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Correlation of Rainfall Anomalies in Rwanda from September to December (SOND) with Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events

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Journal of geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第6期12卷 115-134页

作者： frank Rusanganwa Ling Zhang Jonah Kazora Joseph Ndakize Sebaziga samuel Ekwacu College of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing China Rwanda Meteorology Agency (Meteo-Rwanda) Kigali Rwanda School of Science and Technology University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda Uganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) Kampala Uganda

Understanding the relationship between rainfall anomalies and large-scale systems is critical for driving adaptation and mitigation strategies in socioeconomic sectors. This study therefore aims primarily to investigate the correlation between rainfall anomalies in Rwanda during the months of September to December (SOND) with the occurrences of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The study is useful for early warning and forecasting of negative effects associated with extreme rainfall anomalies across the country, using Climate Hazards group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis sea surface temperature and ERA5 reanalysis datasets, during the period of 1983-2021. Both empirical orthogonal function (EOF), correlation analysis and composite analysis were used to delineate variability, relationship and the related atmospheric circulation between Rwanda seasonal rainfall September to December (SOND) with Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results for Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) for the reconstructed rainfall data set showed three modes. EOF-1, EOF-2 and EOF-3 with their total variance of 63.6%, 16.5% and 4.8%, Indian ocean dipole (IOD) events resulted to a strong positive correlation of rainfall anomalies and Dipole model index (DMI) (r = 0.42, p value = 0.001, DF = 37) significant at 95% confidence level. The composite analysis for the reanalysis dataset was carried out to show the circulation patterns during four different events correlated with September to December seasonal rainfall in Rwanda using T-test at 95% confidence level. Wind anomaly revealed that there was a convergence of south westerly winds and easterly wind over the study area during positive Indian Ocean Diploe (PIOD) and PIOD with El Nino concurrence event years. The finding of this study will contribute to the enhancement of SOND seasonal rainf

关键词： Correlation Rainfall Anomalies Rwanda Indian Ocean Dipole El Nino Southern Oscillation

Pharmacogenomics of EgFR-targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer:EgFR and beyond

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2015年第4期34卷 149-160页

作者： Christopher Delaney samuel frank R Stephanie Huang Biological Sciences Division University of Chicago Department of Medicine University of Chicago The Affiliated Hospital School of MedicineNingbo University

Commonly observed aberrations in epidermal growth factor receptor(EgFR) signaling have led to the development of EgFR-targeted therapies for various cancers,including non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).EgFR mutations and overexpression have further been shown to modulate sensitivity to these EgFR-targeted therapies in NSCLC and several other types of cancers.However,it is clear that mutations and/or genetic variations in EgFR alone cannot explain all of the variability in the responses of patients with NSCLC to EgFR-targeted therapies.For instance,in addition to EgFR genotype,genetic variations in other members of the signaling pathway downstream of EgFR or variations in parallel receptor tyrosine kinase(RTK) pathways are now recognized to have a significant impact on the efficacy of certain EgFR-targeted therapies.In this review,we highlight the mutations and genetic variations in such genes downstream of EgFR and in parallel RTK pathways.Specifically,the directional effects of these pharmacogenetic factors are discussed with a focus on two commonly prescribed EgFR inhibitors:cetuximab and erlotinib.The results of this comprehensive review can be used to optimize the treatment of NSCLC with EgFR inhibitors.Furthermore,they may provide the rationale for the design of subsequent combination therapies that involve the inhibition of EgFR.

关键词：表皮生长因子受体非小细胞肺癌药物基因组学 EgFR 靶向治疗信号传导途径受体酪氨酸激酶遗传变异

Yield of tuberculosis among household contacts of tuberculosis patients in Accra,ghana

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018年第1期7卷 155-162页

作者： Sally-Ann Ohene frank Bonsu Nii Nortey Hanson-Nortey Adelaide Sackey samuel Danso Felix Afutu Paul Klatser Mirjam Bakker World Health Organization Country Office 29 Volta Street AirportAirport Residential AreaP.O.Box MB 142AccraGhana National Tuberculosis Control Program AccraGhana Department of global Health Academic Medical CentreAmsterdam Institute of Global Health and DevelopmentAmsterdamThe Netherlands KIT Health Royal Tropical Institute(KIT)AmsterdamThe Netherlands

