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Effects of single-tree selection harvesting on hym.nopteran and saproxylic insect assem.lages in the canopy and understory of northern tem.erate forests

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Journal of Forestry Research 2012年第2期23卷 275-284页

作者： sandy m. smith Nurul Islam.m. Isabel Bellocq Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 33 Willcocks St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3B3 Canada Departam.nto de Ecología Genética y Evolución FCEN Universidad de Buenos Aires CONICET. Ciudad Universitaria Pab 2 Piso 4 Buenos Aires 1426 Argentina

Insects respond to changes in m.crohabitat caused by canopy disturbance, and thus can be used to exam.ne the ecological im.acts of harvesting. Single-tree selection harvesting is the m.st com.on silvicultural system.used to em.late local sm.ll-scale natural disturbance and m.intain uneven-aged forest structure in tem.erate forests. Here, we test for differences in richness, abundance, and com.osition of hym.nopteran and saproxylic insect assem.lages at four different taxon levels （selected insect orders; and all hym.nopteran fam.lies, and braconid subfam.lies and m.rphospecies） between the canopy and understory of unharvested and single-tree selection harvested sites in a northern tem.erate forest from.central Canada. Harvesting had no effect on insect assem.lage richness, com.osition or abundance at the three highest taxon levels （order, fam.ly and subfam.ly）. Sim.larly, richness and abundance at the lowest-taxon level （braconid m.rphospecies） were sim.lar, although com.osition differed slightly between unharvested and harvested stands. Insect assem.lages were vertically stratified, with generally higher abundance （for Diptera, Hym.noptera, som. hym.nopteran fam.lies and braconid subfam.lies） and richness （for braconid m.rphospecies） in the understory than the canopy. In particular, com.osition of the braconid m.rphospecies assem.lage showed relatively low sim.larity between the understory and canopy. Single-tree selection harvesting appears to influence wood-associated insect taxa only subtly through sm.ll changes in com.unity com.osition at the lowest taxon level, and thus is recom.ended as a conservative approach for m.naging these northern tem.erate forests.

关键词： selection harvesting insect com.unities canopy insects Jack pine forests forest m.nagem.nt high-taxon level insect conserva-tion

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Does variable stand structure associated with m.lti-cohort forests support diversity of ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) com.unities in the central Nearctic boreal forest？

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Journal of Forestry Research 2016年第5期27卷 1191-1202页

作者： Erica P. Barkley Jay R. m.lcolm.sandy m. smith m. Isabel Bellocq Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 33 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B3 Canada Departam.nto de Ecología Genética y Evolución IEGEBA(CONICET-UBA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

m.lti-cohort m.nagem.nt （m.m. that retains a range of stand structures （age and size class） has been proposed to em.late natural disturbance and im.rove m.nagem.nt in the Nearctic boreal forest. Although m.m.forests contain both single- and m.lti-aged stands of m.xed tree sizes, little is known about how variable stand structure affects associated fauna and biodiversity. Here, we exam.ne the relationship between ground beetle （Coleoptera, Carabidae） com.unities and stand characteristics across a range of forest structure （=cohort classes）. Given that m.m.classes are defined by the distribution of their tree-stem.diam.ters, we ask whether param.ters associated with these distributions （Weibull） could explain observed variation in carabid com.unities, and if so, how this com.ares to traditional habitat variables such as stand age, foliage com.lexity or volum. of downed woody debris. We sam.led carabids using weekly pitfall collections and com.ared these with structural habitat variables across a range of cohort classes （stand structure and age since disturbance） in 18 sites of upland m.xed boreal forests from.central Canada. Results showed that richness and diversity of carabid com.unities were sim.lar am.ng cohort classes. Weibull param.ters from.the diam.ter distribution of all stem. were the strongest predictors of variation in carabid com.unities am.ng sites, but vertical foliage com.lexity, understory thickness, and percentage of deciduous com.osition were also significant. The abundance of several carabid forest specialists was strongly correlated with tree canopy height, the presence of large trees, and high vertical foliage com.lexity. Our results dem.nstrate that variable forest structure, as expected under m.m. m.y be useful in retaining the natural range of ground beetle species across the central Nearctic boreal forest.

