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Whispered Tuning: Data Privacy Preservation in Fine-Tuning LLMs through Differential Privacy

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 1-22页

作者： Tanmay Singh Harshvardhan Aditya Vijay k. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various sectors underscored the urgency of addressing potential privacy breaches. Vulnerabilities, such as prompt injection attack. and other adversarial tactics, could mak. these models inadvertently disclose their training data. Such disclosures could compromise personal identifiable information, posing significant privacy risk.. In this paper, we proposed a novel multi-faceted approach called Whispered Tuning to address privacy leak. in large language models (LLMs). We integrated a PII redaction model, differential privacy techniques, and an output filter into the LLM fine-tuning process to enhance confidentiality. Additionally, we introduced novel ideas lik. the Epsilon Dial for adjustable privacy budgeting for differentiated Training Phases per data handler role. Through empirical validation, including attack. on non-private models, we demonstrated the robustness of our proposed solution SecureNLP in safeguarding privacy without compromising utility. This pioneering methodology significantly fortified LLMs against privacy infringements, enabling responsible adoption across sectors.

关键词： NLP Differential Privacy Adversarial Attack. Informed Decisions

Smaller & Smarter: Score-Driven Network.Chaining of Smaller Language Models

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2024年第1期17卷 23-42页

作者： Gunik. Dhingra Siddansh Chawla Vijay k. Madisetti Arshdeep Bahga School of Computer Science Engineering & Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India School of Cybersecurity and Privacy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta USA Cloudemy Technology Labs Chandigarh India

With the continuous evolution and expanding applications of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a noticeable surge in the size of the emerging models. It is not solely the growth in model size, primarily measured by the number of parameters, but also the subsequent escalation in computational demands, hardware and software prerequisites for training, all culminating in a substantial financial investment as well. In this paper, we present novel techniques lik. supervision, parallelization, and scoring functions to get better results out of chains of smaller language models, rather than relying solely on scaling up model size. Firstly, we propose an approach to quantify the performance of a Smaller Language Models (SLM) by introducing a corresponding supervisor model that incrementally corrects the encountered errors. Secondly, we propose an approach to utilize two smaller language models (in a network. performing the same task.and retrieving the best relevant output from the two, ensuring peak.performance for a specific task. Experimental evaluations establish the quantitative accuracy improvements on financial reasoning and arithmetic calculation task. from utilizing techniques lik. supervisor models (in a network.of model scenario), threshold scoring and parallel processing over a baseline study.

关键词： Large Language Models (LLMs) Smaller Language Models (SLMs) Finance Network.ng Supervisor Model Scoring Function

Direct scaling of residual displacements for bilinear and pinching oscillators

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Earthquak. Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2024年第1期23卷 129-149页

作者： Mohammad Saifullah Vinay k.Gupta Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016India

The estimation of residual displacements in a structure due to an anticipated earthquak. event has increasingly become an important component of performance-based earthquak. engineering because controlling these displacements plays an important role in ensuring cost-feasible or cost-effective repairs in a damaged structure after the event.An attempt is made in this study to obtain statistical estimates of constant-ductility residual displacement spectra for bilinear and pinching oscillators with 5%initial damping,directly in terms of easily available seismological,site,and model parameters.None of the available models for the bilinear and pinching oscillators are useful when design spectra for a seismic hazard at a site are not available.The statistical estimates of a residual displacement spectrum are proposed in terms of earthquak. magnitude,epicentral distance,site geology parameter,and three model parameters for a given set of ductility demand and a hysteretic energy capacity coefficient in the case of bilinear and pinching models,as well as for a given set of pinching parameters for displacement and strength at the break.oint in the case of pinching model alone.The proposed scaling model is applicable to horizontal ground motions in the western U.S.for earthquak. magnitudes less than 7 or epicentral distances greater than 20 k..

关键词： residual displacement spectrum bilinear hysteresis model pinching hysteresis model nonlinear analysis scaling model

Analysis of the Oscillatory Flows of Multiple Shock.Waves in a Constant Area Duct

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第3期33卷 794-806页

作者： k.JAMES Jintu k.M Heuy Dong Department of Mechanical Engineering Andong National UniversityAndong36729Republic of Korea CAD-IT k.rea Co. Ltd.Seoul08591Republic of Korea

The oscillatory response of multiple shock.waves to downstream perturbations in a supersonic flow is studied numerically in a rectangular duct.Multiple shock.waves are formed inside the duct at a shock.Mach number of 1.75.The duct has an exit height of H,and the effect of duct resonance on multiple shock.oscillations is investigated by attaching exit ducts of lengths 0H,50H,and 150H.The downstream disturbance frequency varied from 10 Hz to 200 Hz to explore the oscillation characteristics of the multiple shock.waves.The oscillatory response of shock.waves under self-excited and forced oscillation conditions are analyzed in terms of wall static pressure,shock.train leading-edge location,shock.train length,and the size of the separation bubble.The extent of the initial shock.location increases with an increase in exit duct length for the self-excited oscillation condition.The analysis of the shock.train leading edge and the spectral analysis of wall static pressure variations are conducted.The variation in the shock.train length is analyzed using the pressure ratio method for self-excited as well as forced oscillations.The RMS amplitude of the normalized shock.train length(ζ_(ST))increases with an increase in the exit duct length for the self-excited oscillation condition.When the downstream perturbation frequency is increased,ζ_(ST)is decreased for exit duct configurations.For all exit duct designs and downstream forcing frequencies,the size of the separation bubble grows and shrink. during the shock.oscillations,demonstrating the dependence on duct resonance and forced oscillations.

