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Incorporation of TOPMODEL into land surface model SSiB and numerically testing the effects of the corporation at basin scale

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Science China Earth Sciences 2012年第10期55卷 1731-1741页

作者： DENG HuiPing sun shufen School o(Environment and Planning Liaocheng University Liaocheng252059 China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

In order to examine and analyze the effects of integration of land surface models with TOPMODEL and different approaches for the integration on the model simulation of water and energy balances,the coupled models have been developed,which incorporate TOPMODEL into the Simplified Biosphere Model(SSiB) with different approaches(one divides a basin into a number of zones according to the distribution of topographic index,and the other only divides the basin into saturated and unsaturated zones).The coupled models are able to(but SSiB is not able to) take into account the impacts of topography variation and vertical heterogeneity of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity on horizontal distribution of soil moisture and in turn on water and energy balances within the basin(or a grid cell).By using the coupled models and SSiB model itself,the daily hydrological components such as runoffs are simulated and final results are analyzed *** daily results of hydrological components produced by both SSiB and coupled models show that(i) There is significant difference between results of soil wetness,its vertical distribution and seasonal variation,water and energy balance,and daily runoff in the basin predicted by SSiB and by the coupled *** land surface model currently used such as SSiB is likely to misrepresent real feature of water and energy balances in the basin.(ii) Compared with the results for the basin predicted by SSiB,the coupled models predict more strong vertical and seasonal changes in soil wetness,higher evaporation and lower runoff,and improve the base flow simulation obviously.(iii) Comparing the results for the basin predicted by two coupled models with different integration approach and SSiB one by one,the results of daily runoffs and soil wetness predicted by the two coupled models are quite *** means,for the coupled models,the approach by dividing a region being considered into more subzones may have limited effects on improving ru

关键词： land surface model TOPMODEL coupling scheme effects on simulation results

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Simulation and comparative study of two types of Topographic Index model for a homogeneous mountain catchment

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Science China Earth Sciences 2014年第9期57卷 2089-2099页

作者： sun shufen DENG HuiPing WANG Qian State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences School of Environment and Planning Liaocheng University

In order to expand the application range of the classic Topographic Index model(TOPMODEL) and develop a more appropriate submodel of hydrological processes for use in the land surface model, two types of TOPMODEL are investigated, one with saturated hydraulic conductivity change with depth obeying exponential law(classical e-TOPMODEL or e-TOPMODEL for short) and the other obeying general power law(general p-TOPMODEL or p-TOPMODEL for short). Using observation date in the Suomo River catchment located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the sensitivity study of the p-TOPMODEL was conducted and the simulated results from the model were examined and evaluated first, and then the results were compared with the results from the e-TOPMODEL to find the similarities and differences between the two types of models. The main conclusions obtained from the above studies are(1) topographic index and its distribution derived from the p-TOPPMODEL for the Suomo Basin are sensitive to changes of parameter n and m;(2) changes of n and m have impacts on the simulation results of various hydrological components(such as daily runoff, monthly averaged runoff, monthly averaged surface runoff and subsurface runoff), but have the weaker impacts on forty-year averaged total runoff; and(3) for the same value of m, the simulated results of e-TOPMODEL display higher surface runoff and lower subsurface runoff than the general p-TOPMODEL does but multi-year averaged total runoffs produced from the two types of TOPMODEL show insignificant difference. The differences between the two types of models indicate that it is necessary to pay close attention to correct selection from different hydrological models for use in land surface model development. The result mentioned above is useful to provide some referential information for the model selection.

