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Cation engineering on lead iodide perovskites for stable and high-performance photovoltaic applications

Journal of energy Chemistry 2018年第4期27卷 1017-1039页

作者： Jue Gong Peijun Guo savannah e.Benjamin P.Gregory Van Patten Richard D.Schaller Tao Xu Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA Center for Nanoscale Materials Argonne National Laboratory9700 South Cass AvenueLemontIL 60439USA Department of Chemistry Middle Tennessee State UniversityMurfreesboroTN 37132USA

Perovskite solar cells （PSCs） based on methylammonium lead iodide （CH3NH3PbI3） have shown unprecedentedly outstanding performance in the recent years. Nevertheless, due to the weak interaction between polar CH3NH3＋（MA＋） and inorganic PbI3 sublattices, CH3NH3PbI3 dramatically suffers from poor moisture stability, thermal decomposition and device hysteresis. As such, strong electrostatic interactions between cations and anionic frameworks are desired for synergistic improvements of the abovementioned issues. While replacements of I with Br and/or CI evidently widen optical bandgaps of perovskite materials, compositional modifications can solely be applied on cation components in order to preserve the broad absorption of solar spectrum. Herein, we review the current successful practices in achieving efficient, stable and minimally hysteretic PSCs with lead iodide perovskite systems that employ photoactive cesium lead iodide （CsPbI3）, formamidinium lead iodide （HC（NH2）2PbI3, or FAPbI3）, MA1-x y-zFAxCsyRbzPbI3 mixed-cation settings as well as two-dimensional butylammonium （C4H9NH3＋, or BA＋）/MA＋, polymeric ammonium （PeI＋）/MA＋ co-cation layered structures. Fundamental aspects behind the stabilization of perovskite phases α-CsPbi3, α-FAPbI3, mixed-cation MA1-x-y-zFAxCsyRb2PbI3 and crystallographic alignment of （BA）2（MA）3Pb4I13 for effective light absorption and charge transport will be discussed. This review will contribute to the continuous development of photovoltaic technology based on PSCs.

关键词： Solar energy conversion Perovskite solar cells Power conversion efficiency Optical bandgaps Device hysteresis Metastabte phases

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The complexities underlying age-related macular degeneration： could amyloid beta play an important role？

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第4期12卷 538-548页

作者： savannah A. Lynn eloise Keeling Rosie Munday Gagandeep Gabha Helen Griffiths Andrew J.Lotery J.Arjuna Ratnayaka Clinical and experimental Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom eye Unit University Southampton NHS Trust Southampton United Kingdom

e-related macular degeneration （AMD） causes irreversible loss of central vision for which there is no effective treatment. Incipient pathology is thought to occur in the retina for many years before AMD manifests from midlife onwards to affect a large proportion of the elderly. Although genetic as well as non-genetic/environmental risks are recognized, its complex aetiology makes it difficult to identify susceptibility, or indeed what type of AMD develops or how quickly it progresses in different individuals. Here we summarize the literature describing how the Alzheimer＇s-linked amyloid beta （Aβ） group of misfolding proteins accumulate in the retina. The discovery of this key driver of Alzheimer＇s disease in the senescent retina was unexpected and surprising, enabling an altogether different perspective of AMD. We argue that Aβ fundamentally differs from other substances which accumulate in the ageing retina, and discuss our latest findings from a mouse model in which physiological amounts of Aβ were subretinally-injected to recapitulate salient features of early AMD within a short period. Our discoveries as well as those of others suggest the pattern of Aβ accumulation and pathology in donor aged/AMD tissues are closely reproduced in mice, including late-stage AMD phenotypes, which makes them highly attractive to study dynamic aspects of Aβ-mediated retinopathy. Furthermore, we discuss our findings revealing how Aβ behaves at single-cell resolution, and consider the long-term implications for neuroretinal function. We propose Aβ as a key element in switching to a diseased retinal phenotype, which is now being used as a biomarker for latestage AMD.

