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Discrete mass conservation and stability analysis of the ocean-atmosphere model with coupling conditions

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Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 2023年第6期8卷 577-589页

作者： Taj Munir Anwarud Din saif ullah M.Y.Malik A.S.Alqahtani Abus Salam School of mathematical sciences GC University68-BLahore 54600Pakistan Department of Mathematics Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275P.R.China Department of Mathematics Government College UniversityLahore54000Pakistan Department of Mathematics College of SciencesKing Khalid UniversityAbha61413 Kingdom of Sauidi Arabia

In this work we considered bi-domain partial differential equations(PDEs)with two coupling interface *** one domain is corresponding to the ocean and the second is to the *** two coupling conditions are used to linked the interaction between these two *** we know that almost every engineering problem modeled via *** analytical solutions of these kind of problems are not easy,so we use numerical *** this study we discuss the two essential properties,namely mass conservation and stability analysis of two types of coupling interface conditions for the oceanatmosphere *** coupling conditions arise in general circulation models used in climate *** two coupling conditions are the Dirichlet-Neumann and bulk interface *** the stability analysis,we use the Godunov-Ryabenkii theory of normal-mode *** main empha-sis of this work is to study the numerical properties of coupling conditions and an important point is to maintain conservativity of the overall ***,for the numerical approximation we use two methods,an explicit and implicit *** implicit coupling have further two algorithms,monolithic algorithm and partitioned iterative *** partitioned iterative approach is complex as compared to the monolithic *** addition,the comparison of the numerical results are exhibited through graphical illustration and simulation results are drafted in tabular form to validate our theoretical *** novel characteristics of the findings from this paper can be of great importance in science and ocean engineering.

关键词： Stability analysis Mass conservation Explicit coupling methods Implicit coupling methods Ocean-atmosphere coupling

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Drought in the Northern Prone of Iraq Using Standardized Precipitation Index

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Engineering（科研） 2023年第10期15卷 691-708页

作者： Mazin Jameel saif Hameed khalid Shemal Nadhir Al-Ansari Salwan Ali Abed Dams Department Center of Studies and Engineering Design Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq Design Department Center of Studies and Engineering Design Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq State Commission for Irrigation Projects and Reclamation Ministry of Water Resources Baghdad Iraq Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq

Drought becomes a serious issue in Iraq as upstream countries water policies and climate change consequences. It has negative impacts on different sectors, the environment, biodiversity, economy, and water resources. Long periods of severe drought and no rainfall winter are continuing during the last decades and the trend lines of the drought index gravitate toward unrecorded levels. This research studied the drought by using the standardized precipitation index “SPI” by analyzing the rainfall record since 1980 for the northern prone of Iraq which includes Kurdistan Region Governorates “KRG” (Sulaymaniya, Erbil, and Dohuk), Mosul, and Kirkuk to find out the drought pattern, magnitude, and duration, and mapping the results. This index is a very powerful index that is used worldwide when only rainfall data are available. SPI generator is used for more accuracy and confidence. The results show that all governorate has a vital issue and has a drought magnitude passed the thresholds of M = -1.0, -1.5, -2.0, -2.5, -3.0, and -4.0 which means a deficit in the soil moisture content, surface water, and groundwater. In Sulaymaniyah, the record for SPI3, SPI6, and SPI48 respectively is about -3.4, -3.54, and -2.63;in Erbil -2.73, -4.67, and -2.72;in Dohuk -4.22, -4.34, and -2.25;in Mosul -2.57, -2.16: in Kirkuk -3.39, -3.04, and -3.41. It is clear that all governorates have depletion in groundwater except Mosul which has contentious recharge, and in Erbil, both soil moisture and surface water has no huge deficit due to high rainfall and snowpack in the region. The results concluded that the whole region is subject to drought and under threat of water resources depletion;it needs urgent long-term plans in a sustainable manner to manage and conserve those sources and mitigate the climate change consequences.

关键词： SPI Drought Climate Change

Sedimentology of Marl and Marly Limestone Sequence of Upper Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation from Northern Kalachitta Range, Attock Hazara Fold and Thrust Belt, Pakistan

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Open Journal of Geology 2019年第1期9卷 1-14页

作者： saif Ur Rehman khalid Mehmood Muhammad Fahad ullah Naveed Ahsan Faisal Rehman Tariq Mahmood Mahboob Ahmed Department of Earth Sciences University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan Institute of Geology University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan Oil and Gas Development Corporation Limited Islamabad Pakistan

Upper Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation is well exposed in the Attock Hazara Fold and Thrust Belt (AHFTB) and shows significant lateral and vertical variations in lithology. The present work deals with the sedimentological studies of marl and marly limestone sequence of Kawagarh Formation exposed at the Bagh Neelab, Ghariala north and Sojhanda villages in Northern Kalachitta Range. Detailed petrographic studies of marly limestone and hard marl substrate show that planktons and oysters are the main skeletal constituents of studied samples and clay and detrital quartz mainly composed the non skeletal fraction. X-Ray diffraction analyses of selected marl samples confirm the petrographic data. On the basis of skeletal and non skeletal content, two microfacies—marl microfacies and Planktonic microfacies are constructed. The faunal content, their paleoecology and detrital content of microfacies suggest that marl and marly limestone sequence of Kawagarh Formation was deposited over the mid and outer ramp settings.