Background:The End TB Strategy calls for systematic screening of selected high-risk groups including contacts of tuberculosis(TB)cases to facilitate early TB case detection.Contact investigation is not usually routinely practiced in low TB burden countries,such as ghana,with consequent paucity of data on the yield of TB case detection from such interventions.This study’s objective was to document the outcomes and feasibility of implementing contact investigation activities under programmatic conditions in ghana.Methods:Retrospective analyses were conducted of abstracted data from the National TB Program,following a contact investigation intervention for TB cases diagnosed in 10 facilities in Accra from June 2010 to December 2014.Various proportions and yield from number of contacts needed to screen(NNS)and number needed to test(NNT)to detect a TB case were assessed.Results:Overall,out of the 8519 listed contacts of 3267 index cases,8166(96%)were screened and 614(7.5%)were identified as presumptive TB.Out of these,438(71%)underwent sputum smear microscopy/evaluation and 53 TB cases were diagnosed.Of these,56.6%were males,and 49%had sputum smear-positive TB,38%had sputum smear-negative TB,and 7%had extra-pulmonary TB.The NNS and NNT to detect a TB case of all forms were 154 and 8,respectively.The proportion of TB cases with contacts listed and proportion of contacts screened annually were 88-96%and 83-100%,respectively.The proportion of presumptive TB cases tested and proportion of TB cases diagnosed among contacts tested that were 100%and 36%,respectively,in 2010 dropped to 40%and 14%,respectively,by 2014.Conclusions:The study demonstrates that contact identification and prioritization components of a contact investigation were feasible,but overall yield of TB cases may have been lower due to the declining rate of clinical evaluation of presumptive TB contacts over time.Addressing barriers to accessing appropriate diagnostic tests may enhance yield from contact investigation in ghana.

关键词： ghana Tuberculosis Tuberculosis contact investigation Screening

Dermatomyositis and polymyositis in total hip arthroplasty

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2021年第6期12卷 395-402页

作者： samuel Rosas Michael Schallmo Anirudh Krishna gowd Matthew Reynolds Akelman T David Luo Cynthia Lynn Emory Johannes frank Plate Department of Orthopedic Surgery Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston SalemNC 27101United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Atrium HealthcareCharlotteNC 28203United States

BACKgROUND Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies(IIM)are systemic autoimmune disorders such as dermatomyositis(DM),polymyositis(PM),inclusion body myopathy,and autoimmune necrotizing myopathy that,similar to osteoarthritis,affect quality of life and activities of daily living.Moreover,these patients are often burdened with chronic pain and disability;however,the outcomes and risk of total hip arthroplasty(THA)in this patient population remain unclear.AIM To evaluate 90-d complications and costs in patients with these conditions.METHODS A retrospective case control study was designed by accessing data from the Medicare dataset available on the PearlDiver server.Patients with IIM,here,those with DM and PM were matched based on possible confounding variables to a cohort without these diseases and with the same 10-year risk of mortality as defined by the Charlson Comorbidity Index Score(CCI).Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate complications and t-tests to evaluate 90-d Medicare reimbursements as markers of costs after THA.RESULTS The total sample was 1090 patients with each cohort comprised of 545.Females were 74.9%of the population.The mean CCI was 5.89(SD 2.11).Those with IIM had increased rates of pneumonia[odds ratio(OR)1.45,Pge$1411 greater for those with IIM yet not significantly different(P=0.034).CONCLUSION Patients with IIM have an increased 90-d rate of pneumonia and pulmonary embolism concomitant with a decreased hematoma rate consistent with their procoagulatory state.Further attention to increased resource utilization in these patients is also warranted.

关键词： Dermatomyositis Arthroplasty Polymyositis Outcomes Charges Reimbursement

Antibiofilm and immunomodulatory resorbable nanofibrous filing for dental pulp regenerative procedures

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Bioactive Materials 2022年第10期7卷 173-186页

作者： Mauricio gonçalves da Costa Sousa gabriela Conceiçao de Almeida Danilo Cesar Martins Mota Rosiane Andrade da Costa Simoni Campos Dias samuel Nunes Limberger frank Ko Li Ting Lin Evan FHaney Hashem Etayash Beverlie Baquir Michael J.Trimble Ya Shen Zheng Su Markus Haapasalo Daniel Pletzer Letícia Chaves de Souza glaucia Schuindt Teixeira Renato M.Silva Robert E.W.Hancock Octavio Luiz Franco Taia Maria Berto Rezende Post-graduation Program in genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil Dentistry Course Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences University of BrasíliaBrazil LIMA Chemistry InstituteUniversity of Brasília-UNBBrasíliaBrazil Animal Biology Department Campus Darcy RibeiroUniversidade de BrasíliaBrazil Department of Materials Engineering Faculty of Applied ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences Faculty of DentistryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand Department of Endodontics School of DentistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonUSA Department of Prosthesis Faculty of DentistryRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology Catholic University Dom BoscoCampo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil

