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Experimental arena settings might lead to misinterpretation of movement properties

Insect Science 2024年第1期31卷 271-284页

作者： inon scharf Kimberley Hanna Daphna Gottlieb The George S.Wise Faculty of Life Sciences School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Department of Food Science Institute of Post-Harvest and Food ScienceVolcani CenterARORishon LeZionIsrael

Movement is an important animal behavior contributing to reproduction and survival.Animal movement is often examined in arenas or enclosures under laboratory conditions.We used the red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum)to examine here the effect of the arena size,shape,number of barriers,access to the arena's center,and illumination on six movement properties.We demonstrate great differences among arenas.For example,the beetles moved over longer distances in clear arenas than in obstructed ones.Movement along the arena's perimeter was greater in smaller arenas than in larger ones.Movement was more directional in round arenas than in rectangular ones.In general,the beetles stopped moving closer to the perimeter and closer to corners(in the square and rectangular arenas)than expected by chance.In some cases,the arena properties interacted with the beetle sex to affect several movement properties.All these suggest that arena properties might also interact with experimental manipulations to affect the outcome of studies and lead to results specific to the arena used.In other words,instead of examining animal movement,we in fact examine the animal interaction with the arena structure.Caution is therefore advised in interpreting the results of studies on movement in arenas under laboratory conditions and we recommend paying attention also to barriers or obstacles in field experiments.For instance,movement along the arena's perimeter is often interpreted as centrophobism or thigmotaxis but the results here show that such movement is arena dependent.

关键词： activity centrophobism correlated random walk laboratory experiments movement ecology wall-following behavior

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Little effect of climate change on body size of herbivorous beetles

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Insect Science 2018年第2期25卷 309-316页

作者： Baar, Yuval Friedman, Ariel Leib Leonid Meiri, Shai scharf, inon Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences & Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and National Research Center Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Ongoing climate change affects various aspects of an animal＇s life, with impor- tant effects on distribution range and phenology. The relationship between global warming and body size changes in mammals and birds has been widely studied, with most find- ings indicating a decline in body size over time. Nevertheless, little data exist on similar size change patterns of invertebrates in general and insects in particular, and it is unclear whether insects should decrease in size or not with climate warming. We measured over 4000 beetle specimens, belonging to 29 beetle species in 8 families, collected in Israel during the last 100 years. The sampled species are all herbivorous. We examined whether beetle body size had changed over the years, while also investigating the relationships between body size and annual temperature, precipitation, net primary productivity （NPP） at the collection site and collection month. None of the environmental variables, including the collection year, was correlated with the size of most of the studied beetle species, while there were strong interactions of all variables with species. Our results, though mostly neg- ative, suggest that the effect of climate change on insect body size is species-specific and by no means a general macro-ecological rule. They also suggest that the intrapopulation variance in body size of insects collected as adults in the field is large enough to conceal intersite environmental effects on body size, such as the effect of temperature and NPE

关键词： Coleoptera museum collections rain temperature-size rule thermal ecol-ogy

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Behavioral differences between pit-building antlions and wormlions suggest limits to convergent evolution

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Integrative Zoology 2023年第4期18卷 710-719页

作者： Krzysztof MILER inon scharf Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland School of Zoology The George S.Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael

Antlions and wormlions are distantly related insect taxa,both digging pits in loose soil and ambushing arthropod prey.Their hunting method,which is rare in the animal kingdom,is a clear example of convergent evolution.There is little research directly comparing the 2 pit-building taxa.Using the same experimental platform to investigate how they respond to biotic and abiotic environmental factors enables an examination of their convergence and its limits.We investigated the response of antlions and wormlions to 3 factors common in their daily life:disturbance to the pits,prey arrival,and conspeciﬁc competitors.Although both increased the pit size following disturbance,wormlions increased it faster than antlions.Antlions responded to prey faster than wormlions,but wormlions im-proved their response time over days.The most diverging response was toward conspeciﬁcs.Whereas antlions relocated their pits fast in response to increasing conspeciﬁc density,wormlions never relocated.We suggest expla-nations for the behavioral differences between the taxa.Our results imply that despite the similar hunting method of the 2 taxa they may differ greatly in their behavior,which in turn might have consequences for their habitat use and population dynamics.