关键词： Attock Hazara Fold & Thrust Belt Fauna Kalachitta Range Microfacies Ramp

A Review of Smart Contract Blockchain Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis:Challenges and Motivations

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第5期75卷 2833-2858页

作者： Norah M.Alshahrani M.L.Mat Kiah B.B.Zaidan A.H.Alamoodi Abdu saif Department of Computer System&Technology Faculty of Computer Science&ITUniversity of MalayaLembah Pantai50603Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Computer Science Applied CollageKing Khalid UniversityP.O.Box 62569AbhaSaudi Arabia Future Technology Research Center National Yunlin University of Science and Technology123 University RoadSection 3DouliouYunlin64002Taiwan Department of Computing Faculty of ArtsComputing and Creative Industry(FSKIK)Universiti Pendidikan Sultan IdrisTanjung MalimMalaysia Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of MalayaKuala Lumpur50603Malaysia

A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol(rules of contract)based on the consensus architecture of *** contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific and practical applications.A smart contract is the central aspect of a blockchain that facilitates blockchain as a platformoutside the cryptocurrency *** development of blockchain technology,with a focus on smart contracts,has advanced significantly in recent ***,research on the smart contract idea has weaknesses in the implementation sectors based on a decentralized network that shares an identical *** paper extensively reviews smart contracts based on multi-criteria analysis,challenges and ***,implementing blockchain in multicriteria research is required to increase the efficiency of interaction between users via supporting information exchange with high *** blockchain in the multi-criteria analysis is necessary to increase the efficiency of interaction between users via supporting information exchange and with high confidence,detecting malfunctioning,helping users with performance issues,reaching a consensus,deploying distributed solutions and allocating plans,tasks and joint *** smart contract with decision-making performance,planning and execution improves the implementation based on efficiency,sustainability and ***,the uncertainty and supply chain performance lead to improved users’confidence in offering new solutions in exchange for problems in smart *** includes code analysis and performance,while development performance can be under development.

关键词： Blockchain smart contract MCDM MADM

Spatiotemporal Monitoring for Deforestation and Forest Degradation Activities in Selected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

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International Journal of Geosciences 2016年第10期7卷 1191-1207页

作者： saif ur Rehman khalid Mobushir Riaz Khan Muhammad Usman Muhammad Waqar Yasin Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Department of Geo-Informatics Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan

The global significance of forest ecosystems requires precise determination of the amount of carbon stored in different forest ecosystems. Regular monitoring of forests can aid in designing efficient climate change control strategies at national and global scale specially in reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation strategies. This research is designed to focus on determining deforestation of study area from 2001 to 2011 using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. This research provided rate and amount of degradation of forests in the study area and was quite helpful in formulating a strategy to earn carbon credits consistently and, therefore, will help in the uplifting of the standards of local population.

关键词： Deforestation Degradation Carbon Credits Climate Change

Experience with Post Transplant Parathyroidectomy in Gulf Region and Literature Review

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Open Journal of Nephrology 2013年第4期3卷 211-216页

作者： Samra Abouchacra Ahmed Chaaban Ammar Abdel Baki khalid Al Mashari saif Al Sobhi Atia Al Zahrani Qutaiba Hussain Nicole Gebran Mohamed Ahmed Imran Khan Bassam Bernieh Mohammad Budruddin Armed Forces Hospital Taif KSA King Faisal Specialist Hospital Research Centre (KFSHRC) Riyadh KSA Sheikh Khalifa Medical City (SKMC) Abu Dhabi UAE Tawam Hospital Al Ain UAE

Sustained elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels is not uncommon post renal transplantation. Though in the majority of patients, it gradually normalizes, on average 5% of transplanted patients require parathyroidectomy (PTX). However, PTX itself has been associated with deterioration in allograft function and even completes graft loss seen with both total and subtotal PTX as well as an increased rate of acute rejection. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of post transplant partial PTX on allograft function in our patients as well as the incidence of acute rejection. Our results show that post transplantation, subtotal PTX, was successful in achieving metabolic control while preserving graft function without an increased incidence of acute rejection. Retention of sufficient residual parathyroid tissue with partial PTX might account for favorable outcome in our study. Despite this, surgery for advanced hyperparathyroidism should optimally take place in the pre-transplant period.

关键词： Parathyroidectomy Renal Transplantation Parathyroid Hormone Hyperparathyroidism