Multifunctional scaffolds with host defense peptides designed for regenerative endodontics are desirable nanobiotechnological tools for dentistry.Here,different scaffolds were tested for use during the pulp revascularization process,including poly(vinyl alcohol)-PVA hydrogels or resins,collagen hydrogels and poly(vinyl alcohol)PVA/Chitosan(PVA/CS)nanofibers.Based on time to degradation(21 days),nanofibers were chosen to be incorporated with ciprofloxacin and IDR-1002(each at 50 mg/g).Nanofibers containing ciprofloxacin and IDR-1002 had anti-biofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis,Staphylococcus aureus and a multispecies oral biofilm,besides anti-inflammatory activities.The in vivo subcutaneous tissue response to tooth fragments filled with nanofibers demonstrated a pulp-like tissue formation,when compared to empty teeth fragments.Thus,we designed a strong antimicrobial,immunomodulatory and regenerative candidate for pulp revascularization and regeneration procedures.

关键词： Regenerative endodontics Scaffolds Nanofibers Host defense peptides Ciprofloxacin IDR-1002

Exploring gender-Associated Socioeconomic Differences in Parkinson’s Disease

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Advances in Parkinson's Disease 2015年第4期4卷 84-89页

作者： Robert McInnis William Cavanaugh Janice Weinberg Marie-Hélène Saint-Hilaire samuel Ellias samuel frank Anna DePold Hohler Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston University Medical Campus Boston MA USA Boston Medical Center Boston MA USA

Background: Research on gender in Parkinson’s disease (PD) frequently focuses on clinical differences between men and women. Socioeconomic factors such as race, ethnicity, insurance type, and level of educational attainment, have not been extensively examined in relation to gender differences in PD. The goal of this study was to identify differences in PD presentation in men and women, and identify socioeconomic factors that may confound such differences. Methods: A movement disorder patient database containing 445 patients with idiopathic PD was analyzed for gender differences in motor symptoms and disease complications using linear or logistic regression. Socioeconomic variables were then evaluated as possible confounders. Results: A greater proportion of women were non-white (p gender, and multivariate analysis controlling for age at diagnosis and socioeconomic factors were concordant in demonstrating increased frequency of motor fluctuations and dyskinesia in women (p gainst dementia and autonomic dysfunction. Women and men with PD in our population had different socioeconomic profiles, which may have confounded some gender-associated differences.

关键词： Parkinson’s Disease gender Dementia Social Determinants of Health

Population-Based Tuberculosis Disease Prevalence Survey in ghana: The Role and Lessons Learnt from the Laboratory

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2019年第2期7卷 95-108页

作者： Kennedy Kwasi Addo samuel Ofori Addo Christian Bonsu Ezekiel Mensah Sarah Edusei Prosper Dedzo Michael Amo Omari samuel Kudzawu Honesty ganu samuel Kumah Atiadevie frank Adae Bonsu Department of Bacteriology Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana Chest Clinic Laboratory Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana National Tuberculosis Control Programme Accra Ghana

Background: Bacteriologically-confirmed tuberculosis (TB) cases used in calculating TB prevalence in a country are obtained through laboratory examination of sputum specimens. Objective: This article describes laboratory processing of specimens, results overview, conclusions and key lessons learnt from the perspective of laboratory personnel involved in the conduct of TB disease prevalence survey in ghana in 2013. Methods: Symptoms screening and Chest X-ray suggestive of TB were used to select participants who produced sputum to confirm TB cases using microscopy, culture and Xpert®MTB/RIF assay (geneXpert). Results: A total of 15,935 single and paired sputum specimens were received from eligible participants. About half of Ziehl-Nielsen (129/263) and Auramine O (122/246) stained smear positives were scanty positive. Culture positivity rate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was 266/14,994 (1.7%) and 100/15,179 (0.7%) in Mycobacterial growth Indicator Tube (MgIT) and Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media respectively;while non-tuberculous mycobacterium was 294/14,994 (1.96%) and 167/15,179 (1.1%). Total contamination rates in MgIT (5.4%) were higher than in LJ (1.7%). Prevalence of smear positive TB and bacteriologically confirmed TB among adult population (≥15 years) was estimated at 111 (95% CI: 76 - 145) and 356 (95% CI: 288 - 425) per 100,000 population respectively. Conclusions and Lessons Learnt: Direct supervision of specimen collection by well-trained laboratory personnel, timely transportation of specimens from field to laboratory, prompt specimen processing and use of electronic data management systems are essential for a reliable TB disease prevalence survey data. More importantly, strengthening human and logistical capacity of the laboratory must be of utmost priority.