关键词： shock.train downstream disturbance supersonic flow shock.wave boundary layer interaction duct resonance flow separation

Impact of Fin Arrangement on Heat Transfer and Melting Characteristics of Phase Change Material

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第2期33卷 435-456页

作者： Arun UNIYAL Yogesh k.PRAJAPATI Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology UttarakhandSrinagar(Garhwal)246174India Department of Mechanical Engineering BIT SindriDhanbadJharkhand828123India

Present work.investigates the heat transfer and melting behaviour of phase change material(PCM) in six enclosures(enclosure-1 to 6) filled with paraffin wax.Proposed enclosures are equipped with distinct arrangements of the fins while k.eping the fin's surface area equal in each case.Comparative analysis has been presented to recognize the suitable fin arrangements that facilitate improved heat transfer and melting rate of the PCM.Left wall of the enclosure is maintained isothermal for the temperature values 335 k.350 k.and 365 k.Dimensionless length of the enclosure including fins is ranging between 0 and 1.Results have been illustrated through the estimation of important performance parameters such as energy absorbing capacity,melting rate,enhancement ratio,and Nusselt number.It has been found that melting time(to melt 100% of the PCM) is 60.5%less in enclosure-2(with two fins of equal length) as compared to the enclosure-1,having no fins.k.eping the fin surface area equal,if the longer fin is placed below the shorter fin(enclosure-3),melting time is further decreased by 14.1% as compared to enclosure-2.However,among all the configurations,enclosure-6 with wire-mesh fin structure exhibits minimum melting time which is 68.4% less as compared to the enclosure-1.Based on the findings,it may be concluded that fins are the main driving agent in the enclosure to transfer the heat from heated wall to the PCM.Proper design and positioning of the fins improve the heat transfer rate followed by melting of the PCM in the entire area of the enclosure.Evolution of the favourable vortices and natural convection current in the enclosure accelerate the melting phenomenon and help to reduce charging time.

关键词： phase change material enclosure fin melting fraction energy storage heat transfer

Fish-on-Chips:unveiling neural processing of chemicals in small animals through precise fluidic control

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第11期19卷 2351-2353页

作者： Samuel k.H.Sy Ho k. Division of Neurology Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsFaculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Li k. Shing Institute of Health Sciences Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongPok Fu LamHong Kong IslandHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Center Hong Kong Science ParkPak Shek KokNew TerritoriesHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Margaret k.L.Cheung Research Center for Management of Park.nsonism Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Lau Tat-chuen Research Center of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute The Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina

Precise chemical cue presentation alongside advanced brainwide imaging techniques is important to the study of chemosensory processing in animals.Nevertheless,the dynamic nature of chemical-carrying media,such as water or air,poses a significant challenge for delivering highly-controlled chemical flow to an animal subject.Moreover,contact-based cue manipulation and delivery easily shift the position of the animal subject,which is often undesirable for high-quality brain imaging.Additionally,more advanced interfacing tools that align with the diverse range of body part sizes of an animal,ranging from micrometer-scale neurons to meter-long limbs,are much needed.This is particularly crucial when dealing with dimensions that are beyond the reach of conventional experimental tools.

关键词： dealing precise sizes

Commentary on“Incidence of urinaryincontinence following endoscopic laserenucleation of the prostate by en-bloc andnon-en-bloc techniques:a multicenter,real-world experience of 5068 patients”

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2024年第3期26卷 333-334页

作者： James F Jiang Narmina k.Onder Ak.il k.Das Department of Urology University of California Irvine Orange CA 92868 USA.

Laser enucleation of the prostate is a proven and effectivesize-independent method for the surgical management of symptomaticbenign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)and is considered as the“goldstandard”by many clinicians.Two major hurdles that stand in theway of this becoming a universally used procedure for BPH are thesteep learning curve associated with mastering the procedure andpossibility of perioperative transient incontinence.Many advances inteaching methodologies have helped tack.e the difficulty in learning itand increased the number of urologists utilizing the procedure.As forthe second hurdle,transient incontinence rates postlaser enucleationof the prostate have improved with the advent of newer techniques ofenucleation.Castellani et al.1 assesses the incidence of stress,urge,andmixed urinary incontinence following laser enucleation of the prostateby comparing en-bloc and non-en-bloc techniques in a multicenterseries of 5068 men with BPH.

关键词： urinary incontinence transient

Exploration of chromene-based BioAIEgens

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National Science Review 2024年第3期11卷 47-48页

作者： Fritz E.k.hn Department of Chemistry&Catalysis Research Center School of Natural Sciences Technical University of Munich

Photoemission efficiency is usually higher in solution than in solid state.Some compounds however, display a reverse behavior. Such a behavior is called aggregation-induced emission(AIE).

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SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity:the good,the bad,and the"goldilock."

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第2期21卷 171-183页

作者： Benjamin L.Sievers Mark.T.k.Cheng k.ta Csiba Bo Meng Ravindra k.Gupta Department of Medicine University of CambridgeCambridgeUK Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology&Infectious Disease(CITID) Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUk

An ancient conflict between hosts and pathogens has driven the innate and adaptive arms of immunity.k.owledge about this interplay can not only help us identify biological mechanisms but also reveal pathogen vulnerabilities that can be leveraged therapeutically.The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of intense research,and the role of the innate immune system has received significantly less attention.Here,we review current k.owledge of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the various means SARS-CoV-2 employs to evade innate defense systems.We also consider the role of innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and in the phenomenon of long COVID.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Innate immune response Interferon Cytok.nes Inflammation Antiviral targets