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The Sustainable Expansion of the Cocoa Crop in the State of Paráand Its Contribution to Altered Areas Recovery and Fire Reduction

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2022年第3期14卷 294-313页

作者： Adriano Venturieri Rodrigo Rafael Souza de Oliveira Tassio Koiti Igawa Katia De Avila Fernandes Marcos Adami Moisés Cordeiro Mourão de Oliveira Júnior Cláudio Aparecido Almeida Luiz Guilherme Teixeira Silva Ana I. R. Cabral João Felipe Kneipp Cerqueira Pinto Antônio José Amorim Menezes sandra maria neiva sampaio Embrapa Eastern Amazonia Belém Brazil University of Para State Belém Brazil Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel Belém Brazil University of Arkansas Fayetteville USA International Research Institute for Climate and Society Columbia University New York USA National Institute for Space Research S&#227 o José dos Campos S&#227 o Paulo Forest Research Centre School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal Research Development Foundation S&#227 o José dos Campos Brazil

The state of Pará, located in the Amazon region of Brazil, has observed in recent years an increase in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cultivation and has become the largest producer in Brazil. Due to its physiological characteristics, cacao is cultivated in native forests understory or under the shade produced by fast-growing native tree species, serving as an important species for restoration of degraded areas. However, mapping and monitoring cocoa plantation using optical sensor images is a challenge given its botanical and arboreal characteristics that can be confused with other native species at various stages of secondary regrowth. Agroforestry systems are important components of sustainable production in the Amazon and our work sought to better describe the evolution of cocoa plantations in terms of their historical expansion, farming properties practices, land use transitions and fire regimes. Our findings to analyze the relationships between cocoa plantations and hotspots, data from the INPE’s reference satellite between the years 2004 to 2020 were used in this study, polygons classified as cocoa areas, generated by the MapCacau research project, were used, in a total of 69,904 hectares distributed throughout the state of Pará. Finally, we used the protected areas’ official limits in the State of Pará to analyze the plantations’ occurrence in regions in discordance with environmental legislation. The data show that cocoa-producing properties are statistically fewer than non-producing properties, as well as having lower deforestation rates. In our study, we observed that 52,778 hectares (88.87%) of the cocoa area planted had already been deforested by the year 2008—the threshold of deforestation defined by Brazil’s Forest Code. It was also possible to verify that approximately 20,900 hectares continue to be mapped as forest by PRODES, despite our field data identifying cocoa plantations shaded by explored forest in these areas. Regarding the crop’s formation, the da

关键词： Amazon Machine Learning Participative Mapping Pará Cocoa Amazon MapCacau

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Education in trauma： An educational alternative that promotes injury prevention

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2017年第5期20卷 275-277页

作者： Jose Daniel Charry Juan Daniel Ochoa Jorman Harvey Tejada sandra Liliana Navarro-Parra Nicolas Esquivel Yolercy Vasques Research Department Fundaci6n Universitaria Navarra Uninavarra Neiva Colombia Department of Medicine Universiclad Surcolombiana Neiva Colombia Research Department Universidad de Jaen Spain

Purpose： As trauma is a public health problem, different programs have been designed to prevent in- juries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational model that measures the adolescents＇ attitudes towards the rules of road safety, alcohol and road accidents in Colombia. Methods： A pedagogical model evaluating the effect of road safety education and adolescents＇ attitudes towards and experiences of alcohol and road accidents in Colombia was created. After the education concluded, this educational process is analyzed by its impact on adolescents＇ behavior. The educational program included 160 adolescents with the mean age being 1Z5 years. Results： The test results indicated that before the educational program 80g of adolescents did not use a safety element when driving, while after the educational program the percentage of no helmet use among adolescents decreased from 72.5% to 24.3% （p = 0.0001 ） and driving a vehicle under the state of drunkenness from 49.3% to 8.1% （p = 0.0001）. Conclusion： An educational model aimed at preventing injuries caused by traffic accidents is shown to be effective in generating changes in adolescents＇ customs of and attitudes towards alcohol and road safety standards in Colombia.

关键词： Models Educational Trauma Injury prevention Alcohol

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