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Evolution of Strigolactone Perception by Seeds of Parasitic Plants： Reinventing the Wheel

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m.lecular Plant 2016年第4期9卷 493-495页

作者： Xiong, Guosheng Li, Jiayang smith, Steven m. Chinese Acad Agr Sci Agr Genom Inst Shenzhen Shenzhen 518124 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Plant Genom Inst Genet & Dev Biol Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Natl Ctr Plant Gene Res Beijing Inst Genet & Dev Biol Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Univ Tasm.nia Sch Biol Sci Hobart Tas 7001 Australia

A BEWITCHING PROCESS The root-parasitic plants of the witchweed fam.ly （Orobanchan- ceae） produce seeds that are adapted to germ.nate in response to strigolactones （SLs） exuded from.the roots of their host plants. The resulting colonization of crops such as m.ize and sorghum.by these parasites can cause m.ssive losses in production and to the livelihoods of farm.rs （Westwood et al., 2010）.

关键词： root-parasitic plants witchweed

Out of step： The function of TALE hom.odom.in transcription factors that regulate shoot m.ristem.m.intenance and m.ristem.identity

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Frontiers in Biology 2012年第2期7卷 144-154页

作者： Shang WU Harley m. S. smith Center for Plant Cell Biology Institute of Integrative Genome Biology Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of CaliforniaRiverside CA 92521 USA

The indeterm.nate growth pattern displayed by shoots is m.diated by the proper m.intenance of the shoot m.ristem. m.ristem.m.intenance is dependent upon the balance of stem.cell perpetuation in the central zone （CZ） and organogenesis in the peripheral zone （PZ）. Although the m.chanism. that coordinate CZ and PZ function is not understood, m.ristem.cell fate is likely achieved by the spatial interplay between gene regulatory networks and horm.ne signaling pathways. During shoot m.turation, the identity of the shoot m.ristem.as well as the lateral organs are transform.d during the vegetative and reproductive transitions. Studies in m.del plant system. indicate that three am.no acid extension （TALE） hom.odom.in proteins integrate signaling events that transform.the identity of the shoot m.ristem.and establish reproductive patterns of growth. This review will highlight the function of TALE hom.odom.in transcription factors that regulate shoot m.ristem.cell fate and also function with phase specific regulators to m.intain shoot m.ristem.identity.

关键词： shoot developm.nt m.ristem flowering patterning hom.odom.in

APPLICATION OF WYATT-WHITE m.THOD TO CALCULATING INTRINSIC RATES OF INCREASE FOR HYm.NOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS

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Zoological Research 1993年第3期14卷 208-214页

作者：况荣平 sandy m.smith 中国科学院昆明动物研究所昆明650223 多伦多大学森林系

The m.thod developed by Wyatt and White (1977) was applied to calculate the intrinsic rates of increase for parasitoids based on 23 fecundity data sets from.the literature. The studies showed that there existed the linear relationship between the accurate values of rm.and In f (m.) / d or In (A/d/2) / d, that is, 1) rm. 0.845 In (m.) / d or 2) rm. 0.880 In (m./ 2) / d. Where d is the prereproductive tim., m. is the num.er of fem.le offspring produced per original fem.le from.the first to the dthday of reproduction, and m./2 is the num.er of fem.le offspring produced per original fem.le from.the first to the (d/ 2) th day of reproduction. These equations can provide the accurate estim.tes of rm.for parasitoids in this study. The approach is advantageous because it does not require the construction of detailed fecundity tables for estim.ting parasitoid rates of increase. Of course, whether these equations are appropriate for the other taxa will need to be further studied.

关键词： Parasitoid Intrinsic rate of increase Calculation

Chem.sensory response in stunted prairie rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis

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Current Zoology 2013年第2期59卷 175-179页

作者： Anthony J. SAVIOLA David CHISZAR Hobart m. smith Stephen Em.CKESSY School of Biological Sciences University of Northern Colorado Greeley CO 80639 USA. Departm.nt of Psychology University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Departm.nt of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA

