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Pedosphere 2002年第4期12卷 329-337页

作者： n.K.HOWES S.E.smith ZHUYOnGGUAn DepartmentofSoilandWater TheUniversityofAdelaideGlenOsmondSA5064（Australia） ResearchCentreforEco－EnvironmentalSciences theChineseAcademyofSciencesBeijing100085（China） SouthAustraliaResearchandDevelopmentInstitute GlenOsmondSA5064（Australia）

A sand-based culture system using rock phosphate (P) was developed to simulate the situation in alkalinesoils, with respect to the dominant P form, and five wheat cultivars (Excalibur, Brookton, Krichauff, Westoniaand Sunco) were tested in this screening system to compare their P uptake and utilisation efficiencies. Resultsshowed that these cultivars differed significantly in their ability to acquire P from the sparingly available form(rock phosphate in this case). The accumulation of P by Brookton was three times that by Krichauff. Pconcentrations in plant tissues did not differ significantly, indicating that all cultivars were similar in Putilisation efficiency. A further experiment showed that the greater ability of a cultivar to take up P fromsparingly available form was related to the ability of a cultivar to acidify the rhizosphere. Seed P content wasa confounding factor in this system, and the use of relatively uniform seed with similar P content, preferablylow, was conducive to a successful outcome of the screening process.

关键词：磷小麦栽培砂基培养

Minimal conceptual models for tropical cyclone intensification

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Tropical Cyclone Research and Review 2022年第2期11卷 61-75页

作者： Michael T.Montgomery Roger K.smith Department of Meteorology Naval Postgraduate SchoolMontereyCAUSA Meteorological Institute Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany

We examine a hierarchy of minimal conceptual models for tropical cyclone *** models are framed mostly in terms of axisymmetric balance *** the first set of models,the heating rate is prescribed in such a way to mimic a deep overturning circulation with convergence in the lower troposphere and divergence in the upper troposphere,characteristic of a region of deep moist *** the second set,the heating rate is related explicitly to the latent heat release of ascending air *** release of latent heat markedly reduces the local static stability of ascending air,raising two possibilities in the balance *** first possibility is that the effective static stability and the related discriminant in the Eliassen equation for the overturning circulation in saturated air,although small,remains positive so the Eliassen equation is globally *** second possibility,the more likely one during vortex intensification,is that the effective static stability in saturated air is negative and the Eliassen equation becomes locally *** models help to understand the differences between the early Ooyama models of 1968 and 1969,the Emanuel,1989 model,and the later Emanuel models of 1995,1997 and *** provide insight also into the popular explanation of the WISHE feedback mechanism for tropical cyclone *** implications for recent work are discussed.

关键词： Tropical cyclone intensification Conventional spin-up mechanism Minimal models nonlinear boundary layer spin-up mechanism WISHE feedback Mechanism

Physical activity and nutrition attitudes in obese Hispanic children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第39期17卷 4396-4403页

作者： Lana n Hattar Theresa A Wilson Leanel A Tabotabo E O'Brian smith Stephanie H Abrams Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatologyand NutritionBaylor College of Medicine Stephanie H Abrams Department of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine

AIM:To assess nutrition,physical activity and health-ful knowledge in obese children with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(nASH or nA)compared to children without liver ***:Children with biopsy-proven nASH comprised the nASH ***,sex and ethnicity matched control groups consisted of obese(OB)and lean(CO) children with no liver *** were adminis-tered the School Physical Activity and nutrition Survey and one blood draw was ***:Fifty-seven patients were enrolled with a mean age of 12.1±2.1 years,and all were *** though the OB and nA had a similar increased body mass index(%),35%of the nA group always read nutrition labels compared to none in the OB(Pnd more nA children felt their diet is"less healthy".nA consumed the least amount of fruits with only 25%having≥1 fruit/d vs 45%in OB and 64.7% in CO(PnA vs CO).Only 15%of nA subjects performed light exercise vs 35%and 59%of OB and CO groups,respectively(P=0.02).The mean physical activity score was lowest in the nA group(Pngst the subjects with nASH,we found that 100% of patients with grade 2 or 3 fibrosis had a sedentary score>2 compared to only 63.6%of those with grade 1 or no fibrosis(PnCLUSIOn:Children with nASH had increased sedentary behavior,decreased activity,and fruit *** studies may determine the benefit of changing these behaviors as treatment for nASH.