关键词： amyloid beta (Aβ) retinal neurons retina mouse models age related macular degeneration(AMD)

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Upregulation of RIN3 induces endosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2020年第2期9卷 290-308页

作者： Ruinan Shen Xiaobei Zhao Lu He Yongbo Ding Wei Xu Suzhen Lin savannah Fang Wanlin Yang Kijung Sung Brian Spencer Robert A.Rissman Ming Lei Jianqing Ding Chengbiao Wu Institute of Neurology Ruijing HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin Er Rd.Shanghai200025China Department of Neurosciences University of California San Diego School of MedicineRoom 312 MC-06249500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093-0624USA Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine Shanghai200125China Department of Neurology Zhuijiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina San Diego VA Health System San DiegoCAUSA

Background In Alzheimer’s Disease(AD),about one-third of the risk genes identified by GWAS encode proteins that function predominantly in the endocytic *** them,the Ras and Rab Interactor 3(RIN3)is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor(GeF)for the Rab5 small GTPase family and has been implicated to be a risk factor for both late onset AD(LOAD)and sporadic early onset AD(seOAD).However,how RIN3 is linked to AD pathogenesis is currently *** Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting were used to measure the RIN3 expression level in mouse brain tissues and cultured basal forebrain cholinergic neuron(BFCNs).Immunostaining was used to define subcellular localization of RIN3 and to visualize endosomal changes in cultured primary BFCNs and PC12 *** flag-tagged RIN3 protein was purified from HeK293T cells and was used to define RIN3-interactomes by mass ***3-interacting partners were validated by co-immunoprecipitation,immunofluorescence and yeast two hybrid *** imaging of primary neurons was used to examine axonal transport of amyloid precursor protein(APP)andβ-secretase 1(BACe1).Immunoblotting was used to detect protein expression,processing of APP and phosphorylated forms of *** We have shown that RIN3 mRNA level was significantly increased in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mouse *** forebrain cholinergic neurons(BFCNs)cultured from e18 APP/PS1 mouse embryos also showed increased RIN3 expression accompanied by early endosome *** addition,via its proline rich domain,RIN3 recruited BIN1(bridging integrator 1)and CD2AP(CD2 associated protein),two other AD risk factors,to early ***,overexpression of RIN3 or CD2AP promoted APP cleavage to increase its carboxyl terminal fragments(CTFs)in PC12 *** of RIN3 or the neuronal isoform of BIN1 increased phosphorylated Tau ***,upregulation of RIN3 expression promoted accumulation of APP CTFs and increased

关键词： Alzheimer's disease(AD) AD risk factors endosomes Trafficking RIN3 BIN1 CD2AP Tau

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Stand Diversity and Carbon Stock of a Tropical Forest in the Deng Deng National Park, Cameroon

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Open Journal of ecology 2023年第7期13卷 461-496页

作者： Seraphine e. Mokake Babila K. Weyi Neculina Anyinkeng Lyonga M. Ngoh Obenarreyneke e. Berkeley egbe e. Andrew Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science University of Douala Douala Cameroon Department of Plant Science Faculty of Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon Tropical Plant exploratory Group Mundemba Cameroon Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine University of Buea Buea Cameroon

Tropical rainforests are crucial in maintaining about 70% of the world’s plant and animal biodiversity and are also the highest terrestrial carbon reservoir. This study aimed to determine the tree species composition, structure and carbon stocks of the Deng Deng National Park which is a semi-deciduous tropical forest (plots 1 and 2 and the transition zone to the savannah (plot 3). Plots demarcation and enumeration followed standard protocols for permanent monitoring plots. The inventory of tree species ≥ 2 cm revealed a total of 5523 individuals of 64 species in 53 genera belonging to 26 families with plot 2 having the highest (2135 individuals/ha) and plot 3 the least (1291 individuals/ha). Tabernaemontana crassa was the most important tree species in the tropical forest and Lecythis idatimon in the savannah. Basal area was highest in the tropical forest and least in the savannah. The diameter distribution of trees in all forest types displayed a reverse J-pattern. Aboveground biomass was highest in the tropical forest (530.2 ± 66.4 t·C/ha) and least in the savannah (184.3 ± 20.1 t·C/ha). The carbon stock of the above ground biomass was twice as much as that of the below ground biomass, soil organic matter and litter. The total carbon stock estimated in all pools was 278.75 t·C/ha. The study site was poor in plant diversity, biomass and carbon stock, indicating a disturbed site with the absence of large trees and undergoing natural regeneration. This underlines an urgent need for efficient restoration management practices.

