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Assessing the Variability of Extreme Weather Events and Its Influence on Marine Accidents along the Northern Coast of Tanzania

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American Journal of Climate Change 2024年第3期13卷 499-521页

作者： Faki A. Ali Kombo Hamad Kai sara abdalla khamis Zanzibar Office Tanzania Meteorlogical Authority (TMA) Zanzibar Tanzania Department of Natural Science State University of Zanzibar (SUZA) Zanzibar Tanzania

The marine accidents are among the main components of the Zanzibar Disaster Management Policy (2011) and the Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy (2020). These policies aimed to institute legal frame works and procedures for reducing both the frequency of marine accidents and their associated fatalities. These fatalities include deaths, permanent disabilities and loss of properties which may result into increased poverty levels as per the sustainable development goal one (SDG1) which stipulates on ending the poverty in all its forms everywhere. Thus, in the way to support these Government efforts, the influence of climate and weather on marine accidents along Zanzibar and Pemba Channels was investigated. The study used the 10 years (2013-2022) records of daily rainfall and hourly wind speed acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) (for the observation stations of Zanzibar, Pemba, Dares Salaam and Tanga), and the significant wave heights data, which was freely downloaded from Globally Forecasting System (GFS-World model of 13 km resolution). The marine accident records were collected from TASAC and Zanzibar Maritime Authority (ZMA), and the anecdotal information was collected from heads of quay and boat captains in different areas of Zanzibar. The Mann Kendal test, was used to determine the slopes and trends direction of used weather parameters, while the Pearson correlations analysis and t-tests were used to understand the significance of the underlying relationship between the weather and marine accidents. The paired t-test was used to evaluate the extent to which weather parameters affect the marine accidents. Results revealed that the variability of extreme weather events (rainfall, ocean waves and wind speed) was seen to be among the key factors for most of the recorded marine accidents. For instance, in Pemba high rainfall showed an increasing trend of extreme rainfall events, while Zanzibar has shown a decreasing trend of these events. As for extreme wind

关键词： Marine Accidents Bad Weather Events Extreme Wind Speed Extreme Rainfall Correlation

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The Influence of Weather and Climate Variability on Groundwater Quality in Zanzibar

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2022年第4期12卷 613-634页

作者： Leluu Ramadhan Mohammed Kombo Hamad Kai Agnes Laurence Kijazi Said Suleiman Bakar sara abdalla khamis Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) Kisauni Zanzibar State University of Zanzibar Tunguu Campus Zanzibar

Climate change and variability have been inducing a broad spectrum of impacts on the environment and natural resources including groundwater resources. The study aimed at assessing the influence of weather, climate variability, and changes on the quality of groundwater resources in Zanzibar. The study used the climate datasets including rainfall (RF), Maximum and Minimum Temperature (Tmax and Tmin), the records acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) Zanzibar office for 30 (1989-2019) and 10 (2010-2019) years periods. Also, the Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) monthly records of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Ground Water Temperature (GWT) were used. Interpolation techniques were used for controlling outliers and missing datasets. Indeed, correlation, trend, and time series analyses were used to show the relationship between climate and water quality parameters. However, simple statistical analyses including mean, percentage changes, and contributions to the annual and seasonal mean were calculated. Moreover, t and paired t-tests were used to show the significant changes in the mean of the variables for two defined periods of 2011-2015 and 2016-2020 at p ≤ 0.05. Results revealed that seasonal variability of groundwater quality from March to May (MAM) has shown a significant change in trends ranging from 0.1 to 2.8 mm/L/yr, 0.1 to 2.8 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.0℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, respectively. The changes in climate parameters were 0.1 to 2.4 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.3℃/yr and 0.1 to 2.5℃/yr in RF, Tmax, and Tmin, respectively. From October to December (OND) changes in groundwater parameters ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 mm/L/yr 0.1 to 2.9 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.1℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, whereas RF, Tmax, and Tmin changed from 0.3 to 1.8 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.9℃/yr and 0.2 to 2.0℃/yr, respectively. Moreover, the study has shown strong c

关键词： Quality of Groundwater Parameters Climate Variability Mean Changes of Climate and Water Quality Parameters

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The Influence of Climate Variability on the Watermelon Production in Zanzibar

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2023年第1期13卷 44-61页

作者： Asya Omar Hamad Kombo Hamad Kai Agnes Kijazi sara abdalla khamis abdalla Hassan abdalla Hassan Khatib Ame Masoud Makame Faki Faki Ali Ali Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) Zanzibar Office Zanzibar Tanzania TMA Dar es Salaam Office Dar es Salaam Tanzania The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA) Zanzibar Tanzania