关键词： classical exponential TOPMODEL (e-TOPMODEL, Power law profile TOPMODEL (p-TOPMODEL) model evaluations and comparison

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Empirical study of the dilemma regarding preliminary proof of causality and methods used by victims in China's environmental health litigation

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2020年第3期18卷 237-243页

作者： shufen sun Youhai sun College of Management and Economics Tianjin UniversityTianjin300072China

Environmental health incidents have occurred frequently in recent years;in China,however,litigation has not been effective in protecting the rights and interests of victims due to their heavy burden of *** order to mitigate the burden of proof for victims,the environmental judicature in China introduced the rule of inversion of burden of proof;this means that the victim only assumes the preliminary burden of proof,but in practice it has not been *** in environmental health litigation still face many difficulties in proving *** on the statistical analysis of judicial big data,this paper demonstrates three dilemmas faced by ***,the preliminary burden of proof of causality has a high ***,the victim's ability to produce evidence is ***,the casual relationship between pollution behaviors and health damage is difficult to *** examining the possible legal instruments,there are three aspects to the causes of these dilemmas:theory,judicial practice,and *** theoretical aspect manifests as the differences between the rule of inversion of burden of proof and the presumption of causality;the practical aspect manifests as the lack of an identification system for personal injury;and the social aspect manifests as the victim's lack of economic,scientific,technological,and information resources,as well as the absence of assistance from government sectors and social *** Chinese law with judicial practice,this paper proposes a solution to the dilemma of victims needing to prove causality in environmental health *** the basis of clarifying the theoretical differences between the inversion of burden of proof and the presumption of causality,China should adhere to the rule of inversion of burden of proof,establish an identification system for personal injuries caused by environmental pollution,and use methods such as epidemiological causality,indirect counterevidence,and prima faci

关键词： Environmental health litigation Proof of causality Inversion of burden of proof

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The model study of water mass and energy exchange between the inland water body and atmosphere

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2008年第8期51卷 1010-1021页

作者： sun shufen YAN JinFeng XIA Nan LI Qian LASG Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200072China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100010China

Based on a one-dimensional eddy diffusion model,a model to study the water mass and energy exchange between the water body(such as lake and wetland) and the atmosphere is developed,which takes the phase change process due to the seasonal melting and freezing of water and the convection mixing process of energy caused by temperature stratification into consideration. The model uses enthalpy instead of temperature as predictive variable,which will help to deal with the phase change process and to design an efficient numerical scheme for obtaining the solution more easily. The performance of the model and the rationality of taking convection mixing into the consideration are validated by using observed data of Kinneret Lake in Israel and Lower Two Medicine Lake in Montana State in America. The comparison of model results with observed data indicates that the model presented here is capable of describing the physical process of water mass and energy between the water body(lake and wetland) and atmosphere. Comparison of the result from wetland with shallow and deep lakes under the same forcing conditions shows that the evaporation from wetland is much greater than that from lakes,which accords with the real observation fact and physical mechanism.

关键词： water body model wetland and lake environment fluid heat exchange between water body and atmosphere latent heat

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An improved simple snow-atmosphere-soil transfer model

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Science China Earth Sciences 2012年第7期55卷 1206-1216页

作者： LIU HuiZhi ZHAI XiaoDong sun shufen FENG JianWu WANG Lei State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

On the basis of a simple snow-atmosphere-soil transfer (SAST) model previously developed,this paper presents an improved snow-atmosphere-soil transfer (ISAST) model that has a new numerical scheme and an improved method of layering the *** new model takes the snow cover temperature and ice content in the snow cover as prognostic *** approach,which effectively solves the snow cover temperature distribution when the snow cover is melting or freezing,lessens the iteration time and computation time,which is important for GCM *** this model,the snow cover is divided into three layers (ISAST3) or seven layers (ISAST7).The simulation results obtained using the ISAST7 model agree well with observations in terms of snow depth,snow equivalent water and snow cover lifetime at five Russian *** new ISAST model has better simulation capacity for snow cover than the previous SAST *** the snow cover is deep,the simulation of the ISAST7 model is better than that of the ISAST3 *** shows that our ISAST model is approximately 20% faster than the SAST model.

