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Chronic liver disease in Aboriginal North Americans

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第29期14卷 4607-4615页

作者： John d scott Naomi Garland department of Medicine Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of WashingtonSeattle WA 98144 United States department of Laboratory Medicine University of WashingtonSeattle WA 98144 United States

A structured literature review was performed to detail the frequency and etiology of chronic liver disease (CLd) in Aboriginal North Americans. CLd affects Aboriginal North Americans disproportionately and is now one of the most common causes of death. Alcoholic liver disease is the leading etiology of CLd, but viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis C, is an important and growing cause of CLd. High rates of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are reported in regions of coastal British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. Non-alcoholic liver disease is a common, but understudied, cause of CLd. Future research should monitor the incidence and etiology of CLd and should be geographically inclusive. In addition, more research is needed on the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLd) in this population.

关键词：美国印度乙型病毒肝炎丙型病毒肝炎病毒感染

A modified intron of VRT2 drives glume and grain elongation in wheat

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Molecular Plant 2021年第9期14卷 1421-1423页

作者： Laura E.dixon scott A.Boden Faculty of Biological Sciences University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK School of Agriculture Food and WineWaite Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideGlen OsmondSA 5064Australia

Yield is a complex trait that is determined predominantly by the number,size,and weight of grain produced by a plant,which are all in fluenced by multiple genes and environ mental *** cereals,grain size is in flue need by envir on mental signals including nutrient availability and temperature,and by variation for genes that control the dimensions of a grain or the size of floral organs(e.g.,Heang and Sassa,2012;Brinton et al.,2017;Adamski et al.,2021;Liu et al.,2021;Xiao et al.,2021).Three recent studies have investigated subspecies of tetrapioid and hexapioid wheat that produce Ion ger grains,which form in florets that contain elongated floral structures(Adamski et al.,2021;Liu et al.,2021;Xiao et al.,2021);their findings provide new understanding of the genes controlling floret architecture,which could be used by breeders to enhance grain size and yield.

关键词： grain organs wheat

Polymer-mediated immunocamouflage of red blood cells: Effects of polymer size on antigenic and immunogenic recognition of allogeneic donor blood cells

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2011年第7期54卷 589-598页

作者： WANG dunCheng dana L. KYLUIK Kari L. MURAd Wendy M. TOYOFUKU Mark d. scott Canadian Blood Services Vancouver V6T 1Z3 British Columbia Canada Centre for Blood Research and the department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z3 British Columbia Canada department of Biology College of St. Rose Albany 12208 New York USA

developing a practical means of reducing alloimmunization in chronically transfused patients would be of significant clinical benefit. Immunocamouflaging red blood cells (RBCs) by membrane grafting of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) may reduce the risk of allo-immunization. The results of this study showed that antibody recognition of non-ABO antigens was significantly reduced in an mPEG-dose- and polymer size-dependent manner, with higher molecular weight mPEGs providing better immunoprotection. Furthermore, in vivo immunogenicity was significantly reduced in mice serially transfused with mPEG-modified xenogeneic (sheep; sRBCs), allogeneic (C57Bl/6), or syngeneic (Balb/c) RBCs. Following a primary transfu- sion of sRBCs, mice receiving mPEG-sRBCs showed a >90% reduction in anti-sRBC IgG antibody levels. After two transfusions, mice receiving mPEG-sRBCs showed reductions of >80% in anti-sRBC IgG levels. Importantly, mPEG-modified autologous cells did not induce neoantigens or an immune (IgG or IgM) response. These data suggest that the global immunocamouflage of RBCs by polymer grafting may provide a safe and cost-effective means of reducing the risk of alloimmunization.

关键词：红细胞免疫接枝聚合物免疫原性高分子量血液细胞 MPEG文件抗原性介导

Characterization of novel Brown midrib 6 mutations affecting lignin biosynthesis in sorghum

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第2期58卷 136-149页

作者： Erin d. Scully Tammy Gries deanna L. Funnell-Harris Zhanguo Xin Frank A. Kovacs Wilfred Vermerris scott E. Sattler Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit USDA-ARS Lincoln NE 68583 USA department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68583 USA department of Plant Pathology University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68583 USA Plant Stress and Germplasm development Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX 79414 USA department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Kearney Kearney NE 68849 USA department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA

The presence of lignin reduces the quality of lignocellulosic biomass for forage materials and feedstock for biofuels. In C4 grasses, the brown midrib phenotype has been linked to mutations to genes in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway. For example, the Bmr6 gene in sorghum （Sorghum bicolor） has been previously shown to encode cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （CAd）, which catalyzes the final step of the monolignol biosynthesis pathway. Mutations in this gene have been shown to reduce the abundance of lignin, enhance digestibility, and improve saccharification efficiencies and ethanol yields. Nine sorghum lines harboring five different bmr6 alleles were identified in an EMS-mutagenized TILLING population. dNA sequencing of Bmr6 revealed that the majority of the mutations impacted evolutionarily conserved amino acids while three-dimensional structural modeling predicted that all of these alleles interfered with the enzyme＇s ability to bind with its NAPPH cofactor. All of the new alleles reduced in vitro CAd activity levels and enhanced glucose yields following saccharification. Further, many of these lines were associated with higher reductions in acid detergent lignin compared to lines harboring the previously characterized bmr6-ref allele. These bmr6 lines represent new breeding tools for manipulating biomass composition to enhance forage and feedstock quality.