关键词：营养调查西班牙酒精性儿童体育锻炼肥胖肝炎脂肪

Optimization of operational strategies for rich gas enhanced oil recovery based on a pilot test in the Bakken tight oil reservoir

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Petroleum Science 2023年第5期20卷 2921-2938页

作者： Xincheng Wan Lu Jin nicholas A.Azzolina Jin Zhao Xue Yu Steven A.smith James A.Sorensen Energy&Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota15 North 23rd StreetStop 9018Grand ForksND58202-9018USA

Horizontal well drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing have been demonstrated as effective approaches for stimulating oil production in the Bakken tight oil ***,after multiple years of production,primary oil recovery in the Bakken is generally less than 10%of the estimated original oil in *** huff‘n’puff(HnP)has been tested in the Bakken Formation as an enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method;however,most field pilot test results showed no significant incremental oil *** of the factors affecting HnP EOR performance is premature gas breakthrough,which is one of the most critical issues observed in the field because of the presence of interwell ***,injected gas rapidly reaches adjacent production wells without contacting reservoir rock and increasing oil *** conformance control is therefore needed to avoid early gas breakthrough and improve EOR *** this study,a rich gas EOR pilot in the Bakken was carefully analyzed to collect the essential reservoir and operational data.A simulation model with 16 wells was then developed to reproduce the production history and predict the EOR performance with and without conformance *** operational strategies,including single-and multiple-well HnP,with different gas injection constraints were *** simulation results of single-well HnP without conformance control showed that a rich gas injection rate of at least 10 MMscfd was needed to yield meaningful incremental oil *** strategy of conformance control via water injection could significantly improve oil production in the HnP well,but injecting an excessive amount of water also leads to water breakthrough and loss of oil production in the offset *** analyzing the production performance of the wells individually,the arrangement of wells was optimized for multiple-well HnP *** multiwell results showed that rich gas EOR could improve oil production up to 7.4%by employing confor

关键词： Rich gas injection Bakken tight oil reservoir EOR strategies Conformance control Embedded discrete fracture model

The benefits of being dominant:health correlates of male social rank and age in a marmot

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Current Zoology 2022年第1期68卷 19-26页

作者： Kenta UCHIDA Rachel nG Samuel A.VYDRO Jennifer E.smith Daniel T.BLUMSTEIn Department of Ecology&Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA Department of Biology Mills CollegeOaklandCA 94613USA The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested ButteCO 81224USA

The benefits of dominance may not come without costs,particularly for *** example,the“immunocompetence handicap hypothesis”states that males with enhanced mating success allocate resources to enhance reproductive output at a cost to their current health,whereas the“resource quality hypothesis”predicts that high-ranking males may benefit from increased reproduction and good *** the predictions from each have been well tested in captive animals and in a variety of highly social primates,fewer studies have been carried out in free-living,facultatively social *** adult male yellow-bellied marmots(Marmota flaviventer),we evaluated predictions of these hypotheses by examining the relationship between social rank and 2 health indicators—fecal glucocorticoid metabolite(FCM)levels,and neutrophil/lymphocyte(n/L)ratios—after accounting for variation explained by age,body mass,and *** found that higher-ranking males tended to have a lower n/L ratio(reflecting good health)than lower-ranking individuals,whereas FCM levels were not significantly related to *** addition,heavier male marmots had lower n/L ratios,whereas body mass was not associated with FCM *** also found that older adult males had lower FCM levels(reflecting less physiological stress)but higher n/L ratios than younger ***,we found that FCM levels decreased as the active season progressed and FCM levels were associated with the time of the ***,our results suggest that socially-dominant male marmots enjoyed better,not worse health in terms of lower n/L ratios.

