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Tigris River Water Quality Quantifying Using the Iraq Water Quality Index (IraqWQI) and Some Statistical Techniques

Engineering（科研） 2024年第6期16卷 149-166页

作者： Nadhir Al-Ansari Salam Hussein Ewaid ali Chabuk salwan ali abed Mudhafar A. Salim Jan Laue Riyadh M. Salih Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lule University of Technology Lule Sweden Technical College of Shatra Southern Technical University Basra Iraq Department of Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of Babylon Babylon Iraq Department of Environment College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq Iraqi Organization for Conservation of Nature IOCN Baghdad Iraq National Center for Water Resources Management Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq

Evaluation of water quality is important for the management of water resources. The current study is focused on the interpretation of the water quality monitoring data of the Tigris River in Iraq by the application of the principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and water quality index (WQI). Twelve water quality parameters were taken from 14 stations along the river Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, NO3−, TH, TDS, BOD5, and EC to apply the PCA and CA. The results show that the mean of all the parameters was under the standards except Ca2+, EC, Mg2+, TH, and SO42−. The amount of EC is the critical factor that affects the river water quality. The PCA obtained one principal component responsible for 97% of the variation caused by different pollution sources. The CA divided the river into three regions of sampling stations with similar water quality, the best in the north, and the worst in the far south. In this paper, the computer-automated tool (IraqWQI) was presented and evaluated, which has been developed by authors to classify and measure the quality of Iraqi surface water. The proposed index is of hundred degrees and includes six variables for drinking water quality Cl−, TH, TDS, COD, DO, and total coliform (TC) according to the Iraqi specifications. The result of the IraqWQI application showed a decrease in the water quality of the river and its suitability for drinking in the south of the country. The best value of the index was (81.48, Good) in Fishkhabour during winter, and the worst value was (46.23, Bad) in Qurnah during summer. The result of this study proved the success and importance of using statistical techniques and WQI as useful tools for the management, control, and conservation of surface water. .

关键词： Component Formatting Style Styling

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Causes of Water Resources Scarcity in Iraq and Possible Solutions

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Engineering（科研） 2023年第9期15卷 467-496页

作者： Nadhir Al-Ansari Nasrat Adamo ali Hussain Hachem Varoujan Sissakian Jan Laue salwan ali abed Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Private Consultant Engineer Norrk&oumlping Sweden Private Consultant Engineer Kut Iraq Department of Petroleum Engineering Komar University of Science and Technology Sulaymaniyah Iraq College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq

Iraq relies in its water resources on the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries. The country is located in the lower part of the catchment area of these rivers. The long-term average annual flow that enters Iraq from these rivers is about 30 BCM from the Euphrates, 21.2 BCM from the Tigris, 24.78 BCM from tributaries and 7 BCM from side valleys between Iraq and Iran. Now, the flow of these rivers is decreasing due to climate change and hydrological projects established in the upper parts of the catchment. It is indicated that precipitation will decrease by 15% - 25% during this century and that means that the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers will be reduced by 29% - 73%. This will cause a grave depletion of groundwater resources. Türkiye is trying to finish building 22 dams and 19 hydropower stations. Iran built 12 dams and diverted the flow of some tributaries inside Iran and blocked all the valleys that contribute water from its land to Iraq. For these reasons, Iraq is experiencing shortages in its water resources and there is some sort of friction and conflict between riparian countries within the Tigris and Euphrates basins because each country tries to secure its water resources. In this research, the factors affecting the hydro politics within these basins are water scarcity, climate change and hydrological projects, population growth rate, energy issues, water mismanagement, economic changes, expansions of projects and technology, political issues, international water laws and public awareness. In case the situation remains as it is, Iraq will experience many problems in health, environment, economy, and security. To solve the problem of water scarcity in Iraq, two parallel lines of action are to be considered. These are: 1) Reach agreements with Riparian Parties;2) Develop a long-term strategy that should take the following: a) Rehabilitating of existing dams, barrages & pump stations, b) Improving the efficiency of diversion and su

关键词： Tigris River Euphrates River Iraq

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Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Drought in the Northern Prone of Iraq Using Standardized Precipitation Index

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Engineering（科研） 2023年第10期15卷 691-708页