关键词： Diversity Above Ground Biomass Below Ground Biomass Carbon Stock Deng Deng National Park

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Quiet in the nest:The nest environment attenuates song in a grassland songbird

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Avian Research 2023年第4期14卷 623-629页

作者： Sarah L.Dobney Mikayla M.K.Bornais D.Ryan Norris Amy e.M.Newman Heather Williams Stéphanie M.Doucet Daniel J.Mennill Department of Integrative Biology University of WindsorWindsorOntarioN9B 3P4Canada Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntarioN1G 2W1Canada Biology Department Williams CollegeWilliamstownMA01267USA

The nest environment may limit the ability of nest-bound birds to hear sounds from the outside *** vocal learning species,such as humans and songbirds,it is vital for young animals to hear the voices of conspecific animals early in *** songbirds,nest structure varies considerably across species,and the resulting impact on sound transmission may have consequences for vocal learning in *** this study,we tested the hypothesis that the nest environment attenuates song of savannah Sparrows(Passerculus sandwichensis),grassland songbirds that build nests on the ground under cover of dense *** recorded live savannah Sparrows singing at variable distances from 21 *** recorded songs using one microphone inside the nest(the typical position of a nestling)and another placed 1 m directly above the nest(a typical position of an adult).We found a substantial reduction in signal-to-noise ratio,where songs recorded inside the nest were an average of 11 dB lower than songs recorded directly above the *** estimate that the attenuation imposed by the nest reduced the maximum acoustic environment from 117.7 m(for recordings above the nest),to 78.6 m(for recordings within the nest),which is analogous to listening from a position 39.1 m farther away from the *** research estimated that song transmits up to 100 m in this species,so any adult male within 100 m of a young bird was previously considered a potential vocal *** reducing the nestling acoustic environment from 100 m to 78.6 m,the number of male tutors available to nestlings is reduced by an average of 27%.Given the growing evidence that song learning begins very early in life,future research on vocal development should account for how the structural properties of the natal environment affect the songs that nestlings hear.

关键词： Acoustic environment Nest environment Songbird Sound attenuation Vocal learning

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Diel and seasonal patterns of variation in the singing behaviour of savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)

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Avian Research 2019年第3期10卷 336-343页

作者： Ines G.Moran Katrina C.Lukianchuk Stephanie.M.Doucet Amy e.M.Newman Heather Williams D.Ryan Norris Daniel J.Mennill Department of Biological Sciences University of WindsorWindsorON N9B3P4Canada Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphON N1G2W1Canada Biology Department Williams CollegeWilliamstownMD 01267USA

Background:The vocalizations of birds are dynamic traits that often vary in output with time of day and time of *** quantifying patterns of diel and seasonal variation in vocal output,we can gain insight into the ecology and evolution of birds and the function of their *** this investigation,we quantified diel and seasonal variation in song output by studying a breeding population of savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis).Methods:We used autonomous recorders to collect extensive recordings across the breeding season in a long-term, colour-marked study population of savannah Sparrows in eastern *** described diel and seasonal variation across five different breeding stages based on recordings of more than 50,000 songs from 34 ***:During the pre-breeding stage, prior to female arrival, males sang a pronounced dawn chorus with a peak in song output during the early *** the breeding stage,in contrast,the dawn chorus was diminished and males instead exhibited a pronounced dusk chorus with a peak in song output during the *** the breeding season,the highest levels of song output occurred in late April and early May,soon after males arrived on the breeding grounds,and the lowest levels occurred in August,prior to the departure of birds for the wintering ***:These patterns suggest that savannah Sparrows' early-season dawn choruses are directed at males and serve a territorial defense ***-season dusk choruses,in contrast, appear to play a role in attracting mates and possibly acoustic mate guarding.