关键词： snow-atmosphere-soil transfer model snow cover depth snow equivalent water snow cover lifetime

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Improvement of a Snow Albedo Parameterization in the Snow–Atmosphere–Soil Transfer Model:Evaluation of Impacts of Aerosol on Seasonal Snow Cover

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2017年第11期34卷 1333-1345页

作者： Efang ZHONG Qian LI shufen sun Wen CHEN Shangfeng CHEN Debashis NATH Center for Monsoon System Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

The presence of light-absorbing aerosols （LAA） in snow profoundly influence the surface energy balance and water budget. However, most snow-process schemes in land-surface and climate models currently do not take this into consider- ation. To better represent the snow process and to evaluate the impacts of LAA on snow, this study presents an improved snow albedo parameterization in the Snow-Atmosphere-Soil on snow. Specifically, the Snow, Ice and Aerosol Radiation Transfer （SAST） model, which includes the impacts of LAA （SNICAR） model is incorporated into the SAST model with an LAA mass stratigraphy scheme. The new coupled model is validated against in-situ measurements at the Swamp Angel Study Plot （SASP）, Colorado, USA. Results show that the snow albedo and snow depth are better reproduced than those in the original SAST, particularly during the period of snow ablation. Furthermore, the impacts of LAA on snow are esti- mated in the coupled model through case comparisons of the snowpack, with or without LAA. The LAA particles directly absorb extra solar radiation, which accelerates the growth rate of the snow grain size. Meanwhile, these larger snow particles favor more radiative absorption. The average total radiative forcing of the LAA at the SASP is 47.5 W m-2. This extra radiative absorption enhances the snowmelt rate. As a result, the peak runoff time and ＂snow all gone＂ day have shifted 18 and 19.5 days earlier, respectively, which could further impose substantial impacts on the hydrologic cycle and atmospheric processes.

关键词： light-absorbing aerosols snow albedo SAST SNICAR

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COMPUTATION OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN SOIL——THE COUPLED MODEL

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 1987年第1期3卷 44-51页

作者： sun shufen (Institute of Mechanics,Academia Sinica) 1. Institute of Mechanics Academia Sinica China

The coupled model has been developed in this study for moisture transport and beatexchange in *** model is driven by atmospheric conditions measured in a *** conceptthat soil has a surface resistance to evaporation is introduced in order to relate the evaporation fromsurface with the vapour flux in *** the use of this concept,the simulation results agree quitewell with the measured data.

关键词： coupled model evaporation moisture content surface resistance temperature distribution

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Discovery of carbonaceous compressions and their multicellular tissues from the Changzhougou Formation (1 800 Ma) in the Yanshan range, North China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第9期45卷 841-847页

作者： ZHU Shixing sun shufen HUANG Xueguang HE Yuzhen ZHU Gengxin sun Lixin ZHANG Kuan Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesTianjin 300170China Regional Geological Survey Institute Hebei Bureau of Geology and ExplorationLangfang 065001China

In 1997 and 1998, hundreds of specimens of megascopic carbonaceous compressions or algal fossils were found from - 1800-million-year old Changzhougou Formation, which is the lowermost unit of the latest Palaeoproterozoic Changcheng Group (~1 600-1 800 Ma) in the Xinglong-Kuancheng areas at the middle Yanshan Range, North China. They are discoid, ellipsoid and sausage-like, namely shaped like Chuaria Shouhsiennia (Ellipsophyta) and Tawuia. By adopting HF acid-resistant maceration coupled with scanning electron microscope and petrologic section, the authors made a preliminary research on the histology for some circular and ellipsoid carbonaceous compressions, namely Chuaria- and Shouhsienia-llke forms, in addition to their morphology. The following three types of multicellular tissues have been found in the fragments of them: colony-like, pseudoparenchyma-like and parenchyma-like. All of the new data about multicelluar tissues not only supply a very important basis in histology to determine the

关键词： multicellular tissues Carbonaceous compressions Changzhougou Formation Changcheng Group.