作者： Mazin Jameel Saif Hameed Khalid Shemal Nadhir Al-Ansari salwan ali abed Dams Department Center of Studies and Engineering Design Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq Design Department Center of Studies and Engineering Design Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq State Commission for Irrigation Projects and Reclamation Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq

Drought becomes a serious issue in Iraq as upstream countries water policies and climate change consequences. It has negative impacts on different sectors, the environment, biodiversity, economy, and water resources. Long periods of severe drought and no rainfall winter are continuing during the last decades and the trend lines of the drought index gravitate toward unrecorded levels. This research studied the drought by using the standardized precipitation index “SPI” by analyzing the rainfall record since 1980 for the northern prone of Iraq which includes Kurdistan Region Governorates “KRG” (Sulaymaniya, Erbil, and Dohuk), Mosul, and Kirkuk to find out the drought pattern, magnitude, and duration, and mapping the results. This index is a very powerful index that is used worldwide when only rainfall data are available. SPI generator is used for more accuracy and confidence. The results show that all governorate has a vital issue and has a drought magnitude passed the thresholds of M = -1.0, -1.5, -2.0, -2.5, -3.0, and -4.0 which means a deficit in the soil moisture content, surface water, and groundwater. In Sulaymaniyah, the record for SPI3, SPI6, and SPI48 respectively is about -3.4, -3.54, and -2.63;in Erbil -2.73, -4.67, and -2.72;in Dohuk -4.22, -4.34, and -2.25;in Mosul -2.57, -2.16: in Kirkuk -3.39, -3.04, and -3.41. It is clear that all governorates have depletion in groundwater except Mosul which has contentious recharge, and in Erbil, both soil moisture and surface water has no huge deficit due to high rainfall and snowpack in the region. The results concluded that the whole region is subject to drought and under threat of water resources depletion;it needs urgent long-term plans in a sustainable manner to manage and conserve those sources and mitigate the climate change consequences.

关键词： SPI Drought Climate Change

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Climate Change: Droughts and Increasing Desertification in the Middle East, with Special Reference to Iraq

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Engineering（科研） 2022年第7期14卷 235-273页

作者： Nasrat Adamo Nadhir Al-Ansari Varoujan Sissakian Khalid Jehad Fahmi salwan ali abed Stockholm Sweden Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Management Department University of Kurdistan Hewler Erbil Iraq Consulting Engineering Seismologist SeisEng International Toronto Canada College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq

Climate change impacts on Earth’s atmosphere have caused drastic changes in the environment of most regions of the world. The Middle East region ranks among the worst affected of these regions. This has taken forms of increasing atmospheric temperatures, intensive heat waves, decreased and erratic precipitation and general decline in water resources;all leading to frequent and longer droughts, desertification and giving rise to intensive and recurrent (SDS). The present conditions have led to increasing emissions of (GHG) in the earth atmosphere. All future projections especially those using (IPCC) models and emission scenarios indicate that the Middle East will undergo appreciable decrease in winter precipitation with increasing temperature until the end of this century both of which are inductive to increased dryness and desertification. Iraq as one of the countries of this region and due to its geographical location, its dependence mostly on surface water resources originating from neighboring countries, long years of neglect and bad land management put it in the most precarious and unstable position among the other countries of the region. Modelling studies have shown that Iraq is suffering now from excessive dryness and droughts, increasing loss of vegetation cover areas, increasing encroachment of sand dunes on agricultural lands, in addition to severe and frequent (SDS). These negative repercussions and their mitigations require solutions not on the local level alone but collective cooperation and work from all the countries of the region.

关键词： Climate Change East Mediterranean Region Aridity Indices Droughts Desertification Sand and Dust Storms (SDS) Green House Gases (GHG) Intergovermental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)

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Virtual Water Trade and Food Security for Iraq

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Engineering（科研） 2023年第7期15卷 417-430页

作者： Nasrat Adamo Nadhir Al-Ansari Varoujan Sissakian Jan Laue salwan ali abed Al Khanfar Consultant Engineer Norrk&#246ping Sweden Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Department of Petroleum Engineering Komar University of Science and Technology Sulaimaniyah Iraq College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Al-Qadisiyah Iraq

