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Calibration of local magnitude scale for Hindukush continental subduction zone

Earthquake Science 2021年第2期34卷 114-122页

作者： Muhammad N.Mushtaq Muhammd Tahir Muhammd T.iqbal Muhammd A.Shah saleem iqbal Talat iqbal Center for Earthquake Studies Islamabad 46000Pakistan

Hindukush is an active subduction zone where at least one earthquake occurs on daily *** seismic hazard studies,it is important to develop a local magnitude scale using the data of local seismic *** have computed local magnitude scale for Hindukush earthquakes using data from local network belonging to Center for Earthquake Studies(CES)for a period of three years,i.e.2015–2017.A total of 26,365 seismic records pertaining to 2,683 earthquakes with magnitude 2.0 and greater,was used with hypocentral distance less than 600 *** scale developed by using this data comes to be M_(L)=logA+0.929logr+*** magnitude determined through formulated relation was compared with that of standard relation for Southern California and relation developed by the same authors for local network for Northern *** was observed that Hindukush region has high attenuation as compared to that of Southern California and Northern Punjab which implies that Hindukush is tectonically more disturbed as compared to the said regions,hence,seismically more active as *** have calculated station correction factors for our *** correction factors do not show any pattern which probably owes to the geological and tectonic complexity of this *** deviation and variance of magnitude residuals for CES network determined using Hutton and Boore scale and scale developed in this study were compared,it showed that a variance reduction of 44.1%was *** of magnitude residuals for different distance ranges was almost zero which showed that our magnitude scale was stable for all distances up to 600 *** developed magnitude scale will help in homogenization of earthquake *** has been observed that b-value of CES catalog decreases when magnitude is calculated by using newly developed magnitude scale.

关键词： local magnitude scale attenuation station correction factor hazard studies for Hindu Kush region

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Is intra-operative cholangiography necessary during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A multicentre rural experience from a developing world country

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第33期13卷 4493-4497页

作者： iqbal saleem Mir Mir Mohsin Omar Kirmani Tafazul Majid Khurshid Wani Mehmood-ul Hassan Javed Naqshbandi Mohammed Maqbool Minimal Access Surgery Unit Government Gousia Hospital Khanyar Kashmir 190010 India Department of Radiology Government Gousia Hospital Khanyar Kashmir 190010 India Anaesthesia Unit Government Gousia Hospital Khanyar Kashmir 190010 India

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in nonteaching rural hospitals of a developing country without intra-operative cholangiography (IOC). To evaluate the possibility of reduction of costs and hospital stay for patients undergoing ***: A prospective analysis of patients with symptomatic benign diseases of gall bladder undergoing LC in three non-teaching rural hospitals of Kashmir Valley from Jan 2001 to Jan 2007. The cohort represented a sample of patients requiring LC, aged 13 to 78 (mean 47.2) years. Main outcome parameters included mortality, complications, re-operation, conversion to open procedure without resorting to IOC, reduction in costs borne by the hospital, and the duration of hospital ***: Twelve hundred and sixty-seven patients (976 females/291 males) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Twenty-three cases were converted to open procedures; 12 patients developed port site infection, nobody died because of the procedure. One patient had common bile duct (CBD) injury, 4 patients had biliary leak, and 4 patients had subcutaneous emphysema. One cholecystohepatic duct was detected and managed intraoperatively, 1 patient had retained CBD stones, while 1 patient had retained cystic duct stones. Incidental gallbladder malignancy was detected in 2 cases. No long-term complications were detected up to ***: LC can be performed safely even in non-teaching rural hospitals of a developing country provided proper equipment is available and the surgeons and other team members are well trained in the procedure. It is stressed that IOC is not essential to prevent biliary tract injuries and missed CBD stones. The costs to the patient and the hospital can be minimized by using reusable instruments, intracorporeal sutures, and condoms instead of titanium clips and endobags.

关键词： Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Intraoperative cholangiography

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The Correlation between Nutrition and Transport Mechanism under Abiotic Stress in Plants: A Comprehensive Review

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第6期93卷 1325-1344页

作者： Muhammad saleem Jianhua Zhang Muhammad Qasim Rashid iqbal Li Song Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety The Ministry of Education of ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China Microelement Research Center College of Resources and EnvironmentHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpur63100Pakistan

Variations in the nutrients and water that plants require for metabolism,development,and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis are the main causes of abiotic stress in *** has,however,hardly ever been studied how these transporter proteins,such as aquaporin which is responsible for food and water intake in cell plasma mem-branes,interact with one *** review aims to explore the interactions between nutrient transporters and aquaporins during water and nutrient *** also investigates how symbiotic relationships inﬂuence the plant genome’s responses to regulatory processes such as photoperiodism,senescence,and nitrogenﬁ*** responses are observed in reaction to various abiotic *** instance,plasma membrane transporters are upregulated during macronutrient insufﬁciency,tonoplast transporters are overexpressed,and aquaporins are downregulated in micronutrient deﬁ***,tolerant plants often exhibit increased expression of nutrient transporters and aquaporins in response to drought,salt,and cold *** better comprehend plant stress tolerance to abiotic challenges including starvation,K famine,salt,and freezing temperatures,both classes of nutrient and water transporters should be considered at the same time.

