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Diffusion Equations of the Electric Charges and Magnetic Flux

Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2024年第5期16卷 69-83页

作者： salama abdelhady Mohamed S. abdelhady Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Energy Engineering Aswan University Aswan Egypt Department of Mechatronics Faculty of Engineering and Materials Science German University in Cairo (GUC) New Cairo Egypt

Innovative definitions of the electric and magnetic diffusivities through conducting mediums and innovative diffusion equations of the electric charges and magnetic flux are verified in this article. Such innovations depend on the analogy of the governing laws of diffusion of the thermal, electrical, and magnetic energies and newly defined natures of the electric charges and magnetic flux as energy, or as electromagnetic waves, that have electric and magnetic potentials. The introduced diffusion equations of the electric charges and magnetic flux involve Laplacian operator and the introduced diffusivities. Both equations are applied to determine the electric and magnetic fields in conductors as the heat diffusion equation which is applied to determine the thermal field in steady and unsteady heat diffusion conditions. The use of electric networks for experimental modeling of thermal networks represents sufficient proof of similarity of the diffusion equations of both fields. By analysis of the diffusion phenomena of the three considered modes of energy transfer;the rates of flow of these energies are found to be directly proportional to the gradient of their volumetric concentration, or density, and the proportionality constants in such relations are the diffusivity of each energy. Such analysis leads also to find proportionality relations between the potentials of such energies and their volumetric concentrations. Validity of the introduced diffusion equations is verified by correspondence their solutions to the measurement results of the electric and magnetic fields in microwave ovens.

关键词： Diffusion Coefficient Diffusion Equation Electric Charge Magnetic Flux Electromagnetic Waves Electric Field Magnetic Field

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Proper Understanding of the Natures of Electrons, Protons, and Modifying Redundancies in Electro-Magnetism

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2023年第5期15卷 59-72页

作者： salama abdelhady Department of Renewable Energy Faculty of Energy Engineering Aswan University Aswan Egypt

When considering electromagnetism, the unit of the Ammeter’s measurement should be limited to its proper unit in “Watt/Volt” which is, according to physical principles, the division quotient of the measured electrical power by its electrical potential. However, the Ammeter’s reading has also a traditional definition as the rate of flow of electric charges whose unit is “Ampere”. According to recent studies that define the electric charge as energy possessing an electric potential, such traditional definition is wrong as the Ammeter’s reading should, then, has the unit “Watt”. Such duality of the Ammeter’s reading is due to the wrong definition of electric charges as electrons and insertion of the “Ampere”, as a wrong unit of the flow of electric charges. This duality represents a “redundancy” in electromagnetism as the proper Ammeter’s reading, in Watt/Volt, is a unit of entropy of the flowing energy charges. Such redundancy led to further redundancies in the field of electromagnetism. In this article, it is followed the impacts of inserting the “Ampere” as illogic unit and it is derived the proper modifications of the results of replacing the “Ampere” by its logical substitute “Watt/Volt”. Such modifications lead to a robust definition of the electron as an elementary particle which has an elementary charge of energy 1.602 × 10-19 Joules and has a negative electric potential of 1 Volt and to a proper definition of the protons as elementary particles which are charged by a similar charge of electron, but it has a positive potential of 1 Volt. Additionally, the electron-volt is properly defined as an elementary charge whose energy is 1.602 × 10-19 Joules and whose potential is ±1 Volt. Such modifications also lead to improve the understanding of magnetic induction and modifying the equations that characterize the performance of electric machines. The truth of such innovative understandings is verified analytically and experimentally in this arti

关键词： Electric Charge Magnetic Flux Electromagnetic Waves Entropy Field-Conductivities Magnetic Induction

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Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2023年第3期13卷 103-117页

作者： salama abdelhady Professor of Energy Systems Faculty of Energy Engineering Aswan University Egypt