关键词： antlion convergence sit-and-wait predators trap-building wormlion

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Leg or antenna injury in Cataglyphis ants impairs survival but does not hinder searching for food

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Current Zoology 2022年第4期68卷 441-450页

作者： Tomer Gilad Arik Dorfman Aziz Subach inon scharf School of Zoology Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv University69978 Tel AvivIsrael

Injury is common in nature resulting,for example,from fighting,partial predation,or the wear of body parts.Injury is costly,expressed in impaired performance,failure in competition,and a shorter life span.A survey of the literature revealed the frequent occurrence of injury in ants and its various causes.We examined whether leg or antenna injury impacts food-discovery time and reduces the likelihood of reaching food in workers of the desert ant Cataglyphis niger.We examined the search-related consequences of injury in groups of either 4 or 8 workers searching for food in a short arena,a long arena,and a maze.We conducted a small field survey to evaluate the prevalence of injury in the studied population.Finally,we compared the survival rates of injured versus uninjured workers in the laboratory.Injury was common in the field,with almost 9%of the workers collected out of the nest,found to be injured.Injured workers survived shorter than uninjured ones and there was a positive link between injury severity and survival.However,we could not detect an effect of injury on any of the searching-related response variables,neither in the arenas nor in the mazes tested.We suggest that workers that survive such injury are only moderately affected by it.

关键词： binary-tree maze desert ants foraging injury movement review survival

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Evidence for the effect of brief exposure to food,but not learning interference,on maze solving in desert ants

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第5期17卷 704-714页

作者： Tomer GILAD Arik DORFMAN Aziz SUBACH Romain LIBBRECHT Susanne FOITZIK inon scharf School of Zoology The George S.Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany

Theories of forgetting highlight 2 active mechanisms through which animals forget prior knowledge by recipro-cal disruption of memories.According to“proactive interference,”information learned previously interferes with the acquisition of new information,whereas“retroactive interference”suggests that newly gathered information interferes with already existing information.Our goal was to examine the possible effect of both mechanisms in the desert ant Cataglyphis niger,which does not use pheromone recruitment,when learning spatial information while searching for food in a maze.Our experiment indicated that neither proactive nor retroactive interference took place in this system although this awaits conﬁrmation with individual-level learning assays.Rather,the ants’persistence or readiness to search for food grew with successive runs in the maze.Elevated persistence led to more ant workers arriving at the food when retested a day later,even if the maze was shifted between runs.We support thisﬁnding in a second experiment,where ant workers reached the food reward at the maze end in higher numbers after encountering food in the maze entry compared to a treatment,in which food was present only at the maze end.This result suggests that spatial learning and search persistence are 2 parallel behavioral mechanisms,both assisting foraging ants.We suggest that their relative contribution should depend on habitat complexity.

关键词： binary-tree maze desert ants forgetting memory motivation

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The combined role of visual and olfactory cues in foraging by Cataglyphis ants in laboratory mazes

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Current Zoology 2023年第4期69卷 401-408页

作者： Tomer Gilad Ori Bahar Malak Hasan Adi Bar Aziz Subach inon scharf School of Zoology George S Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv University69978 Tel AvivIsrael

Foragers use several senses to locate food,and many animals rely on vision and smell.It is beneficial not to rely on a single sense,which might fail under certain conditions.We examined the contribution of vision and smell to foraging and maze exploration under laboratory conditions using Cataglyphis desert ants as a model.Foraging intensity,measured as the number of workers entering the maze and arriving at the target as well as target arrival time,were greater when food,blue light,or both were offered or presented in contrast to a control.Workers trained to forage for a combined food and light cue elevated their foraging intensity with experience.However,foraging intensity was not higher when using both cues simultaneously than in either one of the two alone.Following training,we split between the two cues and moved either the food or the blue light to the opposite maze corner.This manipulation impaired foraging success by either leading to fewer workers arriving at the target cell(when the light stayed and the food was moved)or to more workers arriving at the opposite target cell,empty of food(when the food stayed and the light was moved).This result indicates that ant workers use both senses when foraging for food and readily associate light with food.

关键词： binary-tree maze desert ants diet choice foraging sensual modality spatial learning

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The value of spatial experience and group size for ant colonies in direct competition

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Insect Science 2023年第1期30卷 241-250页

作者： Aziz Subach Bar Avidov Arik Dorfman Darar Bega Tomer Gilad Mark Kvetny May Hershkovitz Reshef Susanne Foitzik inon scharf School of Zoology George S.Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv/srael Department of Geophysics Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany

Animals often search for food more efficiently with experience.However,the contribution of experience toforaging success under direct competition has rarelybeen examined.Here we used colonies of an individually foraging desert ant to investigate the value of spatial experience.First,we trained worker groups of equal numbers to solve either a complex or a simple maze.We then tested pairs of both groups against one another in reaching a food reward.This task required solving the same complex maze that one of the groups had been trained in,to determine which group would exploit better the food reward.The worker groups previously trained in the complex mazes reached the food reward faster and more of these workers fed on the food than those trained in simple mazes,but only in the intermediate size group.To determine the relative importance of group size versus spatial experience in exploiting food patches,we then tested smaller trained worker groups against larger untrained ones.The larger groups outcompeted the smaller ones,despite the latter's advantage of spatial experience.The contribution of spatial experience,as found here,appears to be small,and depends on group size:an advantage of a few workers of the untrained group over the trained group negates its benefits.