关键词： Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAd) EMS mutagenesis biofuels C4 grass forage

Artificial lights improve the catchability of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) traps

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2017年第3期2卷 124-133页

作者： Khanh Q.Nguyen Paul d.Winger Corey Morris scott M.Grant Fisheries and Marine Institute Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt.John'sNL A1C 5R3Canada Fisheries and Oceans Canada St John'sNL A1C 5X1Canada Nha Trang University 2 Nguyen Dinh ChieuNha Trang 57000Viet Nam

This study investigated the behaviour and commercial catchability of snow crab(Chionoecetes opilio)in response to different low-powered LEd lights under laboratory and field *** created a novel choice-experiment in a laboratory setting in which we investigated the behaviour of snow crab in response to coloured LEd *** results showed that snow crab movement was dependent on light colour,with animals choosing to move toward blue and white lights,away from purple lights,and no detectable effect for green and red *** then conducted two field experiments to investigate the effect of the same LEd lights on the catch rates of commercial traps during the 2016 snow crab fishery on the east coast of Newfoundland and *** from the first field experiment showed that adding white and purple LEd lights into baited traps significantly improved Catch Per Unit Effort(CPUE)by 77% and 47% *** from the second field experiment showed that unbaited traps equipped with only LEd lights(no bait),could also catch snow crab in comparable amounts to traditional baited traps,with soak time and depth explaining some of the variation in *** together,these experiments suggest that fishing enterprises can improve their catching performance and profitability by adding LEd lights to their traps,or by using LEd lights as a bait replacement.

关键词： Chionoecetes opilio Snow crab LEd light Catchability Crab behaviour

Identification of proteins involved in lignocellulose degradation using in gel zymogram analysis combined with mass spectroscopy-based peptide analysis of gut proteins from larval Asian Ionghorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis

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Insect Science 2010年第3期17卷 253-264页

作者： scott M. Geib Ming Tien Kelli Hoover departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology departments of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA

Enzyme activities toward lignocellulose substrates were analyzed in the gut of larval Asian longhorned beetle （Anoplophora glabripennis）. Total protein was extracted from gut contents of wild collected larvae from an invasive population in Worchester, MA, USA. From these protein extracts, lignocellulolytic activities were measured （β-1,4- endoglucanase,β-1,4-glucosidase and birch wood xylanase）.β-1,4-glucosidase activity was 0.075 μmol glucose/mg protein per min, endoglucanase activity was measured at 0.41/zmol glucose/mg protein per min and xylanase activity was 0.058μmol xylose/mg protein per min. To identify specific enzymes that may provide these activities, zymogram analysis was performed to detect enzymes active toward carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC）, 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glueopyranoside and birch wood xylan. Three protein bands were found to be active toward CMC, three displayed β-1,4-glucosidase, and one displayed xylanase activity. Proteins from active bands from these zymograms were then identified by in-gel trypsin digestions followed by peptide identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight - time of flight mass spectrometry （MS）. A custom A. glabripennis transcriptome database was used for peptide identification, giving highly significant matches in all MS analyses. These matches were then searched against the National Center for Biotechnology Information database to provide annotation to the transcripts and provide possible classification. From these analyses, we were able to detect enzymes active toward cellulose and xylan, and proteins putatively involved in lignocellulose degradation in the gut of this wood-feeding insect. Future research will be focused on characterizing these enzymes through cloning and expression experiments and understanding how the lignocellulose degradation system functions in the gut of this insect.

关键词： beta-glucosidase cellulase Cerambycidae endoglucanase proteomics xylanase

Shark scavenging behavior in the presence of competition

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Current Zoology 2010年第1期56卷 100-108页

作者： Shannon P.GERRY Andrea J.scott department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College