关键词： Bird song Breeding activities Circadian rhythms Seasonal variation in song

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Do Observations during Patrolling Trips Detect Changes in Wildlife Presence & Diversity in National Parks?

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Open Journal of ecology 2023年第11期13卷 794-805页

作者： Samir A. Koko Ahmed A. H. Siddig emad H. e. Yasin Nasradeen A. H. Gadallah Mohamed M. A. Adam Ahmed M. M. Hasoba Ameer Awad Mohammed Faculty of Forestry University of Khartoum Khartoum North Sudan Faculty of Forestry University of Sopron Bajcsy-Zsilinszky utca 4 Sopron Hungary African Center of excellence on Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture University Felix Houphouet-Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Faculty of Forest Sciences and Technology University of Gezira Wad Madani Sudan Wildlife Research Center Khartoum North Sudan

Globally, mountains encompass spectacular landscapes and a great diversity of species. However, savannah’s mountains in Sudan have been affected by the loss of diversity due to human activities and climate changes. Therefore, this study aims to assess changes in wildlife diversity in Jebel-eldair Nation Park (JeNP) based on only reports from patrolling activities, especially in the absence of regular wildlife monitoring programs. Reports of monthly wildlife observations during patrolling trips were used for the summer season in 2010 and 2018. Findings showed a moderate to high decline in the most important wildlife species (i.e. lion, wild dog, and crest porcupine). Six others are documented as rare species in reserve, including the civet, spotted hyena, striped hyena, jackal, seraval, and Siberian bird. Contrary and despite the diversity reduction, some species witnessed increases in their observation frequency, such as lesser kudu, caracal, monitor, and lunar bird. Moreover, human settlements, agricultural activities, and other anthropogenic factors were found to be the main drivers of biodiversity reduction in JeNP. The study recommends adopting this method to detect changes in wildlife communities, especially in a situation of deficiency and lack of funding to conduct regular monitoring programs.

关键词： Wildlife Monitoring Biodiversity Jebel-eldair Nature Reserve Patrolling Observations Savanna’s Mountain

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Growth, Nutrient Uptake efficiency and Yield of Upland Rice as Influenced by Two Compost Types in Tropical Rainforest-Derived savannah Transition Zone

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Agricultural Sciences 2014年第5期5卷 383-393页

作者： Oyeyemi Adigun Dada Adeniyi Olumuyiwa Togun James Alabi Adediran Francis e. Nwilene African Rice Center International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan Nigeria Department of Botany University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Crop Protection and environmental Biology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Institute of Agriculture Research and Training Ibadan Nigeria

Cultivating traditional upland rice cultivars on nutrient depleted soil causes poor and low yield. Little attention is paid to performance of inter-specific NeRICA cultivars grown on nutrient deficient soil augmented with different types of compost. Therefore, field trials were conducted during 2010 and 2011 planting seasons in Ibadan to evaluate growth, dry matter, nutrient uptake efficiency and grain yield of upland rice grown on nutrient deficient soil augmented with different types of compost. There were nine treatments comprising of three upland rice cultivars: NeRICA I, NeRICA II and Ofada, two compost types applied at the rate of 8 t·ha-1: poultry dropping + maize stover (PDMC) and cattle dung + maize stover (CDMC) and control. The treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. CDMC enhanced growth, nutrient use efficiency, dry matter and grain yield of upland rice cultivars. Performance of Ofada was better than NeRICA cultivars. N (24.55 g), P (12.45 g) and K (35.41 g) uptake concentration and grain yield (5.45 t/ha) were highest in Ofada plots augmented with CDMC. Residual effect of compost on growth, yield and nutrient uptake efficiency of upland rice on nutrient deficient soil was marginal.

关键词： NeRICA Compost Poor Soil Dry Matter Nutrient Uptake efficiency

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An Uncertain Future for American Lauraceae: A Lethal Threat from Redbay Ambrosia Beetle and Laurel Wilt Disease (A Review)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第3期4卷 727-738页

作者： Paul e. Kendra Wayne S. Montgomery Jerome Niogret Nancy D. epsky United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Subtropical Horticulture Research Station Miami USA United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Subtropical Horticulture Research Station Miami USA.