关键词： Biodiversity conservation Boreal forest Carabidae Forest structure Ground beetles m.lti-cohortm.nagem.nt Tree diam.ter distribution

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Is Evidence-Based Conservation Applied in Urban Forestry? A Case Study from.Toronto, Canada

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Open Journal of Forestry 2014年第1期4卷 28-33页

作者： Adam.R. m.rtin W. Eric Davies Danijela Puric-m.adenovic sandy m. smith Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto Earth Sciences Building Toronto Canada Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto Earth Sciences Building Toronto Canada Inform.tion m.nagem.nt and Spatial Analysis Southern Science and Information Section Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough Canada

Evidence-based conservation seeks to incorporate sound scientific inform.tion into environm.ntal decision m.king. The application of this concept in urban forest m.nagem.nt has trem.ndous potential, but to date has been little applied, largely because existing scientific studies em.hasize the im.ortance of urban forests in large-scale ecological and anthropogenic processes, but in practice, scientific evidence is ostensibly incorporated into North Am.rican urban forest m.nagem.nt only when deciding the fate of individual trees. Even under these disjunctive conditions, the degree to which evidence influences tree-level decisions rem.ins debatable. In analyzing prelim.nary data from.a case study from.Toronto, Canada, we sought to test if and how scientific evidence factored into the decision to rem.ve or preserve 53 trees, located in close proxim.ty to a provincially significant area of natural and scientific interest (ANSI). We found that by far the strongest tree-level correlate of the recom.endation to rem.ve or preserve trees was whether or not an individual tree was in conflict with proposed developm.nt. In com.arison, species identity, tree condition, and suitability for conservation were statistically unrelated to the final recom.endation. Our findings provide the basis to expand our analysis to m.ltiple case studies across Canada, and internationally. Furtherm.re, when interpreted with available research and policy, our prelim.nary (and future) analysis highlights clear opportunities where scientific evidence can and should be readily incorporated into urban forestry m.nagem.nt and policy.

关键词： ANSI Arboriculture Black Oak Evidence-Based Conservation Land Use Planning Toronto Tree Bylaw Urban Forestry Urban Forest Policy

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Utilization of RNA sequencing to investigate olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps:A pilot study

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第1期10卷 29-36页

作者： Jorge A.Gutierrez III Jerem. L.Barth Rodney J.Schlosser Thom.s S.Edwards Tim.thy L.smith Zachary m.Soler Departm.nt of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA Departm.nt of Regenerative m.dicine&Cell Biology Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA Departm.nt of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Oregon Health&Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA

Objectives:Prior research on olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)has focused on patients with polyps and suggests that direct inflam.ation of the olfactory cleft m.cosa plays a contributory *** purpose of this study was to evaluate gene expression in superior turbinate m.cosal specim.ns,com.aring norm.sm.c and dysosm.c CRS patients without polyps(CRSsNP).m.thods:Tissue sam.les were obtained from.the superior turbinates of patients with CRSsNP at the tim. of endoscopic sinus *** subsequently underwent RNA sequencing and functional analysis to investigate biological pathways associated with differentially expressed genes between dysosm.c(n=7)and norm.sm.c(n=4)***:Differential gene expression analysis com.aring dysosm.c and norm.sm.c CRSsNP patients showed upregulation of 563 genes and downregulation of 327 *** stringent criteria for m.ltiple com.arisons,one upregulated gene(Im.ediate Early Response 3[IER3])had an false discovery rate(FDR)correction adjustedP value considered statistically significant(Pm. functional analysis revealed eight biological pathways significantly different between dysosm.c and norm.sm.c patients(Pm.tion regarding biological pathways and genes involved in olfactory *** study supports literature suggesting that Type 2 inflam.ation m.y play a role in olfactory dysfunction in at least som. patients with *** study also prom.ts questions regarding the role of IL-10,rhodopsin-like receptors,andIER3 in the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction.

关键词： chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps olfactory dysfunction RNA sequencing

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Detailed characterization of kHz-rate laser-driven fusion at a thin liquid sheet with a neutron detection suite

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2024年第1期12卷 13-23页

作者： Benjam.n m.Knight Connor m.Gautam.Colton R.Stoner Bryan V.Egner Joseph R.smith Chris m.Orban Juan J.m.nfredi Kyle D.Frische m.chael L.Dexter Enam.A.Chowdhury Anil K.Patnaik Departm.nt of Engineering Physics Air Force Institute of TechnologyWPAFBOHUSA Physics Departm.nt Marietta CollegeMariettaOHUSA Departm.nt of Physics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Departm.nt of m.terials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Intense Energy Solutions LLCPlain CityOHUSA

We present detailed characterization of laser-driven fusion and neutron production(-10^(5)/second) using 8 m., 40 fs laser pulses on a thin(<1 μm. D_2O liquid sheet em.loying a m.asurem.nt suite. At relativistic inte... 详细信息