The distribution of organisms within a community can often be determined by the degree of plasticity or degree ofspecialization of resource acquisition. Resource acquisition is often based on the morphology of an organism, behavior, or a combinationof both. Performance tests of feeding can identify the possible interactions that allow one species to better exploit a preyitem. Scavenging behaviors in the presence or absence of a competitor were investigated by quantifying prey selection in a trophicgeneralist, spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, and a trophic specialist, smooth-hounds Mustelus canis, in order to determine ifeach shark scavenged according to its jaw morphology. The diet of dogfish consists of small fishes, squid, ctenophores, and bivalves;they are expected to be nonselective predators. Smooth-hounds primarily feed on crustaceans; therefore, they are predictedto select crabs over other prey types. Prey selection was quantified by ranking each prey item according to the order it wasconsumed. dietary shifts were analyzed by comparing the percentage of each prey item selected during solitary versus competitivescavenging. When scavenging alone, dogfish prefer herring and squid, which are easily handled by the cutting dentition ofdogfish. dogfish shift their diet to include a greater number of prey types when scavenging with a competitor. Smooth-houndsscavenge on squid, herring, and shrimp when alone, but increase the number of crabs in the diet when scavenging *** causes smooth-hounds to scavenge according to their jaw morphology and locomotor abilities, which enables themto feed on a specialized

关键词：竞争行为清除鲨鱼

Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence:A systematic review and meta-analysis

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2017年第1期7卷 60-76页

作者： Sophie E Moore Rosana E Norman Shuichi Suetani Hannah J Thomas Peter d Sly James G scott Child Health Research Centre the University of Queensland Institute of Health and Biomedical Innova-tion Queensland University of Technology School of Public Health and Social Work Queensland University of Technology Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research the Park Centre for Mental Health Faculty of Medicine the University of Queensland the University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research the University of Queensland Metro North Mental Health Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital

AIM To identify health and psychosocial problems associated with bullying victimization and conduct a meta-analysis summarizing the causal *** A systematic review was conducted using Pub Med, EMBASE, ERIC and Psyc INFO electronic databases up to 28 February 2015. The study included published longitudinal and cross-sectional articles that examined health and psychosocial consequences of bullying victimization. All meta-analyses were based on qualityeffects models. Evidence for causality was assessed using Bradford Hill criteria and the grading system developed by the World Cancer Research *** Out of 317 articles assessed for eligibility, 165 satisfied the predetermined inclusion criteria for *** significant associations were observed between bullying victimization and a wide range of adverse health and psychosocial problems. The evidence was strongest for causal associations between bullying victimization and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, poor general health and suicidal ideation and behaviours. Probable causal associations existed between bullying victimization and tobacco and illicit drug use. CONCLUSION Strong evidence exists for a causal relationship between bullying victimization, mental health problems and substance use. Evidence also exists for associations between bullying victimization and other adverse health and psychosocial problems, however, there is insufficient evidence to conclude causality. The strong evidence that bullying victimization is causative of mental illness highlights the need for schools to implement effective interventions to address bullying behaviours.

关键词： Bullying Victimization Systematic review Meta-analysis Child Adolescent

Baseline effects of lysophosphatidylcholine and nerve growth factor in a rat model of sciatic nerve regeneration after crush injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第5期13卷 846-853页

作者： Ryan L.Wood Keaton S.Karlinsey Austin d.Thompson Mark N.Rigby Greggory d.Boatright William G.Pitt Beverly L.Roeder scott C.Steffensen Alonzo d.Cook department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Neuroscience Center Brigham Young University department of Biology Brigham Young University department of Psychology Brigham Young University

Schwann cells play a major role in helping heal injured nerves. They help clear debris, produce neurotrophins, upregulate neurotrophin receptors, and form bands of Büngner to guide the healing nerve. But nerves do not always produce enough neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors to repair themselves. Nerve growth factor（NGF） is an important neurotrophin for promoting nerve healing and lysophosphatidylcholine（LPC） has been shown to stimulate NGF receptors（NGFR）. This study tested the administration of a single intraneural injection of LPC（1 mg/mL for single LPC injection and 10 mg/mL for multiple LPC injections） at day 0 and one（day 7）, two（days 5 and 7）, or three（days 5, 7, and 9） injections of NGF（160 ng/mL for single injections and 80 ng/mL for multiple injections） to determine baseline effects on crush ed sciatic nerves in rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups： control, crush, crush-NGF, and crush-LPC-NGF. The healing of the nerves was measured weekly by monitoring gait; electrophysiological parameters： compound muscle action potential（CMAP） amplitudes; and morphological parameters： total fascicle areas, myelinated fiber counts, fiber densities, fiber packing, and mean g-ratio values at weeks 3 and 6. The crush, crush-NGF, and crush-LPC-NGF groups statistically differed from the control group for all six weeks for the electrophysiological parameters but only differed from the control group at week 3 for the morphological parameters. The crush, crush-NGF, and crush-LPC-NGF groups did not differ from each other over the course of the study. Single injections of LPC and NGF one week apart or multiple treatments of NGF at 5, 7 and 9 days post-injury did not alter the healing rate of the sciatic nerves during weeks 1-6 of the study. These findings are important to define the baseline effects of NGF and LPC injections, as part of a larger effort to determine the minimal dose regimen of NGF to regenerate peripheral nerves.

关键词： lysophosphatidylcholine neurotrophic factor growth factor sciatic nerve crush peripheral nerve regeneration