Laurel wilt is a destructive vascular disease responsible for high mortality of American tree species in the family Lauraceae, particularly redbay (Persea borbonia) and swampbay (P. palustris), two dominant components of Coastal Plain forest communities in the southeastern United States. The disease syndrome emerged as a result of establishment of an exotic wood-boring beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, now known as the redbay ambrosia beetle. During gallery excavation, females of X. glabratus introduce a newly-described, obligatory fungal symbiont, Raffaelea lauricola. This fungus proliferates within the gallery and provides food for the beetles, but it has proven to be pathogenic to American lauraceous hosts, which have had no co-evolved history with R. lauricola. Presence of the foreign fungus elicits secretion of resins and formation of extensive parenchymal tyloses within xylem vessels. The extreme defensive response results in blockage of water transport, systemic wilt, and ultimately tree death. The beetle vector was first detected near savannah, Georgia in 2002, and since has spread throughout the Southeast to become established in six states. The epidemic spread south through Florida more rapidly than predicted and currently threatens commercial production of avocado (Persea americana). Recent research indicates that California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) can serve as a reproductive host for X. glabratus and is susceptible to laurel wilt disease. Thus, the US Pacific coastal forest ecosystems (and the California avocado industry) would be negatively impacted should the vector become established along the western coast. This review article summarizes our current understanding of the insect vector, the mycopathogen, and the susceptible host tree species. It also addresses elements of disease management and limitations with our current detection methods for redbay ambrosia beetle, which rely on manuka oil lures. Of the host-based attractants evaluated, cub

关键词： Laurel Wilt Lauraceae Raffaelea lauricola Redbay Ambrosia Beetle Xyleborus glabratus

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effect of Combined Application of Organic Farming Aid (OFA) and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Maize and Soil Microbial Properties in the Guinea savannah Agro-ecological Zone of Ghana

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第10期14卷 1180-1206页

作者： O. A. Amoako J. Adjebeng-Danquah R. Y. Agyare e. K. Akley H. Abeka Julius Yirzagla T. K. Tengey P. Teinor R. Alhassan A. A. Ibrahim C. Naapoal CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute Tamale Ghana HJA Africa Company Limited Accra Ghana

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different rates of organic farming aid (OFA) and inorganic fertilizer on the productivity of maize, chemical and microbial properties of soil for higher economic value. Field experiments were conducted during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons at the research fields of CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute located at Nyankpala in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana. The study consisted of five treatment combinations: full rate of OFA, full rate of NPK, 1/2 OFA + 1/2 NPK, full OFA + 1/2 NPK and a control (no OFA and no NPK) which were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Analysis of variance indicated significant (P 0.05) treatment and year interaction effect for all the growth parameters except for plant height, leaf area and leaf area index. Apart from hundred seed weight, treatment and year interaction effect for all the yield and yield components was significant (P 0.05). Application of full rate of NPK (90:60:60) resulted in the highest grain yield of 4960 kg·ha-1, however it was statistically similar to those obtained by the combined application of full rate of OFA (250 ml·ha-1) + 1/2 NPK and 1/2 OFA + 1/2 NPK with grain yield of 4856 kg·ha-1 and 4639 kg·ha-1 respectively. There was also a yield advantage of 197. 5%, 191.3%, 178.3 and 79.1% over the control for full NPK rate, full OFA rate + 1/2 NPK rate, 1/2 OFA rate + 1/2 NPK and full OFA rate respectively. Application of full OFA rate + 1/2 NPK enhanced soil basal respiration (evolved CO2) and mineralizable C, implying that, combination of full OFA rate and NPK fertilizer would be necessary to boost soil microbial activity and soil labile nutrient pool (labile C pool). This suggests that combined use of full OFA rate + 1/2 NPK fertilizer can be a better strategic tool for improving soil quality. The highest benefit cost ratios (BCR) of 2.58 and 3.77 were obta

关键词： Organic Farming Aid Labile C Pool Wood Vinegar Combined Application

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