Neurologists define the transmission of nerve impulses across the membranes of the neural cells as a result of difference in the concentration of ions while they measured an electric potential, called as an action potential, which allows the propagation of such nerve impulses as electrical signals. Such measurements should guide them to a logical explanation of the nerve impulses as electric charges driven by the measured action potential. However, such logical conclusion, or explanation, is ignored due to a wrong definition of the flow of electric charges as a flow of electrons that cannot pass through neural networks. According to recent studies, electric charges are properly defined as electromagnetic (EM) waves whose energy is expressed as the product of its propagating electric potential times their entropy flow which is adhered to the flow of such energy. Such definition matches the logical conclusion of the nerve impulses as electric charges, as previously explained, and defines the entropy of the neural network, measured by Ammeters, in Watt or Joule/Volt. The measured entropy represents a neurodiagnostic property of the neural networks that measures its capacity to allow the flow of energy per unit action potential. Theoretical verification of the innovative definition of nerve impulses is presented by following an advanced entropy approach. A proper review of the machine records of the stimulating electric charges, used in the diagnosis of the neural networks, and the stimulated nerve impulses or stimulated responses, represents practical verifications of the innovative definitions of the electric charges and the nerve impulses. Comparing the functioning of the thermoelectric generators and the brain neurons, such neurons are defined as thermoelectric generators of the electric nerve impulses and their propagating, or action, potential.

关键词： Nerve Impulses Action Potential Electric Charges Entropy Electromagnetic Waves Thermoelectric Generators

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An Entropy Approach to a Practical Limit of the Efficiencies of Developed and Multijunction Solar Cells

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2014年第13期6卷 383-390页

作者： salama abdelhady Department of Energy Engineering Aswan University Aswan Egypt

Following a previously introduced entropy approach and reviewing experimental measurements, we find a similarity option between photoelectric effects, photovoltaic effects and thermoelectric effects. The photovoltaic effect and the thermoelectric effect are proved in this study to be driven by a Seebeck effect which depends mainly on the thermal potential of the incident radiation and the interacting materials. Hence, we apply such exciting conclusion to derive an advanced efficiency limit of the developed and multijunction solar cells that exceed the previously derived limit by Shockley and Queisser.

关键词： Electromagnetic Waves Entropy Thermoelectric Effect Seebeck Effect Photoelectric Effect Photovoltaic Effect

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An Approach to a Universal System of Units

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2010年第9期2卷 549-556页

作者： salama abdelhady 不详

According to many scientists, there are some redundancies in the SI system of units. Through an entropy approach that depends on a previous analogy between the electrical, mechanical and thermal fields;it was possible to introduce a system of units that removes such redundancies. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the temperature was defined as a quality of heat. Following a proved analogy, the electrical and magnetic potentials may represent also the qualities of electric and magnetic fluxes. According to published experimental results, the electric and the magnetic potentials generates also electromotive forces, EMF, that were measured by Al-Fe thermocouples. The chemical potential or the concentration gradient generates also an EMF, as in the concentration cells, which is measured here by the same Al-Fe thermocouple. Such measurement-results are introduced to define a unique scale for measuring the potentials or qualities of the thermal, chemical, electric, and magnetic fields. The mentioned qualities are not defined by directly measurable quantities, as length and time, but they are found as functions of dimensionless concentrations of mass or energy fluxes. Hence, the volt, as a unit of the introduced EMF scale for potentials measurement, is postulated as a dimensionless unit. Finally, a universal system of units that is based only on three dimensions;L, T, and E, and four fundamental units;meter, second, Joule and volt is introduced in this paper to delete the SI redundancies. The energy replaces the mass as a fundamental unit in the introduced US as it plays a dominant role in most of the scientific and engineering fields. The ampere is not included as a fundamental unit since the charge is considered as a form of energy that is measured in one of the US fundamental units, Joule. The candela and the mole were also not considered as fundamental units as they can be related to the selected fundamental units by appropriate numbers. The limited number

关键词： Dimensions Units Potentials Qualities Thermodynamics Electromagnetism

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An Entropy-Approach to the Duality Property

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2011年第6期3卷 220-227页

作者： salama abdelhady 不详

According to a previously introduced entropy approach, it is possible to clarify the confusions of the duality concept that electrons and light may behave as waves or particles. In other words, the electron is clearly defined in this paper as a particle and the light is neatly defined as waves. Such an approach considered the flow of electric charges as a flow of ionized waves and the magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, the particle’s kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So, the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are forms of electromagnetic waves. According to these definitions and similarity of the mechanisms and laws characterizing the flow of mass and energy in general, the flow of electrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy-components;particulized energy and wave energy. Hence, the electron doesn’t have a dual nature. Rather, its behavior as a particle or as waves depends on the relative contributions of such components in the electron’s flow. Reviewing the results of de-Broglie’s experiments, it is possible to consider the flow of any particles as a simultaneous flow of waves and particles. Introducing the definition of the flow of electric charges as ionized waves, the photoelectric-effect can be postulated as an ionization process of the incident radiation during its reflection into an electric field. Similarly, the photovoltaic phenomena are postulated as a result of a photorefractive effect that may induce an electric potential into the incident radiation when crossing the electrically biased p-n junctions of photocells. Such postulates eliminate the confusing particle-property of light and prove that light has a wave-nature only. The truth of the introduced postulates is proven through finding plausible explanation of the sintering phenomena and thermoelectricity. Finally, this paper succ