Climate change and variability, has embarked societies in Zanzibar to rely on horticulture (i.e. watermelon production) as an adaptive measure due to an unpromising situation of commonly used agricultural yields. Currently, there is either no or scant information that describes the influence of climate changes and variability to watermelon production in Zanzibar. Thus, this study aimed to determine the influence of climate variability on the quantity of watermelon production in Zanzibar. The study used both primary and secondary datasets, which include the anecdotal information collected from interviewers’ responses from four districts of Unguja and Pemba, and climate parameters (rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin) acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) at Zanzibar offices. Pearson correlation was used for analyzing the association between watermelon production and climate parameters, while paired t-test was applied to show the significance of the mean differences of watermelon and climate parameters for two periods of 2014-2017 and 2018-2021, respectively. Percentage changes were used to feature the extent to which the two investigated parameters affect each other. The anecdotal responses were sorted, calculated in monthly and seasonal averages, plotted and then analyzed. Results have shown a strong correlation (r = 0.8 at p ≤ 0.02, and r = 0.7) between watermelon production, Tmax and rainfall during OND, especially in Unguja, as well as Tmin during JJA (i.e. r = - 0.8 at p ≤ 0.02) in Pemba. Besides, results have shown the existence of significant differences between the means of watermelon production and climate parameter for the two stated periods, indicating that the climate parameters highly affects the watermelon production by either enhancing or declining the yields by 69% - 162% and 17% - 77%, respectively. Moreover, results have shown that respondents were aware that excess temperature intensity during dry periods can le

关键词： Watermelon March to May (MAM) and October to November (OND) Seasonal Rainfall Maximum and Minimum Temperature Anecdotal Information

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The Influence of Climate Change and Variability on Spatio-Temporal Rainfall and Temperature Distribution in Zanzibar

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2023年第2期13卷 282-313页

作者： abdalla Hassan abdalla Kombo Hamad Kai sara abdalla khamis Afredy Lawrence Kondowe sarah E. Osima Philemon Henry King’uza Asya Omar Hamad Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) Zanzibar Tanzania Faculty of Science State University of Zanzibar (SUZA) Zanzibar Tanzania

Climate change has resulted in serious social-economic ramifications and extremely catastrophic weather events in the world, Tanzania and Zanzibar in particular, with adaptation being the only option to reduce impacts. The study focuses on the influence of climate change and variability on spatio-temporal rainfall and temperature variability and distribution in Zanzibar. The station observation datasets of rainfall, Tmax and Tmin acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) and the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment program (CORDEX) projected datasets from the Regional climate model HIRHAM5 under driving model ICHEC-EC-EARH, for the three periods of 1991-2020 used as baseline (HS), 2021-2050 as near future (NF) and 2051-2080 far future (FF), under two representative concentration pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5, were used. The long-term observed Tmax and Tmin were used to produce time series for observing the nature and trends, while the observed rainfall data was used for understanding wet and dry periods, trends and slope (at p ≤ 0.05) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Mann Kendall test (MK). Moreover, the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) under the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation techniques were used for mapping the three decades of 1991-2000 (hereafter D1), 2001-2010 (hereafter D2) and 2011-2020 (hereafter D3) to analyze periodical spatial rainfall distribution in Zanzibar. As for the projected datasets the Climate Data Operator Commands (CDO), python scripts and Grid analysis and Display System (GrADS) soft-wares were used to process and display the results of the projected datasets of rainfall, Tmax and Tmin for the HS, NF and FF, respectively. The results show that the observed Tmax increased by the rates of 0.035℃ yr-1 and 0.0169℃ yr-1, while the Tmin was i

关键词： Climate Change Climate Variability Spatial and Temporal Distribution Temperature Rainfall CORDEX

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The Influence of Climate Change and Variability on Aircraft Take-off and Landing Performance;a Case Study of the Abeid Amani Karume International Airport-Zanzibar

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Journal of Transportation Technologies 2022年第3期12卷 453-474页

作者： Omar Mohamed Haji Kombo Hamad Kai sara abdalla khamis Said Suleiman Bakar Hassan Rashid Ali Gharib Hamza Mohamed Fatma Said Seif Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority Zanzibar Office Kisauni Zanzibar Tanzania Meteorological Authority Zanzibar Office Kisauni Zanzibar State University of Zanzibar Tunguu Zanzibar

