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Achieving Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Dynamic Channel Polling and Packet Concatenation

China Communications 2021年第8期18卷 249-270页

作者： Shama Siddiqui Anwar Ahmed Khan sayeed ghani Department of Computer Science DHA Suffa UniversityKarachiPakistan Department of Computer Science Institute of Business AdministrationKarachiPakistan Department of Computer Science Sindh Institute of Management&TechnologyKarachiPakistan

There has been a significant interest of researchers to combine different schemes focused on optimizing energy performance while developing aMAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).In this paper,we propose to integrate two cross-layer schemes:dynamic channel polling and packet concatenation using a recent asynchronous MAC protocol“Adaptive&Dynamic Polling MAC”(ADPMAC).ADP-MAC dynamically selects the polling interval distribution based on characterization of incoming traffic patterns using Coefficient of variation(CV).Packet Concatenation(PC)refers to combining the individually generated data packets into a single super packet and sending it at the polling ***,the Block Acknowledgement(BA)scheme has been developed for ADP-MAC to work in conjunction with the packet *** proposed schemes have been implemented in Tiny-OS for Mica2 platform and Avrora emulator has been used for conducting *** results have revealed that the performance both in terms of energy&packet loss improves when ADP-MAC is used in conjunction with the additional features of PC&***,the proposed scheme has been compared with a stateof-art packet concatenation primitive PiP(Packet-in-Packet).It has been observed that ADP-MAC supersedes the performance of PiP in terms of PDR(Packet Delivery Ratio)due to better management of synchronization between source and sink.

关键词： energy efficiency concatenation dynamic polling

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More than Half of Patients with Schizophrenia Are Receiving Polypharmacy and Co-Prescription of Anxiolytics in Pakistan —Findings from Research on Asian Prescription Pattern in 2016

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2018年第3期8卷 199-211页

作者： Mazhar Malik Usman ghani Nariman Awais Nargis Munir Afzal Javed Munir Hamirani Nasar sayeed Kahn Shu-Yu Yang Liang-Yu Chen Shih-Ku Lin Norman Sartorius Chay-Hoon Tan Mian-Yoon Chong Masaki Shinfuku Sandeep Grover Winston W. Shen Naotaka Shinfuku Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad Pakistan Pakistan Psychiatric Research Center Fountain House Lahore Pakistan Department of Psychiatry Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi Pakistan Department of Psychiatry Services Hospital Lahore Pakistan Taipei City Hospital and Psychiatric Center Taiwan Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine National Taiwan University Taiwan Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taiwan Association for the Improvement of Mental Health Programs Geneva Switzerland National University of Singapore Singapore Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Medicine Chang Gung University Taiwan Department of Psychiatry Tokyo Medical Center Tokyo Japan Department of Psychiatry Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PIGMER) Chandigah India Departments of Psychiatry Medical Center and College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taiwan Kobe University School of Medicine Kobe Japan

Objective: Little is known about the prescription pattern of psychotropic drugs for patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic features of psychotropic drug prescriptions for patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan. Methods: Three centers in Pakistan participated in a large scale collaborative study known as Research on Asian Prescription Pattern (REAP). The 2016 REAP survey included centers from 15 countries in Asia and used a unified research protocol. The design of the study was quantitative and of descriptive epidemiology. Analysis was made on the data collected from three centers i.e., Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. The data collected in Pakistan were compared with those from other Asian countries. The details of REAP were presented on the homepage of REAP (http://***). Results: From Pakistan, 298 patients were included. Patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan received higher rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy and a higher rate of co-prescription of mood stabilizers and anxiolytics when compared with participants from other South Asian countries (India and Bangladesh). Conclusion: The main findings of the study were that a majority of the patients were prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy drugs in Pakistan. Insufficient training on the use of psychotropic drugs and a lack of treatment guideline are considered to be the major contributing factors. Further education and training on the proper use of psychotropic drugs are recommended to psychiatrists in Pakistan. The guidelines on pharmacotherapy for patients with schizophrenia should also be developed and promoted in Pakistan.

关键词： Pakistan Psychotropic Drugs Polypharmacy REAP Schizophrenia

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