Iraq depends on its water resources from the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. Now, the flow of these rivers is decreasing, and Iraq is experiencing a water shortage problem. The situation is expected to be graver in the future if no action is considered. It is expected that the population will be about 70 million in 2050 and about 90 million in 2070. In such a case, thus, the quantities of water available in the future will not be sufficient to produce most of the requirements of food security, whether that be from agricultural or animal products. To overcome this problem, water management planning should be based on scientific background to overcome the present and expected problems. One of the main factors to be considered should be based on scientific studies of the virtual water footprint of different food crops to provide the largest possible amount of virtual water and avoid the acute shortage of its national water from surface and ground irrigation water (blue water) and rainwater (green water), in addition to working hard to provide the largest possible amount of desalinated water and refined sewage (gray water). In addition, any strategic plan for sustainable development in the country must be comprehensive so that it is not satisfied with improving the situation in the field of food security related to water security, but rather among its other elements is community development that directly affects food security, including setting policies to reduce consumption by reducing the steady increase in population where the population rate is 2.97% now. Collective awareness and guidance programs in all the fields of water and food security are very important to be adopted, so that everyone knows that the issue of food security and what derives from it are an existential issue related to the survival of Iraq as a state and people. In this research, facts are stated so that action is to be considered to minimize the water shortage pro

关键词： Virtual Water Food Security Iraq Blue Water Green Water Grey Water

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Investigation and optimization of solar collector and geothermal pump hybrid system for cogeneration of heat and power with exergy-economic approach

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Clean Energy 2023年第3期7卷 571-581页

作者： Ghassan F.Smaisim Azher M.abed ali Shamel Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of KufaKufa54001Iraq Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit(NAMRU) Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of KufaKufa54001Iraq Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department Al-Mustaqbal University CollegeBabylon51001Iraq Department of Chemistry Ardebil BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArdebilIran

To use energy systems based on renewable sources,it is very important to consider backup and hybrid sources because renewable energies are not available all the time;therefore,in this system,a geothermal pump is used to preheat the fluid,then the heated fluid is sent to the vacuum tube collector to reach a higher temperature by absorbing solar-thermal energy,and after absorbing solar energy,it goes to the evaporator to produce superheated steam and finally the superheated fluid moves to the steam turbine to produce *** the simulation,thermodynamic analysis along with economic analysis has been *** the base state,the energy efficiency and exergy of cogeneration were 0.566 and 0.156,respectively;the energy efficiency and electrical exergy were better than 0.057 and 0.065;and the overall output and immutable work values were 50 and 671.1 kW,respectively.

关键词： exergoeconomic analysis CHP cycle organic Rankine cycle vacuum tube collector sustainable development

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Parametric investigation of thermal behaviour of salt-gradient solar pool for climatic conditions

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Clean Energy 2022年第5期6卷 693-704页

作者： Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim Azher M.abed Salema K.Hadrawi ali Shamel Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of KufaIraq Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit(NAMRU) Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of KufaIraq Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department Al-Mustaqbal University CollegeBabylon51001Iraq Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department College of Technical EngineeringThe Islamic UniversityNajaf54001Iraq Computer Engineering Department Imam Reza UniversityMashhadIran Department of Chemistry Ardebil BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArdebilIran

The use of solar energy is highly welcomed due to its availability *** the types of solar energy technologies,the use of this type of energy to produce heat from different aspects is much more common,so in this research we have tried to examine different aspects of producing thermal energy from solar energy to supply the heat required by the *** this purpose,numerical modelling of the solar pool has been done by considering the heat-transfer characteristics and validation has been done to ensure the obtained *** this paper,according to the physical realities facing solar systems in two scenarios,an analysis with shadow and without shadow has been *** of the important results is that as the surface of the pool increases,the amount of heat absorption by the pool fluid will increase,but the effect of the shadow will decrease.

关键词： solar energy solar pool numerical modelling experimental study thermal performance

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Thermo-economic analysis of the performance of the combined system with evacuated tube collectors

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Clean Energy 2023年第2期7卷 242-252页

作者： Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim Salema K.Hadrawi Azher M.abed Hasan Sh.Majdi ali Shamel Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Kufa54001Iraq Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit(NAMRU) Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Kufa54001Iraq Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department College of Technical EngineeringThe Islamic UniversityNajaf54001Iraq Computer Engineering Department Imam Reza UniversityMashhadIran Department of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Al-Mustaqbal University CollegeBabylon51001Iraq Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries Al-Mustaqbal University CollegeBabylon51001Iraq Department of Chemistry Ardebil BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArdebilIran

Using combined cooling,heat and power systems can be an appropriate substitute for preventing emissions of pollutants and excessive consumption of fossil *** renewable energy in these systems as a source of power generation can be an appropriate substitute for fossil-fuel-based ***,in this paper,cogeneration cooling,heat and power systems based on gas-fired internal combustion engines with a solar-thermal system with evacuated tube collectors have been modelled and thermo-economic analysis has been done to compare fossil-fuel-based *** required rate of heat to supply the hot water is 50 *** the studied system,the internal combustion engine produces electrical ***,the solar-thermal system with evacuated tube collectors and the gas-burning generator provide the thermal energy required by the studied building and the primary stimulus of the absorption chiller for *** this study,two different scenarios are conducted in states considering simultaneous production systems and regardless of this environmental and thermo-economic analysis *** results showed that the efficiency of the studied system was 60% in summer and 56% in winter.

关键词： combined cooling,heat and power thermo-economic analysis evacuated tube collectors environmental analysis solar-thermal energy

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Modelling and optimization of combined heat and power system in microgrid based on renewable energy

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Clean Energy 2023年第4期7卷 735-746页

作者： Ghassan F.Smaisim Azher M.abed Salema K.Hadrawi Hasan Sh.Majdi ali Shamel Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Kufa54001Iraq Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit(NAMRU) Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Kufa54001Iraq Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department Al-Mustaqbal University CollegeBabylon51001Iraq Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department College of Technical EngineeringThe Islamic UniversityNajafIraq Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries Al-Mustaqbal University CollegeBabylon 51001Iraq Department of Chemistry Ardebil BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArdebilIran

Due to the short distance between the sources of production and consumption,microgrids(MGs)have received considerable attention because these systems involve fewer losses and waste less *** another advantage of MGs is that renewable energy sources can be widely used because these resources are not fully available and can provide a part of the required *** purpose of this research is to model the MG considering the production sources of microturbines,gas turbines and internal combustion *** energies such as wind turbines(WTs)and photovoltaic(PV)cells have been used to provide part of the required power and,because of the lack of access to renewable energy sources at all times,energy reserves such as batteries and fuel cells(FCs)have been *** power of the microturbine,gas turbine,internal combustion engine,FC and battery in this system is 162,150,90,100 and 225 kW,*** modelling the studied system,optimization was done using the imperialist competitive algorithm to minimize production costs and provide maximum thermal and electrical *** maximum production power for PVs is equal to 0.6860 MWh and at this time this value for WTs is equal to 0.3812 MWh,in which case the excess electricity produced will be sold to the grid.

关键词： microgrid energy management system optimization optimal power flow combined heat and power sustainable development

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Flood Hazards in Erbil City Kurdistan Region Iraq, 2021: A Case Study

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Engineering（科研） 2022年第12期14卷 591-601页

作者： Varoujan K. Sissakian Nadhir Al-Ansari Nasrat Adamo Iyda D. Abdul Ahad salwan A. abed Department of Petroleum Engineering Komar University of Science and Technology Sulaymaniyah Iraq Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Retired Dams Engineer Norrk&#246 ping Sweden Retired Senior Chief Geologist Erbil Iraq College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq

Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), whereas the elevation of the center of Erbil city is 420 m (a.s.l.). The average gradient from the highest part to the center of the city is 2.15%, increasing towards northeast to reach 4.79%. The mean annual rainfall is 365 mm, while the average monthly rainfall is about 24.42 mm. The site of the city is mainly covered by alluvial fan sediments. Towards northeast, however, the exposures of the Bia Hassan Formation, which consists of alternation of conglomerate and claystone cover considerable areas (82 km2) and form the high lands NE of Erbil city. The exposed rocks are thick claystone alternating with coarse conglomerate. Two very heavy torrential rain events have caused flash floods in Erbil city on 30th October and 17th December 2021. The rainfall intensities were 52 mm/day and 60 mm/day, respectively, causing destructive floods. The most affected areas were Zirin (north of Erbil) and Dara Too (northeast of Erbil), respectively, with very heavy property damages and tens of fatalities. The main reasons for the floods were the partially constructed embankments of the 150 m ring-road, and the urban development within large and wide drainage basins. Different climate data were used for the purpose of this article, with field checks.

关键词： Flood Climate Change Rainfall Fatalities Erbil

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