Climate change (CC) and variability have been world widely reported to pose number of risks in aviation industry including accidents, astray, and other operational difficulties. The impact of weather on landing and take-off performances has been several times experienced at Abeid Amani Karume International Airport (AAKIA);however, the influence of climate change and variability to the aircraft performance needs to be assessed. Thus, this study investigated the influence of climate change and variability on aircrafts take-off and landing performances. Specifically, the study investigated;i) the influence of climate change on Take-off Distance Required (TODR) and Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) for different types of aircraft;ii) the influence of climate variability to the aircraft landing performance on light, medium and heavy aircraft and lastly, iii) the study investigated the seasonal and annual variability on aircraft landing performance due to climate variability. The datasets used in this study include the eight years (2014-2021), aircraft operational records (diversion and missed approach events) and Aviation Routine Weather Reports (METAR) records which were utilized as the indicators for landing performance, the long-term (1990-2020) annual maximum temperatures (Tmax) which was used to determine the TODR and MTOM. Statistical tools including mean, percentage changes, correlations, regression, and the chi-square test were used for analysis and hypotheses testing. The results revealed that light and medium aircraft categories were significantly most affected on diversion events as compared to the heavy categories;however, for the missed approach events the impact was vice versa. Moreover, the seasonal and annual variability on diversion and missed approach events were significantly different (at p ≤ 0.001). As for the take-off performance, results show that the TODR and MTOM were significantly increasing and decreasing (at p ≤ 0.001), based on increasing air temp

关键词： Aircraft Take off/Landing Performance Missed Approach Diversion Take off Distance Required Maximum Take-off Mass Diversion Missed Approach

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Seasonal Prediction of Tropical Cyclones and Storms over the Southwestern Indian Ocean Region Using the Generalized Linear Models

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2023年第2期13卷 103-137页

作者： Kombo Hamad Kai Yohanna Wilson Shaghude Christian Bs Uiso Agnes Laurent Kijazi sarah Osima sara abdalla khamis Asya Omar Hamad Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) and Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS) University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) Zan-zibar Tanzania Department of Physics University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) TMA Zanzibar Tanzania Department of Natural Sciences State University of Zanzibar Zanzibar Tanzania

Tropical cyclones (TCs) and storms (TSs) are among the devastating events in the world and southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) in particular. The seasonal forecasting TCs and TSs for December to March (DJFM) and November to May (NM) over SWIO were conducted. Dynamic parameters including vertical wind shear, mean zonal steering wind and vorticity at 850 mb were derived from NOAA (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis 1 wind fields. Thermodynamic parameters including monthly and daily mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and equatorial Standard Oscillation Index (SOI) were used. Three types of Poison regression models (i.e. dynamic, thermodynamic and combined models) were developed and validated using the Leave One Out Cross Validation (LOOCV). Moreover, 2 × 2 square matrix contingency tables for model verification were used. The results revealed that, the observed and cross validated DJFM and NM TCs and TSs strongly correlated with each other (p ≤ 0.02) for all model types, with correlations (r) ranging from 0.62 - 0.86 for TCs and 0.52 - 0.87 for TSs, indicating great association between these variables. Assessment of the model skill for all model types of DJFM and NM TCs and TSs frequency revealed high skill scores ranging from 38% - 70% for TCs and 26% - 72% for TSs frequency, respectively. Moreover, results indicated that the dynamic and combined models had higher skill scores than the thermodynamic models. The DJFM and NM selected predictors explained the TCs and TSs variability by the range of 0.45 - 0.65 and 0.37 - 0.66, respectively. However, verification analysis revealed that all models were adequate for predicting the seasonal TCs and TSs, with high bias values ranging from 0.85 - 0.94. Conclusively, the study calls for more studies in TCs and TSs frequency and strengths for enhancing the performance of the March to May (MAM) and December to October (OND) seasonal rainfalls in the East African (EA) and Tanzania in particular.