关键词： Nutrients abiotic stress aquaporin transporters

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Quantum Mechanical Tunneling of Dislocations: Quantization and Depinning from Peierls Barrier

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2016年第2期6卷 103-108页

作者： saleem iqbal Farhana Sarwar Syed Mohsin Raza Department of Mathematics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan Department of Mathematics F. G. Girls Degree College Quetta Pakistan Department of Physics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan

Theories of Mott and Weertmann pertaining to quantum mechanical tunneling of dislocations from Peierls barrier in cubic crystals are revisited. Their mathematical calculations about logarithmic creep rate and lattice vibrations as a manifestation of Debye temperature for quantized thermal energy are found correct but they can not ascertain to choose the mass of phonon or “quanta” of lattice vibrations. The quantum mechanical yielding in metals at relatively low temperatures, where Debye temperatures operate, is resolved and the mathematical formulas are presented. The crystal plasticity is studied with stress relaxation curves instead of logarithmic creep rate. With creep rate formulas of Mott and Weertmann, a new formula based on logarithmic profile of stress relaxation curves is proposed which suggests simultaneous quantization of dislocations with their stress, i.e., and depinning of dislocations, i.e., , where is quantum action, σ is the stress, N is the number of dislocations, A is the area and t is the time. The two different interpretations of “quantum length of Peierls barrier”, one based on curvature of space, i.e., yields quantization of Burgers vector and the other based on the curvature of time, i.e., yields depinning of dislocations from Peierls barrier in cubic crystals, are presented. , i.e., the unitary operator on shear modulus yields the variations in the curvature of time due to which simultaneous quantization, and depinning of dislocations occur from Peierls barrier in cubic crystals.

关键词： Peierls Barrier Quantum Tunneling Dislocations Stress Relaxation Quantum of Stresses Depinning of Dislocations

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Quantum Mechanical Approach for Rutherford Scattering and Nuclear Scattering with Born Approximation

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World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 2016年第1期6卷 71-78页

Rutherford classical scattering theory, as its quantum mechanical analogue, is modified for scattering cross-section and the impact parameter by using quantum mechanical momentum, (de Broglie hypothesis), energy relationship for matter oscillator (Einstein’s oscillator) and quantum mechanical wave vectors, and , respectively. It is observed that the quantum mechanical scattering cross-section and the impact parameter depended on inverse square law of quantum action (Planck’s constant). Born approximation is revisited for quantum mechanical scattering. Using Bessel and Neumann asymptotic functions and response of nuclear surface potential barrier, born approximations were modified. The coulombic fields inside the nucleus of the atom are studied for reflection and transmission with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions Bulk quantum mechanical tunneling and reflection scattering, both for ruptured and unruptured nucleus of the atom, are deciphered with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunction. Similar calculation ware accomplished for quantum surface tunneling and reflection scattering with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions. Such diverse quantum mechanical scattering cross-section with corresponding wave vectors for tunneling and reflection, phase shifts and eigenfunctions will pave a new dimension to understanding the behavior of exchange fields in the nucleus of the atom with insides layers both ruptured and unruptured. Phase shifts, δl for each of the energy profile (partial) will be different and indeed their corresponding wave vectors for exchange energy eigenvalues.

关键词： Rutherford Classical Scattering Theory Scattering Cross Section Impact Parameter Born Approximation Ruptured and Unruptured Nucleus

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Eigenfunctions for a Quantum Wire on a Single Electron at Its Surface and in the Quantum Well with Beaded Fractional Quantized States for the Fractional Charges

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2016年第2期4卷 320-327页

We developed energy profiles for the fractional quantized states both on the surface of electron due to overwhelming centrifugal potentials and inside the electron at different locations of the quantum well due to overwhelming attractive electrodynamic potentials. The charge as a physical constant and single entity is taken as density and segments on their respective sub-quanta (floats on sub quanta) and hence the fractional charge quantiz at in. There is an integrated oscillatory effect which ties all fractional quantized states both on the surface and in the interior of the volume of an electron. The eigenfunctions, i.e., the energy profiles for the electron show the shape of a string or a quantum wire in which fractional quantized states are beaded. We followed an entirely different approach and indeed thesis to reproducing the eigenfunctions for the fractional quantized states for a single electron. We produced very fascinating mathematical formulas for all such cases by using Hermite and Laguerre polynomials, spherical based and Neumann functions and indeed asymptotic behavior of Bessel and Neumann functions. Our quantization theory is dealt in the momentum space.