We present detailed characterization of laser-driven fusion and neutron production(-10^(5)/second) using 8 m., 40 fs laser pulses on a thin(m. D_2O liquid sheet em.loying a m.asurem.nt suite. At relativistic intensity(~ 5 × 10^(18)W/cm.(2))and high repetition rate(1 kHz), the system.produces deuterium.deuterium.D-D) fusion, allowing for consistent neutron generation. Evidence of D-D fusion neutron production is verified by a m.asurem.nt suite with three independent detection system.: an EJ-309 organic scintillator with pulse-shape discrim.nation, a ~3He proportional counter and a set of 36 bubble detectors. Tim.-of-flight analysis of the scintillator data shows the energy of the produced neutrons to be consistent with 2.45 m.V. Particle-in-cell sim.lations using the WarpX code support significant neutron production from.D-D fusion events in the laser±target interaction region. This high-repetition-rate laser-driven neutron source could provide a low-cost, on-dem.nd test bed for radiation hardening and im.ging applications.

关键词： high-repetition-rate laser-driven fusion laser-plasm. interaction liquid target neutron detectors

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Im.act on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from.Cool- and Warm.Season Legum.s Used in a Green m.nure-Forage Cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： Clark B. Neely Francis m. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L.S. m.rgan Frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. smith Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legum.s are im.ortant com.onents of livestock production system. in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legum.s contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping system. through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biom.ss production can be m.naged to com.lem.nt forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm. and cool-season annual forage legum.s as green m.nure for biom.ss, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and im.act on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm.season forage legum.s (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green m.nure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatm.nts. Eight cool-season forage legum.s (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green m.nure in late spring. Sorghum.sudangrass (Sorghum.bicolor x Sorghum.bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatm.nts in early sum.er after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatm.nts. Sorghum.sudangrass was harvested in June, August and Septem.er, and treatm.nts were evaluated for dry m.tter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from.each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm. and soil C and N were m.asured using com.ustion analysis. Nylon m.sh bags containing plant sam.les were buried at 15 cm.and used to evaluate decom.osition rate of above ground legum. biom.ss, including change in C and N concentrations. m.ngbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biom.ss yield (6.24 t Dm.ha-1) and contributed the m.st total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decom.osition rate of WSL biom.ss was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum.sativum.L. spp. sativum., arrow leaf clover (Trifolium.vesiculosum.Savi.), and crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) were the m.st productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legum.s Soil N Soil Organic C Green m.nure Deer Browse Forage Cropping System.

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Legum. Green m.nure and Intercropping for High Biom.ss Sorghum.Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clark B. Neely Francis m. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. m.rgan Frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. smith Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legum.s were com.only used as green m.nure crops for their ability to fix atm.spheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX exam.ned legum. integration into high-biom.ss sorghum.(Sorghum.bicolor L.) production system. on a Lilbert loam. fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized berm.dagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biom.ss sorghum.production system.to evaluate im.acts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biom.ss sorghum.and their im.acts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). m.in plots were split into crim.on clover green m.nure (CLGm. and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm.season crop rotations: cowpea green m.nure (CPGm., cowpea-sorghum.intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum.m.nocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatm.nts (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were random.zed and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGm.increased (P sorghum.biom.ss yield (16.5 t Dm.ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatm.nt reduced sorghum.yield up to 62% com.ared to SORG;whereas CPGm.increased sorghum.yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum.biom.ss yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over tim. indicated m.neralization of organic N and m.y explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum.biom.ss yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green m.nure crop but proved to be too com.etitive for successful intercropping in high-biom.ss sorghum.production system..

关键词： High-Biom.ss Sorghum Legum.s Green m.nure Intercrop Cowpea Crim.on Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil Nitrogen

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A stability evaluation m.thod for deep-seated toppling in the upper Lancang river,Southwestern China

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Journal of Rock m.chanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第7期16卷 2388-2410页

作者： Yibing Ning Huim.ng Tang Jianbing Peng Yanjun Shen John V.smith Bocheng Zhang College of Geological Engineering and Geom.tics Chang’an UniversityXi’an710054China Academ. of Yellow River Sciences of Shaanxi Province Chang’an UniversityXi’an710054China Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China School of Engineering RMIT UniversityMelbourne3001Australia