关键词： Entropy Duality Property Electron Light Wave Particle Energy

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Comments Concerning Measurements and Equations in Electromagnetism

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2010年第12期2卷 677-678页

作者： salama abdelhady 不详

The previously introduced US of units has raised many comments. Such comments were the claims of how to measure the electric current and magnetic flux. Other comments were concerned by violating the fundamental laws of electro-magnetism. Such violation is not the concern of the introduced system of units. But it is related to the previous mess in the available SI system of units.

关键词： Electric Charge Magnetic Flux Ampere’s Law System of Units

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An Entropy Approach to Tesla’s Discovery of Wireless Power Transmission

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2013年第4期5卷 157-161页

作者： salama abdelhady College of Energy Engineering Aswan University Aswan Egypt.

Following an entropy approach, the electric current can be postulated as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has an electric potential. Such postulate is verified in this article by results of experimental measurement then it is applied to review Tesla’s discovery of wireless power transmission. Tesla discovered the wireless transmission of electric power during his operation in an entirely new domain of physics based on abrupt discharging of electrostatic charges. He realized that electrons were not responsible for such discovered phenomena. So, he called the new energy as “Radiant Electricity”. He didn’t identify that the true nature of electric current was a flow of electromagnetic waves that can be normally radiated through air. So, he proposed the term “Aether gas” to describe the discovered transfer of the electric charges by radiation from his designed tower, though air, to specified receivers. Following an entropy approach, the nature of the discovered radiated energy can be identified as electromagnetic waves that have an electric potential. So, the followed approach succeeds in eliminating the confusing observations of Tesla’s measurements in his famous experiment and the confusions found in modern literature that deals with such energy as an “Ambiguous Radiant Energy”.

关键词： Entropy Tesla’s Discovery Radiant Energy Electromagnetic Waves

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An Entropy Approach to the Natures of the Electric Charge and Magnetic Flux

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2015年第11期7卷 265-275页

作者： salama abdelhady Mohamed S. abdelhady Faculty of Energy Engineering Aswan University Aswan Egypt Department of Mechanical Engineering Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt

As a result of investigating analytically and experimentally the interchangeability between thermal, electrical and magnetic energies, it is proved in the presented study that the electric and magnetic energies have an equivalent grade and nature as the thermal energy. So, the natural flow of electric charges and magnetic flux is associated also by increase of entropy of universe, similar to the heat, and has the same nature of waves as the electromagnetic heat radiation. Casting the Maxwell’s wave equation into an energy frame of reference that replaces the time in wave equations by entropy, it is possible to represent the electric charges and magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of electric and magnetic potentials. Such results lead to modify exclusively the definition of the physical nature of the electric charge and magnetic flux which is unavailable in literature.

关键词： Heat Electric Current Magnetic Flux Entropy Electromagnetic Waves Maxwell’s Wave Equation

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Chronic Administration of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) on the Frontal Cortex of Adult Male Rats: An Ultrastructural Study

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Forensic Medicine and Anatomy Research 2020年第2期8卷 38-44页

作者： salama Essam Eldin abdelhady Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Al Azhar University Cairo Egypt

Objectives: Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is widely used as an aphrodisiac drug and for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The present study was planned to study the morphological changes that might occur in the frontal cortex of the adult rat in response to chronic intake of Viagra and discover whether these changes are reversible or irreversible. Material and Methods: Forty adult male rats were used where they were classified into three groups: A control group (10 rats), B experimental treated group (20 rats), and C recovery group (10 rats). The treated and recovery groups received therapeutic dose of Viagra for 30 days. The control and the treated group were sacrificed at the first day after the designated period (30 days), the recovery group was sacrificed two weeks after the end of experiment. Results: The pyramidal cell neurons are little in number;some of them are atrophic, degenerated. Their cytoplasm showed varied degree of cellular degenerative changes with vaculation of their myelinated axons. Pyramidal neurons of recovery animals showed nearly complete recovery. Conclusion: Chronic intake of Viagra produced reversible morphological changes in pyramidal neurons of the frontal cortex of adult male rats.

关键词： Adult Albino Rats Sildenafil Citrate Ultra-Structural Findings

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