numbers,and winter weather,and for 1-year social interactions,to estimate their contribution to changes in the rate of summer increase and the rate of overwinter *** these potential limiting factors could contribute to changes in density,and we measured their relative contributions statistically with multiple *** rate of winter decline in density was related to both food supply and winter *** rate of summer increase was related to summer berry crops and white spruce cone *** measure of predator numbers was related to winter or summer changes in vole *** was a large signal of climate change effects in these *** is no density dependence in summer population growth and only a weak one in winter population *** of our results provide a clear understanding of what generates 3–4-year cycles in these voles,and the major missing piece may be an understanding of social interactions at high density.

关键词： boreal forest climate change density dependence population cycles predation winter severity

Modeling temperature and moisture dependent emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from drying dairy cow manure

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2018年第2期5卷 280-286页

作者： Enzhu HU Pakorn SUTITARNNONTR Markus TULLER scott b.JONES Institute of Resources and Environmental Sciences School of Metallurgy Northeastern University Department of Plants Soils and Climate Utah State University Department of Soil Water and Environmental Science The University of Arizona

Greenhouse gas emissions due to biological degradation processes of animal wastes are significant sources of air pollution from agricultural areas. The major environmental controls on these microbe-induced gas fluxes are temperature and moisture content. The objective of this study was to model the effects of temperature and moisture content on emissions of CO2 and CH4 during the ambient drying process of dairy manure under controlled conditions. Gas emissions were continuously recorded over 15 d with paired fully automated closed dynamic chambers coupled with a Fourier Transformed Infrared gas analyzer. Water content and temperature were measured and monitored with capacitance sensors. In addition, on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15, p H, moisture content, dissolved organic carbon and total carbon(TC) were determined. An empirical model derived from the Arrhenius equation confirmed high dependency of carbon emissions on temperature and moisture content. Results indicate that for the investigated dairy manure, 6.83% of TC was lost in the form of CO2 and 0.047% of TC was emitted as *** the effect of temperature, the moisture contents associated with maximum gas emissions were estimated as0.75 and 0.79 g$g–1 for CO2 and CH4, respectively.

关键词： carbon dioxide dairy manure methane moisture temperature