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Multi-Step Clustering of Smart Meters Time Series:Application to Demand Flexibility Characterization of SME Customers

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 869-907页

作者： santiago bañales Raquel Dormido Natividad Duro Department of Computer Sciences and Automatic Control Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia(UNED)Madrid28040Spain Iberdrola Innovation Middle East Doha210177Qatar

Customer segmentation according to load-shape profiles using smart meter data is an increasingly important application to vital the planning and operation of energy systems and to enable citizens’participation in the energy *** study proposes an innovative multi-step clustering procedure to segment customers based on load-shape patterns at the daily and intra-daily time *** meter data is split between daily and hourly normalized time series to assess monthly,weekly,daily,and hourly seasonality patterns *** dimensionality reduction implicit in the splitting allows a direct approach to clustering raw daily energy time series *** intraday clustering procedure sequentially identifies representative hourly day-unit profiles for each customer and the entire *** the first time,a step function approach is applied to reduce time series *** attributes embedded in surveys are employed to build external clustering validation metrics using Cramer’s V correlation factors and to identify statistically significant determinants of load-shape in energy *** addition,a time series features engineering approach is used to extract 16 relevant demand flexibility indicators that characterize customers and corresponding clusters along four different axes:available Energy(E),Temporal patterns(T),Consistency(C),and Variability(V).The methodology is implemented on a real-world electricity consumption dataset of 325 Small and Medium-sized Enterprise(SME)customers,identifying 4 daily and 6 hourly easy-to-interpret,well-defined *** application of the methodology includes selecting key parameters via grid search and a thorough comparison of clustering distances and methods to ensure the robustness of the *** research can test the scalability of the methodology to larger datasets from various customer segments(households and large commercial)and locations with different weather and socioeconomic conditio

关键词： Electric load clustering load profiling smart meters machine learning data mining demand flexibility demand response

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The sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters and their implication in pain after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3317-3329页

作者： Jennifer M.Colón-Mercado Aranza I.Torrado-Tapias Iris K.Salgado Jose M.santiago Samuel E.Ocasio Rivera Dina P.Bracho-Rincon Luis H.Pagan Rivera Jorge D.Miranda Department of Physiology University of Puerto RicoMedical Sciences CampusSan JuanPRUSA National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMDUSA Universidad Central del Caribe School of MedicineBayamónPRUSA University of Puerto Rico Carolina CampusCarolinaPRUSA Institute of Neurobiology San JuanPRUSA

In addition to the loss of motor function,~60% of patients develop pain after spinal cord *** cellular-molecular mechanisms are not well understood,but the data suggests that plasticity within the rostral,epicenter,and caudal penumbra of the injury site initiates a cellularmolecular interplay that acts as a rewiring mechanism leading to central neuropathic *** can lead to the formation of new connections triggering abnormal sensory *** excitatory glutamate transporters are responsible for the reuptake of extracellular glutamate which makes them a critical target to prevent neuronal hyperexcitability and *** previous studies showed a sexually dimorphic therapeutic window for spinal cord injury after treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator *** this study,we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of tamoxifen in male and female rats with spinal cord *** hypothesized that tamoxifen exerts anti-allodynic effects by increasing the expression of glutamate transporters,leading to reduced hyperexcitability of the secondary neuron or by decreasing aberrant *** and female rats received a moderate contusion to the thoracic spinal cord followed by subcutaneous slow-release treatment of tamoxifen or matrix pellets as a control(placebo).We used von Frey monofilaments and the“up-down method”to evaluate mechanical *** treatment decreased allodynia only in female rats with spinal cord injury revealing a sexdependent *** expression profile of glutamatergic transporters(excitatory amino acid transporter 1/glutamate aspartate transporter and excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter-1)revealed a sexual dimorphism in the rostral,epicenter,and caudal areas of the spinal cord with a pattern of expression primarily on *** rodents showed a significantly higher level of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression while male rodents showed increased

关键词： allodynia central neuropathic pain EAAT-1/GLAST EAAT-2/GLT-1 glutamate transporters selective estrogen receptor modulator sexual dimorphism spinal cord injury trauma

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Deduction and Validation of an Eulerian-Eulerian Model for Turbulent Dilute Two-Phase Flows by Means of the Phase Indicator Function-Disperse Elements Probability Density Function

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2000年第3期8卷 189-202页

作者： santiago Laín Ricardo Aliod MVT-UST Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften Martin-Luther-UniversitatHalle-WittenbergD-06099Halle(Saale)GermanyFluid Mechanica DepartmentE.U.Politecnica de Huesca.University of ZaragozaCarretera Zaragoza km.6722071 HuescaSpain