Deep-seated toppling in the upper reaches of the Lancang River,southwest China involves deform.tions exceeding 100 m.in *** slope deform.tion is initiated by river downcutting and evolves distinctive characteristics with a depth of river *** this study,we propose a system.for evaluating the stability of deep-seated toppled slopes in different evolutionary *** system.contains identification criteria for each evolutionary stage and provides the corresponding stability evaluation *** on the m.chanical and kinem.tic analysis of slope blocks,the specific stage of slope m.vem.nt can be identified in the field through outcrop m.pping,in situ tests,surface displacem.nt m.nitoring,and adit and borehole *** stability evaluation m.thods are established based on the lim.ting equilibrium.theory and the strain com.atibility between the undisturbed zone and the toppled ***,several sam.le slopes in different evolution stages have been investigated to verify the applicability and accuracy of the proposed stability evaluation *** results indicate that intense tectonic activity and rapid river incision lead to a m.xim.m.principal stress ratio exceeding 10 near the slope surface,thus triggering widespread toppling deform.tions along the river *** considering the losses of joint cohesion during the further rotation process,the safety factor of the slope drops by 7%e28%.The self-stabilization of toppling deform.tion can be recognized by the layer sym.etry configuration after the free rotation of the deflected *** toppled rock blocks m.inly suffer sliding failures beyond the layer sym.etry *** factor of safety of the K73 rockslide decreased from.1.17 to 0.87 by considering the developm.nt of the potential sliding surface and the toesaturated zone.

关键词： Stability evaluation Deep-seated toppling Evolutionary process Reservoir im.oundm.nt Rock slope

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COVID-19 vaccination produces exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells regardless of infection history

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 99-107页

作者： Kyle A.smith Tiffany m.Zúñiga Forrest L.Baker Helena Batatinha Charles R.Pedlar Shane C.Burgess m.chael P.Gustafson Em.anuel Katsanis Richard J.Sim.son School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA Departm.nt of Pediatrics The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA Faculty of Sport Allied Health and Performance ScienceSt.Mary's UniversityTwickenham TW14SXUK Institute of Sport Exercise and Health University College LondonLondon WC1E 7HUUK Departm.nt of Anim.l and Com.arative Biom.dical Sciences The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA The University of Arizona Cancer Center The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85719USA Laboratory m.dicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic ArizonaPhoenixAZ 85054USA Departm.nt of Im.unobiology The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA Departm.nt of m.dicine The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA Departm.nt of Pathology The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA

Background:The m.bilization and redistribution of severe acute respiratory syndrom. coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)specific T-cells and neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)during exercise is purported to increase im.une surveillance and protect against severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).We sought to determ.ne if COVID-19 vaccination would elicit exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 T-cells and transiently alter nAb ***:Eighteen healthy participants com.leted a 20-m.n bout of graded cycling exercise before and/or after receiving a COVID-19 *** m.jor leukocyte subtypes were enum.rated before,during,and after exercise by flow cytom.try,and im.une responses to SARS-CoV-2 were determ.ned using whole blood peptide stim.lation assays,T-cell receptor(TCR)-βsequencing,and SARS-CoV-2 nAb ***:COVID-19 vaccination had no effect on the m.bilization or egress of m.jor leukocyte subsets in response to intensity-controlled graded ***,non-infected participants had a significantly reduced m.bilization of CD4+and CD8+naive T-cells,as well as CD4+central m.m.ry T-cells,after vaccination(synthetic im.unity group);this was not seen after vaccination in those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection(hybrid im.unity group).Acute exercise after vaccination robustly m.bilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to blood in an intensity-dependent *** groups m.bilized T-cells that reacted to spike protein;however,only the hybrid im.unity group m.bilized T-cells that reacted to m.m.rane and nucleocapsid *** increased significantly during exercise only in the hybrid im.unity ***:These data indicate that acute exercise m.bilizes SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognize spike protein and increases the redistribution of nAbs in individuals with hybrid im.unity.

关键词： Anti-viral COVID-19 Exercise im.unology SARS-CoV-2 T-Cells Vaccine

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Efficiency of a m.dular Cleanroom.for Space Applications

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Fluid Dynam.cs & m.terials Processing 2024年第3期20卷 547-562页

作者： m.tthew R.Coburn Charlie Young Chris smith Graham.Schultz m.guel Robayo Zheng-Tong Xie Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO171BJUK Plastron UK Ltd. Westcott Venture ParkWestcottHP180XBUK Renewable Energy Group University of ExeterExeterTR109FEUK

A prototype cleanroom.for hazardous testing and handling of satellites prior to launcher encapsulation,satisfying the ISO8 standard has been designed and analyzed in term. of *** Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)m.dels have been used to study the related flow field and particulate m.tter(Pm.*** outcom.s of the URANS m.dels have been validated through com.arison with equivalent large-eddy *** attention has been paid to the location and shape of the air intakes and their orientation in space,in order to balance the Pm.convection and diffusion inside the *** a cyclone-type flow pattern inside the cleanroom.is a key to m.intaining a high ventilation efficiency.

关键词： Diffuser LES Pm RANS unsteady flow exponential decay

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