Rattlesnakes use chem.cal stim.li in am.ush site selection and for relocation of envenom.ted prey through atrike-induced chem.sensory searching. Shifts in responsiveness to prey chem.cals have been docum.nted in m.ny snakes, and often correlate with prey com.only taken as snakes increase in age and size as well as geographical locations of the species. For instance, neonate rattlesnakes that prey prim.rily on ectotherm. responded m.st strongly to chem.cal cues of com.only taken lizard prey, whereas adult rattlesnakes that prey prim.rily on sm.ll m.m.als responded significantly to chem.cal cues of com. m.nly taken rodents. In the current study, 11 Prairie Rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis which were classified as large neonates based on m.asures of snout-vent length （SVL） and body m.ss, yet chronologically were at or near adulthood, were tested for their responsiveness to chem.cal extracts of natural and non-natural prey item.. Although the snakes had eaten only neonate lab m.ce （m.s m.sculus）, they responded significantly m.re to chem.cal cues of natural prey item. and particularly to chem.cal cues of prey norm.lly taken by subadults （Perom.scus m.ce and Sceloporus lizard）. These results suggest that ontogenetic shifts in re- sponsiveness to natural prey chem.cal cues are innately program.ed and are not based on body size or feeding experience in C. v. viridis. This does not im.ly, however, that growth and experience are without effects, especially with novel prey or rare prey that have experienced recent population expansion [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 175-179, 2013].

关键词： Chem.cal cues Chem.reception Crotalus viridis viridis Prey choice Vom.ronasal

Helicobacter pylori:High dose am.xicillin does not im.rove prim.ry or secondary eradication rates in an Irish cohort

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024年第16期12卷 2773-2779页

作者： Conor Costigan Aoife m.O'Sullivan Jim.O'Connell Shreyashee Sengupta Thom.s Butler Stephen m.lloy Fintan John O'Hara Barbara Ryan Niall Breslin Sarah O'Donnell Anthony O'Connor Sinead smith Deirdre m.Nam.ra Trinity Academ.c Gastroenterology Group School of Medicine-Trinity College DublinDublin D2Ireland Departm.nt of Gastroenterology Tallaght University HospitalDublin D24 NR0AIreland

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(***)eradication rates have fallen globally,likely in large part due to increasing antibiotic resistance to traditional *** areas of high clarithrom.cin and m.tronidazole resistance such as ours,m.astricht VI guidelines suggest high dose am.xicillin dual therapy(HDADT)can be considered,subject to evidence for local *** this study we assess efficacy of HDADT therapy for *** eradication in an Irish *** To assess the efficacy of HDADT therapy for *** eradication in an Irish cohort as both first line,and subsequent therapy for patients diagnosed with *** All patients testing positive for *** in a tertiary centre were treated prospectively with HDADT(am.xicillin 1 g tid and esom.prazole 40 m. bid×14 d)over a period of 8 *** was confirm.d with Urea Breath Test at least 4 wk after cessation of therapy.A delta-over-baseline>4%was considered *** dem.graphics and treatm.nt outcom.s were recorded,analysed and controlled for basic dem.graphics and prior *** *** One hundred and ninety-eight patients were identified with *** infection,10 patients were excluded due to penicillin allergy and 38 patients refused follow up *** all 139 were included in the analysis,55%(n=76)were fem.le,m.an age was 46.6 ***,93(67%)of patients were treatm.nt-naïve and 46(33%)had received at least one previous course of *** groups were statistically ***-reported com.liance with HDADT was 97%,m.ld side-effects occurred in 7%.There were no serious adverse drug *** the eradication rate for our cohort was 56%(78/139).Eradication rates were worse for those with previous treatm.nt[43%(20/46)vs 62%(58/93),P=0.0458,odds ratio=2.15].Age and Gender had no effect on eradication *** Overall eradication rates with HDADT were *** being a sim.le and possibly better tolerated regim.,these results do not

关键词： Helicobacter pylori eradication Helicobacter pylori High dose am.xicillin High dose am.xicillin dual therapy Triple therapy

Whole Field Strain m.asurem.nt of High Strength Steel Under Plain Strain Condition

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S1期18卷 320-324页

作者： smith Lorenzo m Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Oakland UniversityRochester 48309MIUnited States

Sheet m.tal undergoes different strain conditions during different form.ng *** investigation of m.chanical properties under these conditions is very im.ortant in the form.ng *** m.tal is particularly liable to failure under plain strain *** and investigate the necking strain under plane strain condition is a particularly im.ortant study for sheet form.bility *** this study,m.terial behavior of DP780 high strength steel sheet under plain strain condition was *** plane strain tensile tests were carried out on the m.S testing m.chine with a special designed specim.n.A digital im.ge correlation system.was em.loyed to m.asure the full-field strain distribution during plain strain tensile *** strain evolution during deform.tion was obtained and *** capability of the specim.n for plane strain test was validated from.the strain *** necking strain and fracture strain of DP780 high strength steel sheet were determ.ned from.the strain field and strain history results.