关键词： Fractional Charge Quantization Fractional Fourier Transform Hermite Polynomials Sub Quanta of Electron Spherical Bessel and Neumann Functions Lagueree Polynomials

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Quantum Theory of Mesoscopic Fractional Electric Fields in a Cavity of Viscous Medium

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2016年第1期6卷 39-44页

作者： saleem iqbal Salma Jabeen Farhana Sarwar Syed Mohsin Raza Department of Mathematics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan Department of Physics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan Department of Mathematics F. G. Girls Degree College Quetta Cantt Pakistan

With conjecture of fractional charge quantization (quantum dipole/multiple moments), Fourier transform stretching, twisting and twigging of an electron quanta and waver strings of electron quanta, the mathematical expressions for mesoscopic fractional electron fields in a cavity of viscous medium and the associated quantum dielectric susceptibility are developed. Agreement of this approach is experimentally evidenced on barite and Fanja site molecular sieves. These findings are in conformity with experimental results of 2012 Physics Nobel prize winning scientists, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland especially for cavity quantum electro-dynamics electron and its associated mesoscopic electric fields. The mover electron quanta strings lead to warping of space and time following the behaviour of quantum electron dynamics.

关键词： Mesoscopic Fractional Electric Fields Quantum Dielectric Susceptibility Giant Magneto Resistance (GMR) Fourier Transform (FT) Woven Strings of Electron Quanta Warping of Space and Time Following QED (Quantum Electrodynamics)

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Applications of Quantum Physics on Resistivity, Dielectricity, Giant Magneto Resistance, Hall Effect and Conductance

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2016年第2期6卷 95-102页

作者： saleem iqbal Farhana Sarwar Syed Masood Raza Syed Mohsin Raza Department of Mathematics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan Department of Mathematics F. G. Girls Degree College Quetta Pakistan Department of Physics Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology Karachi Pakistan Department of Physics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan

Quantum theory with conjecture of fractional charge quantization, eigenfunctions for fractional charge quantization, fractional Fourier transform, Hermite function for fractional charge quantization, and eigenfunction for a twisted and twigged electron quanta is developed and applied to resistivity, dielectricity, giant magneto resistance, Hall effect and conductance. Our theoretical relationship for quantum measurements is in good conformity and in agreement with most of the experimental results. These relationships will pave a new approach to quantum physics for deciphering measurements on single quantum particles without destroying them. Our results are in agreement with 2012 Physics Nobel Prize winning Scientists, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland.

关键词： Quantum Resistivity Quantum Dielectricity Giant Magneto Resistance Quantum Hall Effect and Conductance

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Application of Electrodynamic Theory on Quantum Hall Effect

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2016年第2期6卷 87-94页

作者： saleem iqbal Muhammad Zafar Farhana Sarwar Syed Mohsin Raza Muhammad Afzal Rana Department of Mathematics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan Department of Basic Sciences Riphah International University Islamabad Pakistan Department of Mathematics F. G. Girls Degree College Quetta Pakistan Department of Physics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan

The quantum electrodynamic (QED) behaviour is studied for quantum Hall effect (QHE). Quantum theory with conjecture of fractional charge quantization (quantum dipole moment), eigenfunctions for fractional charge quantization at the surface of a twisted and twigged electron quanta and above its surface, fractional Fourier transform and Hermite function for fractional charge quantization is developed. With energy eigen value equation for QHE and with energy operator on an eigenfunction of a twisted and twigged electron quanta, the corresponding eigenfunctions are normalized with Schrodinger’s quantum wave mechanical equation for electric scalar and magnetic potentials, respectively (QED behavior). The fractional electric and magnetic fields with their corresponding potentials for the quantized fractional states in semiconducting hereto structures are theoretically calculated. Such mathematical expressions are in good agreement with experimental results of Nobel Prize winning scientists Klitzing, Haroche, Peter and Gruebber. Our results can also explain the hybridized states of orbits with emphasis on sigma and pi bonding and their corresponding antibonding orbitals as a manifestation of electrophilic and nucleophilic chemical reactions.

关键词： Fractional Charge Quantization Fractional Fourier Transform Quantum Hall Effect Quantum Electrodynamics Electron Quanta String Twisted and Twigged Electron Quanta

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Earthquake Statistics and Earthquake Research Studies in Pakistan

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Open Journal of Earthquake Research 2016年第2期5卷 97-104页

作者： Farhana Sarwar saleem iqbal Muhammad Qaisar Abdul Rehman Faiza Akhtar Syed Mohsin Raza FG Girls Degree College Quetta Pakistan Department of Mathematics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan Center for Earthquake Studies NCP Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan Government Girls Polytechnic Institute Quetta Pakistan Department of Physics University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan

This paper is about short review of earthquake statistics and efforts for earthquake mitigation, hazard and risk assessment studies in Pakistan. Pakistan and adjoining region lying between longitude 60°E to 78°E and latitude 20°N to 45°N are selected for the study as this region has a history of many large earthquakes because of its location in the region of intersection of three plates namely Indian, Eurasian and Arabian Sea plate. This paper is based on the study of both seismological history of the region which includes recent and historical seismicity based on earthquake catalogue as well as geological knowledge supplemented with available fault system information. In this study, Pakistan and adjoining regions are divided into 14 seismogenic zones. Seismicity of each zone is studied considering also the major cities in the respective zone and type of infrastructure which is mainly responsible for earthquake disaster rather than earthquake itself.

关键词： Seismicity Active Faults Seismogenic Zones Tectonic Plates

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