关键词： Prevalence Survey Tuberculosis Laboratory Lessons Learnt ghana

Stochastic Model of Waiting Time: A Case of Two Selected Banks in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis

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Open Journal of Statistics 2021年第5期11卷 906-924页

作者： samuel Mawuli Azumah John Awuah Addor frank B. K. Twenefour Emmanuel M. Baah Department of Mathematics Statistics and Actuarial Science Takoradi Technical University Takoradi Ghana

Queue is an act of joining a line to be served and it is part of our everyday human involvement. The objectives of the study focused on using a mathematical model to determine the waiting time of two selected banks as well as compare the average waiting time between the banks. The study uncovered the extent of usage of queuing models in achieving customer satisfaction as well as permitting to make better decisions relating to potential waiting times for customers. The study adopted a case study and observational research with the source of data being primary. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the two banks under study with the target population comprising of all the customers who intended to transact businesses with the banks within the period of 11 am to 12 pm. The sample sizes for the first, second and third day of the first bank are twenty-eight (28), seventeen (17) and twenty (20) respectively with three servers on each day whereas that for the first, second and third day of the second bank is twenty (20), nine (9) and seventeen (17) with two servers on each day. A multiple server (M/M/s) Model was adopted, and Tora Software was the statistical tool used for the analysis. Findings of the study revealed that the second bank had a higher utilization factor than the first bank. Also, the number of customers in the banking hall of the second bank was higher than that of the first bank during the entire period of observation. Finally, it takes customers of the first bank lesser minutes to complete their transaction than the second bank. In conclusion, the three days observations revealed different banking situations faced by customers in both banks which had effect on waiting time of customer service. The waiting time of customer service has effect on the number of customers in the queue and system, the probability associated with the emptiness of the system and the utilization factor. Based on the results, the study recommended, inter alia,

关键词： Average Waiting Time Multiple Server Model Queuing Modeling

Rooting Response of Air-Layered Shea (<i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>) Trees to Media and Hormonal Application under Two Different Climatic Conditions

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第9期5卷 1212-1219页

作者： Julius Yeboah Ben Kwaku Branoh Banful Peter Yaw Boateng frank Manu Amoah Bonaventure Kissinger Maalekuu samuel Tetteh Lowor Cocoa Research Institute of ghana Tafo-Akim Ghana Department of Horticulture Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana

Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa gaertn. Family;Sapotaceae) indigenous to the Sudano-sahelian zone of Africa has great economic and ecological potential and attributes. Commercial cultivation of the tree is however, hampered by the poor rooting success of its planting material with adverse consequences on field establishment and total fruit yield. A 3 × 2 factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design was carried out in 2012 at Bole in the Interior Savanna agro-ecological zone. The objective was to assess the rooting success of Shea shoots by the air-layering technique using two media types (palm fibre and Sphagnum moss) and three IBA hormone concentrations (0, 5000 and 10,000 ppm) under contrasting climatic (wet and dry) conditions. Layered shoots which were sprayed with 10,000 ppm IBA and wrapped with Sphagnum moss gave significantly (P gher rooting success in terms of more roots per cutting (73.3%) and longer roots per cutting (9.0 cm) than palm fibre at both 5000 ppm (30.0%;3.7 cm) and 10,000 ppm (46.7%;7.9 cm) concentrations. Higher rooting success was significantly achieved in the wet season than in the dry season. Sphagnum moss treated with 10,000 ppm IBA facilitated the translocation of higher levels of sugar and total free phenol (TFP) to the base of the layered shoots which resulted in significantly (P gher number of roots and better roots protection from fungal infection than the other treatments. Rooting of layered shoots was affected to a greater extent by low temperatures (Rooting = 836 – 34.2 Temp (low);R2 = 82%, p gh temperatures (Rooting = 5250 – 175.0 Temp (high);R2 = 64.5%, p g of layered shoots was also significantly and negatively affected by the spread of the canopy of the selected tree such that closed canopy trees resulted in higher and better rooting that open canopy trees (Rooting = 113.87-23.697(Canopy spread);R2 = 89%, p = 0.002;n = 9). Furthermore, significant and positive correlations were found between IBA con

关键词： Vitellaria paradoxa Rooting IBA Auxin Palm Fibre Sphagnum Peat Moss Air-Layering