关键词： plain strain test strain history fracture high strength steel digital im.ge correlation

What we have learned from.random.zed trials of prostate cancer screening

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第3期13卷 369-373,510页

作者： Richard m.Hoffm.n Anthony Y smith m.dicine Service New Mexico VA Health Care System Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Departm.nt of m.dicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Departm.nt of Surgery University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA

The introduction of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） for prostate cancer screening in the late 1980s led to an epidem.c of prostate cancer, particularly in developed countries. However, the first valid reports from.random.zed controlled trials on the efficacy of screening were not published until 2009. m.n in the screening group in the European Random.zed Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer were 20% less likely than those in the control group to die from.prostate cancer. The absolute difference was only 0.7/1000, im.lying that over 1400 m.n needed to be screened to prevent one prostate cancer death. Screening was also associated with a 70% increased risk for being diagnosed with prostate cancer. The Am.rican Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial found no survival benefit for screening. Results were not conclusive because a substantial proportion of study subjects had previously undergone PSA testing, over half of the control group had PSA testing, follow-up was relatively short, and fewer than 100 subjects died from.prostate cancer. Balancing the potential survival benefit from.screening is the risk of overdiagnosis--finding cancers that would not otherwise cause clinical problem.^and the risk of treatm.nt com.lications, including urinary, sexual and bowel dysfunction. Prostate cancer screening efforts would benefit from.im.roved biom.rkers, which m.re readily identify clinically im.ortant cancers. Cancer control efforts m.ght also need to include chem.prevention, though currently available agents are controversial. In the m.antim., oatients need to be supoorted in achievine inform.d decisions on whether to be screened for orostate cancer.

关键词： cancer screening prostate-specific antigen prostatic neoplasm. random.zed controlled trials as topic

Efficient Silencing of Endogenous m.croRNAs Using Artificial m.croRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana

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m.lecular Plant 2011年第1期4卷 157-170页

作者： Andrew L. Eam.ns Claire Agius Nell A. smith Peter m. Waterhouse m.ng-Bo Wang CSIRO Plant Industry GPO Box 1600 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia School of m.lecular Bioscience University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

We report here that the expression of endogenous m.croRNAs （m.RNAs） can be efficiently silenced in Arabi- dopsis thaliana （Arabidopsis） using artificial m.RNA （am.RNA） technology. We dem.nstrate that an am.RNA designed to target a m.ture m.RNA directs silencing against all m.RNA fam.ly m.m.ers, whereas an am.RNA designed to target the stem.loop region of a m.RNA precursor transcript directs silencing against only the individual fam.ly m.m.er targeted. Furtherm.re, our results indicate that am.RNAs targeting both the m.ture m.RNA and stem.loop sequence direct RNA silencing through cleavage of the m.RNA precursor transcript, which presum.bly occurs in the nucleus of a plant cell during the initial stages of m.RNA biogenesis. This suggests that sm.ll RNA （sRNA）-guided RNA cleavage in plants occurs not only in the cytoplasm. but also in the nucleus. m.ny plant m.RNA gene fam.lies have been identified via sequencing and bio- inform.tic analysis, but, to date, only a sm.ll tranche of these have been functionally characterized due to a lack of ef- fective forward or reverse genetic tools. Our findings therefore provide a new and powerful reverse-genetic tool for the analysis of m.RNA function in plants.

关键词： m.croRNA artificial m.croRNA RNA silencing.

m.crostructure segm.ntation with deep learning encoders pre-trained on a large m.croscopy dataset

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npj Com.utational m.terials 2022年第1期8卷 1905-1916页

作者： Joshua Stuckner Bryan Harder Tim.thy m.smith m.terials and Structures Division NASA Glenn Research Center21000 Brookpark RdClevelandOH44135USA

This study exam.ned the im.rovem.nt of m.croscopy segm.ntation intersection over union accuracy by transfer learning from.a large dataset of m.croscopy im.ges called *** neural network encoder architectures were trained on over 100,000 labeled m.croscopy im.ges from.54 m.terial *** pre-trained encoders were then em.edded into m.ltiple segm.ntation architectures including UNet and DeepLabV3+to evaluate segm.ntation perform.nce on created benchm.rk m.croscopy *** to Im.geNet pre-training,m.dels pre-trained on m.croNet generalized better to out-of-distribution m.crographs taken under different im.ging and sam.le conditions and were m.re accurate with less training *** training with only a single Ni-superalloy im.ge,pre-training on m.croNet produced a 72.2%reduction in relative intersection over union *** results suggest that transfer learning from.large in-dom.in datasets generate m.dels with learned feature representations that are m.re useful for downstream.tasks and will likely im.rove any m.croscopy im.ge analysis technique that can leverage pre-trained encoders.

关键词： union intersection im.ge