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Extension of TOPMODEL Applications to the Heterogeneous Land Surface

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2010年第1期27卷 164-176页

作者：邓慧平孙菽芬 School of Environment and Planning Liaocheng University State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

At present, the Topographic Index Model （TOPMODEL） has been recommended for integration in Land Surface Models （LSMs）. But, the applicable scope of the original TOPMODEL （OTOP） is limited because the OTOP derivation relies on three fundamental but unrealistic assumptions. In this paper, several versions of a generalized TOPMODEL （GTOP）, which relax some unrealistic assumptions involved in OTOP, are presented, and the theoretical derivationsn to obtain these modifications are demonstrated in detail. Specifically, the extension for the OTOP applicability comes down to following three basic cases：（1） Give up the assumption of spatially uniform recharge rate to the groundwater and let the rate be spatially varying, （2） Keep same original exponential distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity used in OTOP but change the saturated hydraulic conductivity and effective soil depth from spatial constants in OTOP to spatially variable quantities; and （3） Extend the original exponential distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity to more general power law distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity together with spatially variable saturated hydraulic conductivity and effective soil depth. Finally, a brief numerical sensitivity study based on one version of GTOP using an exponential distribution profile for soil hydraulic conductivity is conducted. This shows the heterogeneous effects of the effective soil depth, saturated hydraulic conductivity, at ground surface and groundwater recharge rate on hydrological processes and serves as an example application of GTOP to a heterogeneous catchment.

关键词： TOPMODEL theoretical derivation spatial heterogeneity application extension

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Discovery of the Jiawengmen Stromatolite Assemblage in the Southern Belt of Eastern Kunlun, NW China and Its Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2005年第4期79卷 471-480页

作者： BIAN Qiantao ZHU Shixing I. I. POSPELOV M. A. SEMIKHATOV sun shufen CHEN Daizhao NA Chunguang Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources China Geological Survey Tianjin 300170 China Geological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119017 Russia

This paper reports a newly discovered Late Mesoproterozoic-Early Neoproterozoic stromatolite assemblage, named here the ＂Jiawengmen stromatolite assemblage＂, represented by a Conophyton-Baicalia association in the Jiawenmen area in the southern belt of the Eastern Kunlun. This stromatolite assemblage is dominated by large-scale conical stromatolites and related elements, i.e., Conophyton garganicus var. inkeni, C. cf. ressoti Menchikov, Jacutophyton cf., Conicodomenia f., which commonly co-exist with elements of the group of Baicalia. This assemblage can be correlated with that of the middle Jixian-middle Qingbaikou System in North and Northwest China, but is different from that in South China. Correlation can also be made with that in the upper horizon of the Middle Riphean-lower horizon of the Upper Riphean in the South Ural Mountains and Siberia of Russia, in North Africa, and in the Alaskan Peninsula of North America. These facts suggest that the Jiawengmen stromatolite assemblage probably colonized during 1300-850 Ma ago. Accordingly, the stromatolite-bearing carbonate rocks are then proposed to correspond to the middle Jixian System-middle Qingbaikou System or the upper Middle Riphean-lower Upper Riphean. Our stromatolite data further suggest that a Precambrian microblock, named the Xialawen microblock here, occurred in the southern belt of Eastern Kunlun, the western part of the Maqên microblock. Similar stromatolite assemblages in the Maqên microblock and those blocks that occurred in North China, Siberia and North Africa point to similar paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental conditions. These microblock and blocks were probably located at low latitudes and on the continental margins of the Rodinian supercontinent, where warm epicontinental seas were favorable to widespread colonization of stromatolites during the Late Mesoproterozoic-Eady Neoproterozoic. However, these stromatolite assemblages are quite different from those of the South China block, which

关键词： stromatolite Precambrian Rodinia supercontinent Eastern Kunlun Tibetan Plateau

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