A statistical formalism overcoming some conceptual and practical difficulties arising in existing two-phase flow (2PHF) mathematical modelling has been applied to propose a model for dilute 2PHF turbulent Hows. Phase interaction terms with a clear physical meaning enter the equations and the formalism provides some guidelines for the avoidance of closure assumptions or the rational approximation of these terms. Continuous phase averaged continuity, momentum, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate equations have been rigorously and systematically obtained in a single step. These equations display a structure similar to that for single-phase flows. It is also assumed that dispersed phase dynamics is well described by a probability density function (pdf) equation and Eulerian continuity, momentum and fluctuating kinetic energy equations for the dispersed phase are deduced. An extension of the standard k-e turbulence model for the continuous phase is used. A gradient transport model is adopted for the dispersed phase fluctuating fluxes of momentum and kinetic energy at the non-colliding, large inertia limit. This model is then used to predict the behaviour of three axisymmetric turbulent jets of air laden with solid particles varying in size and concentration. Qualitative and quantitative numerical predictions compare reasonably well with the three different sets of experimental results, studying the influence of particle size, loading ratio and flow confinement velocity.

关键词： two-phase flow turbulence phase indicator function pdf ensemble average jet

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CFD modelling:The most useful tool for developing mesoscale urban canopy parameterizations

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Building Simulation 2021年第3期14卷 407-419页

作者： Riccardo Buccolieri Jose Luis santiago Alberto Martilli Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche edAmbientali University ofSalentoS.P.6 Lecce-MonteroniLecce 73700Italy Environment Department Research Center for EnergyEnvironment and Technology(CIEMAT)Madrid 28040Spain

1 Introduction The fact that most of the world’s population lives in cities(UN-Habitat 2016)has increased interest in urban *** models,such as the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model(***/weather-research-and-forecasting-model),are used to reproduce the meteorology and climatology over cities and around them,where the complex interactions between the atmosphere and urban surfaces(buildings,vegetation,urban obstacles,etc.)induce strong heterogeneity in the flow properties within the urban canopy layer(UCL)(Di Sabatino et al.2013;Lateb et al.2016;Tominaga and Stathopoulos 2016).

关键词： meteorology urban forecasting

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Estimating the impact of azimuth-angle variations on photovoltaic annual energy production

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Clean Energy 2019年第1期3卷 47-58页

作者： Mahmoud Dhimish santiago Silvestre Laboratory of Photovoltaics University of HuddersfieldQueensgateHD13DHHuddersfieldUK MNT Group Electronic Engineering DepartmentUniversitat Politecnica de Catalunya(UPC)BarcelonaTechC/Jordi Girona 1-3Campus Nord UPC08034 BarcelonaSpain

The performance of a photovoltaic(PV)installation is affected by its tilt and azimuth angles,because these parameters change the amount of solar energy absorbed by the surface of the PV ***,this paper demonstrates the impact of the azimuth angle on the energy production of PV *** different PV sites were studied,where the first comprises PV systems installed at-13°,-4°,+12°and+21°azimuth angles in different geographical locations,whereas the second PV site included adjacent PV systems installed at-87°,-32°,+2°and+17°azimuth *** the investigated PV sites were located in Huddersfield,*** summary,the results indicate that PV systems installed between-4°and+2°presented the maximum energy production over the last 4 years,while the worst energy generation were observed for the PV system installed at an azimuth angle of-87°.Finally,the probability projections for all observed azimuth angles datasets have been *** PV systems are affected by various environmental conditions such as fluctuations in the wind,humidity,solar irradiance and ambient temperature,ultimately,these factors would affect the annual energy generation of the PV *** that reason,we have analysed the disparities and the probability of the annual energy production for multiple PV systems installed at different azimuth angles ranging from-90°to+90°degrees,and affected by different environmental *** analyses are based on the cumulative density function modelling technique as well as the normal distribution function.

关键词： photovoltaics azimuth angle energy production CDF modelling

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Implications of nitrogen phloem loading for carbon metabolism and transport during Arabidopsis development

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第6期59卷 409-421页

作者： James P. santiago Mechthild Tegeder School of Biological Sciences and Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA

Metabolite transport processes and primary metabolism are highly interconnected. This study exam- ined the importance of source-to-sink nitrogen partition- ing, and associated nitrogen metabolism for carbon capture, transport and usage. Specifically, Arabidopsis aap8 （AMINO ACID PERMEASE 8） mutant lines were analyzed to resolve the consequences of reduced amino acid phloem loading for source leaf carbon metabolism, sucrose phloem transport and sink development during vegetative and reproductive growth phase. Results showed that decreased amino acid transport had a negative effect on sink development of aap8 lines throughout the life cycle, leading to an overall decrease in plant biomass. During vegetative stage, photosynthe- sis and carbohydrate levels were decreased in aap8 leaves, while expression of carbon metabolism and transport genes, as well as sucrose phloem transport were not affected despite reduced sink strength. However, when aap8 plants transitioned to reproductive phase, carbon fixation and assimilation as well as sucrose partitioning to siliques were strongly decreased. Overall, this work demonstrates that phloem loading of nitrogen has varying implications for carbon fixation, assimilation and source-to-sink allocation depending on plant growth stage. It further suggests alterations in source-sink relationships, and regulation of carbon metabolism and transport by sink strength in a development-dependent manner.