关键词： Cataglyphis colony size dominance-discovery trade-off learning maze solving social insects

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Comparison of wormlion behavior under man-made and natural shelters:urban wormlions more strongly prefer shaded,fine-sand microhabitats,construct larger pits and respond faster to prey

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Current Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 91-98页

作者： Yehonatan SAMOCHA inon scharf School of Zoology Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany

Urban habitats differ from their natural surroundings in various aspects,such as a higher temperature and a distinct species composition.It is therefore not surprising that animal behavior too differs between these habitat types.We studied the foraging and habitat selection behavior of a pit-building predator,a wormlion,originating from either an urban or a more natural site.Wormlions occur in nature under structures that provide shelter from sunlight and rain,such as caves,and are also common in cities,occurring under artificial shelters.Wormlions construct pittraps to hunt arthropods,and the pits constructed by urban wormlions were larger than those constructed by wormlions from caves.Urban wormlions responded faster to prey falling into their pit,probably leading to a higher capture success.We suggest that these 2 findings indicate the higher investment of urban wormlions in foraging,resulting from the higher abundance of potential prey in the city.Urban wormlions were choosier regarding their preferred microhabitat.While both fine sand and shaded microhabitats were preferred by wormlions,urban wormlions demonstrated a greater preference for such conditions.We suggest that relocation is more likely to lead wormlions in cities to find microhabitats of a higher quality compared with wormlions inhabiting caves.This is probably due to the larger areas in the city available for wormlions.Wormlions from the caves possessed more lipids,suggesting that they employ a conservative growth strategy,intended to contend with the uncertainty of prey arrival,in contrast to the city,where potential prey are more abundant.

关键词： antiions habitat selection habitat structure optimal foraging trap-building predators

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Wormlions prefer both fine and deep sand but only deep sand leads to better performance

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 393-400页

作者： Michael A Bar-Ziv Darar Bega Aziz Subach inon scharf School of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Wormlions are small fly larvae that dig pits in loose soil to trap their prey. Similar to other trapbuilding predators, like spiders and antlions, they depend on the habitat structure for successful trap construction and prey catch. We examined whether sites at which wormlions are present differ in sand depth and particle size from nearby sites, at which wormlions are absent. Next, in the laboratory we manipulated both sand depth and type (fine vs. coarse) to determine their joint effect on microhabitat pref ere nee, the size of the con structed pit, wormlion movement, and their latency to respond to prey. We expected better performance by wormlions in fine and deep sand, and the sand in wormlions' natural sites to be finer and deeper. However, in only partial agreement with our expectations, wormlion sites featured finer sand but not deeper sand. In the laboratory, wormlions preferred both fine and deep sand, and moved more in shallow and coarse sand, which we interpret as an attempt to relocate away from unfavorable conditions. However, only deep sand led to larger pits being constructed and to a faster response to prey. The preference for fine sand could, therefore, be related to other ben efits that sand provides. Fin ally, body mass was a domi nant factor, interacting with the preference for both deep and fine sand: deep over shallow sand was more favored by large wormlions and fine over coarse sand by smaller ones. Our results suggest that several factors should be incorporated when studying microhabitat selection.

关键词： antlions habitat selection habitat structure substrate trap-building predators Vermileo

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Group dynamics and relocation decisions of a trap-building predator are differentially affected by biotic and abiotic factors

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Current Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 647-655页

作者： Noa KATZ Roni SHAVIT Jonathan N. PRUITT inon scharf Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9610 USA

Most habitats in nature are heterogeneous, incorporating favorable and unfavorable microhabitats for different animals, based on their ecological niche. Unsuitable microhabitats have negative consequences for individual growth and survival. Animals, therefore, should fine-tune their location within the habitat by dispersing away from such microhabitats. We studied the suitability of different constant microhabitat conditions for wormlion larvae, a trap-building predator, tested in groups under laboratory conditions. Wormlions construct pit-traps in loose soil and capture small arthropod prey. As wormlions occur in high densities in nature, testing in groups is thus more indicative of their natural behavior than testing individuals. Wormlions responded strongly to biotic conditions-high conspecific density, starvation, and large body mass of conspecifics-by either increasing pit-relocation events or moving away from the microhabitat center to the periphery of the arena, probably opting for a way out. In other instances, individuals increased their distance to the nearest neighbor, thereby changing the spatial pattern toward a more regular pattern, potentially indicating interference competition. The only abiotic condition apparently perceived by wormlions as unsuitable was shallow sand, which led to frequent relocations. The two other abiotic factors-illumination and sand particle size-had no observable effect on behavior, although wormlions in nature always occur under shade in fine sand, and prefer both shade and fine sand particle size under laboratory conditions when given a choice. Under the fine spatial scale of the present experiment, biotic factors appear to be more influential than abiotic ones.

关键词： antlions dispersal relocation spatial pattern wormlions

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