关键词： Tropical Cyclones and Storms Frequency Thermodynamic and Dynamic Models Skill Scores TCs/TSs Variability and Verification Leave One out Cross Validation

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硫醇介导细胞摄取机制与应用研究进展

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精细化工 2024年

作者：魏泓贝张慧 MASTER Mwafulirwa khamis abdalla 孙晓龙西安交通大学生命科学与技术学院生物医学信息工程教育部重点实验室

细胞摄取是生物体内多种生物活性物质进入细胞的主要途径之一。硫醇介导的摄取通过巯基化物与细胞内的巯基-二硫键进行动态共价交换，然后通过融合、内吞或直接跨膜转运等方式完成对物质的递送，在提高治疗效果和生物活性物质的应用效... 详细信息

细胞摄取是生物体内多种生物活性物质进入细胞的主要途径之一。硫醇介导的摄取通过巯基化物与细胞内的巯基-二硫键进行动态共价交换，然后通过融合、内吞或直接跨膜转运等方式完成对物质的递送，在提高治疗效果和生物活性物质的应用效率方面具有优势。该文综述了具有不同环张力二硫化物、聚二硫醚、环状寡硫族化合物、二硒化物、动态硫醚键、迈克尔受体等分子结构与巯基的相互作用机制；总结了通过这一途径对量子点、核酸、蛋白质、纳米颗粒、药物和脂质体等物质在细胞内的递送，以及通过封闭细胞内的巯基来抑制细胞对通过这一途径进入的化合物的摄取；此外，介绍了硫醇介导摄取在植物和微生物中的应用；最后，展望了硫醇介导摄取未来的发展趋势。

关键词：动态共价交换硫醇介导摄取作用机制物质递送治疗

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Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of gemifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2011年第4期1卷 248-253页

作者： sara A.M.Ebraheem abdalla A.Elbashir Hassan Y.Aboul-Enein Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of KhartoumKhartoum 11115Sudan Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry National Research CentreCairo 12311Egypt

This paper describes two simple spectrophotometric methods for the determination of the antibiotic gemifloxacin mesylate(GFX)in pharmaceutical *** first(A)is an indirect method in which oxidation of the drug with a known excess of cerium(IV)sulphate is followed by determination of the residual oxidant by adding excess methyl orange and measuring residual dye at 507 *** second(B)is a derivatisation method involving reaction of GFX with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate(NQS)in alkaline medium(pH 11)to form an orange-coloured product exhibiting maximum absorption(lmax)at 411 *** methods were linear in the concentration ranges 2–9 and 5–30 mg/mL for methods A and B,respectively,with intra-day precision(as RSD)o1.5%for *** applied to the determination of GFX in pharmaceutical tablets,the results were in good agreement with those obtained by capillary *** two methods are useful for routine analysis of GFX in quality control laboratories.

关键词： Gemifloxacin mesylate Spectrophotometry 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate Pharmaceutical formulations

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Concurrent Removal and Reduction of Cr(VI) by Wool: Short and Long Term Equilibration Studies

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2015年第1期6卷 47-57页

作者： Fawwaz H. Jumean Mustafa I. khamis Ziad A. sara Mahmoud S. AbouRich Department of Biology Chemistry and Environmental Sciences American University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Faculty of Science & Technology Al-Quds University East Jerusalem Palestine

Hexavalent chromium removal from wastewater using sheep wool was investigated at several equilibration periods. The influence of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration was investigated. Adsorption isotherms for long and short periods were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. For short contact times, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was obeyed with no detectable change in the oxidation state but removal percentages did not exceed 90%. Long contact times resulted in more than 99% removal of Cr(VI). A 2-step mechanism for the removal is proposed. Free wool and wool loaded with Cr(VI) were characterized by FTIR and SEM.

关键词： Chromium Wool Speciation Adsorption Isotherms

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The Social Surveillance and Generational Compliance in New Mediation

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Journalism and Mass Communication 2023年第1期13卷 26-34页

作者： khamis Juma abdalla State University of Zanzibar KilimaniZanzibar

This article explores the social transformation on account of surveillance conception preoccupied through the technology diffusion thanks to the Web 2.0 novel *** new mediation abstracts the social provisions into radical customs of *** primes the supposition of socialization hitherto to transpire the scrutiny of the mutual rehearses of vertical and horizontal ***,the ultimate conversion keeps on through self-exposition notion in views of social interaction which so far posit the question of the privacy and public boundary owing to the hypothetical undue freedom of self-expression through Web ***,this paper examines the Surveillance Society in a comprehensive scope of the social structure vis-à-vis the ideas of generational submission towards social *** the dichotomy of digital revolutions,the Digital“Natives”are classified as typically addicted digital consumptions bearing the community outlooks,while Digital“Immigrants”persist in semi obedience along with the traditional ***,the Panopticon conceptualizes the certainty of social surveillance by dint of proliferation of information flows keen on social conducts automated in both online and offline paths through technological appliances.

关键词： generational divide new mediation self-expression and exposition social transformation Surveillance Society Web 2.0

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