关键词： William J. Lucas, University of California, Davis, USA Received Feb. 25, 2017 Accepted Mar. 9, 2017 Online on Mar. 14,2017

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Power Factor Estimation of Distributed Energy Resources Using Voltage Magnitude Measurements

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2021年第4期9卷 859-869页

作者： Samuel Talkington santiago Grijalva Matthew J.Reno School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30318USA Electric Power Systems Research Department Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM 87123USA

This paper presents a new method for the estimation of the injection state and power factor of distributed energy resources (DERs) using voltage magnitude measurements only. A physics-based linear model is used to develop estimation heuristics for net injections of real and reactive power at a set of buses under study, allowing a distribution engineer to form a robust estimate for the operating state and the power factor of the DER at those buses. The method demonstrates and exploits a mathematical distinction between the voltage sensitivity signatures of real and reactive power injections for a fixed power system model. Case studies on various test feeders for a model of the distribution circuit and statistical analyses are presented to demonstrate the validity of the estimation method. The results of this paper can be used to improve the limited information about inverter parameters and operating state during renewable planning, which helps mitigate the uncertainty inherent in their integration.

关键词： Decentralized power system control detection and estimation power factor sparse approximation

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A guide to diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in digestive diseases

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第37期15卷 4638-4643页

作者： Fernando Bermejo santiago García-López Digestive Service University Hospital of Fuenlabrada Fuenlabrada Madrid 28942 Spain Digestive Service University Hospital Miguel Servet Zaragoza 50009 Spain

Iron deficiency （ID）, with or without anemia, is often caused by digestive diseases and should always be investigated, except in very specific situations, as its causes could be serious diseases, such as cancer. Diagnosis of ID is not always easy. Low serum levels of ferritin or transferrin saturation, imply a situation of absolute or functional ID. It is sometimes difficult to differentiate ID anemia from anemia of chronic diseases, which can coexist. In this case, other parameters, such as soluble transferrin receptor activity can be very useful. After an initial evaluation by clinical history, urine analysis, and serological tests for celiac disease, gastroscopy and colonoscopy are the key diagnostic tools for investigating the origin of ID, and will detect the most important and prevalent diseases. If both tests are normal and anemia is not severe, treatment with oral iron can be indicated, along with stopping any treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In the absence of response to oral iron, or if the anemia is severe or clinical suspicion of important disease persists, we must insist on diagnostic evaluation. Repeat endoscopic studies should be considered in many cases and if both still show normal results, investigating the small bowel must be considered. The main techniques in this case are capsule endoscopy, followed by

关键词： Anemia Iron-deficiency Iron deficiency anemia

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Simple,intuitive key performance indicators for flag state performance and its pilot application in Latin-America

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Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 2021年第3期2卷 101-110页

作者： Anish Arvind Hebbar santiago Juan Geymonat World Maritime University Fiskehamnsgatan 1Malmö21118Sweden

The presence of sub-standard ships has been a long-standing concern in the maritime domain and a slew of measures are implemented to tide over the *** is a key to verifying the success of measures adopted to enhance maritime safety and protect the marine *** there is an abundance of literature based on Port State Control inspections it is argued that in addition to the prevailing indicators of flag State performance deeper insights are to be gained by exploring indicators in other areas such as findings of IMO member State *** paper proposes simple and intuitive indicators in conjunction with existing indicators to identify trends in flag State performance and explores application of the indicators to a select set of member States in Latin-America *** paper concludes that the proposed indicators have the potential for global application.

关键词： Flag state performance Key performance indicators KPI Performance measurement Implementation Flag state implementation Implementation of IMO instruments

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Microglial exosomes in retinal neuroinflammation: focus in glaucoma

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第9期16卷 1801-1802页

作者： Ines Dinis Aires Ana Raquel santiago University of Coimbra Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research(iCBR)Faculty of MedicineCoimbraPortugal University of Coimbra Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology(CIBB)CoimbraPortugal Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra(CACC) CoimbraPortugal Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image(AIBILI) CoimbraPortugal

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, expected to affect 140 million people worldwide by the year 2040. The pathophysiology of glaucoma involves retinal ganglion cell loss, optic nerve atrophy and cupping of the optic disk, culminating in visual field loss(Boia et al., 2020). Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease in which increased intraocular pressure is the main risk factor.

关键词： glaucoma inflammation al.

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