关键词： immunocompetence handicap hypothesis life history trade-offs n/L ratio physiological stress resource quality hypothesis

Oxidative stress and male reproductive health

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 31-38页

作者： Robert J Aitken Tegan B smith Matthew S Jobling Mark A Baker Geoffry n De Iuliis Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science Discipline of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and IT University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia

One of the major causes of defective sperm function is oxidative stress, which not only disrupts the integrity of sperm DnA but also limits the fertilizing potential of these cells as a result of collateral damage to proteins and lipids in the sperm plasma membrane. The origins of such oxidative stress appear to involve the sperm mitochondria, which have a tendency to generate high leve｜s of superoxide anion as a prelude to entering the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Unfortunately, these cells have very little capacity to respond to such an attack because they only possess the first enzyme in the base excision repair （BER） pathway, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 （OGG1）. The latter successfully creates an abasic site, but the spermatozoa cannot process the oxidative lesion further because they lack the downstream proteins （APE1, XRCC1） needed to complete the repair process. It is the responsibility of the oocyte to continue the BER pathway prior to initiation of S-phase of the first mitotic division. If a mistake is made by the oocyte at this stage of development, a mutation will be created that will be represented in every cell in the body. Such mechanisms may explain the increase in childhood cancers and other diseases observed in the offspring of males who have suffered oxidative stress in their germ line as a consequence of age, environmental or lifestyle factors. The high prevalence of oxidative DnA damage in the spermatozoa of male infertility patients may have implications for the health of children conceived in vitro and serves as a driver for current research into the origins of free radical generation in the germ line.

关键词： DnA damage oxidative stress oxoguanine glycosylase 1 oocyte spermatozoa

Would behavioral thermoregulation enable pregnant viviparous tropical lizards to cope with a warmer world?

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Integrative Zoology 2017年第5期12卷 379-395页

作者： Saúl LÓPEZ-ALCAIDE Miguel nAKAMURA Eric n.smith Enrique MARTÍnEZ-MEYER Departament of Zoology Institute of BiologyNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico Center for Research in Mathematics GuanajuatoMexico Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center and Department of Biology University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexasUSA

Sceloporus lizards depend on external heat to achieve their preferred temperature(Tsel)for performing physiological *** both in the field and laboratory indicates that pregnant females of this Genus select body temperatures(Tb)lower than 34℃ as higher temperatures may be lethal to ***,thermoregulation is crucial for successful embryo *** the increase in global air temperature,it is expected that the first compensatory response of species that inhabit tropical climates will be behavioral *** tested whether viviparous Sceloporus formosus group lizards in the wild exhibited differences in thermoregulatory behavior to achieve the known Tsel for developing embryos regardless of local thermal *** quantified field active body temperature,thermoregulatory behavior mechanisms(time of sighting,microhabitat used and basking time)and available microhabitat thermal conditions(*** temperature)for 10 lizard species during gestation,distributed along an altitudinal *** applied both conventional and phylogenic analyses to explore whether Tb or behavioral thermoregulation could be regulated in response to different thermal *** species showed no significant differences in field Tb during gestation regardless of local thermal *** contrast,they exhibited significant differences in their behavioral thermoregulation associated with local environmental *** on these observations,the differences in thermoregulatory behavior identified are interpreted as compensatory adjustments to local thermal *** conclude that these species may deal with higher temperatures predicted for the tropics by modulating their thermoregulatory behavior.

关键词： altitudinal gradient behavior global warming Sceloporus formosus thermal stress

Landsat 8 and Alos DEM geological mapping reveals the architecture of the giant Mesoproterozoic Kunene Complex anorthosite suite(Angola/namibia)

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第5期14卷 308-328页

作者： Jeremie Lehmann Alan M.Brower Trishya M.Owen-smith Grant M.Bybee Ben Hayes Department of Geology University of JohannesburgSouth Africa Jurumani Solutions Midrand 1685South Africa School of Geosciences University of the Witwatersrand2050 JohannesburgSouth Africa

The quasi-monomineralic composition and huge spatial extent of massif-type anorthosites make detecting lithological regions and boundaries *** use processed Landsat 8 OLI multispectral images and ALOS digital elevation models integrated with field and petrographic observations to characterize the architecture of the≥17,000 km2 Mesoproterozoic Kunene Complex(KC)anorthosite suite in Angola and *** of false colour composite bands 6,4 and 1 and band ratios 4/2(ferric minerals),6/5(ferrous minerals)and 6/7(OH-bearing minerals),as well as assessment of the PCA and MnF matrices of eigenvectors and eigenvalues from Landsat 8 data using available spectral libraries,have substantially improved the interpretation of the Kunene Complex rock types and *** dataset shows that the reflectance signature of KC anorthositic rocks is primarily a function of the degree of metasomatism,which is most significant in olivine-poor rock *** weathering intensity of the olivine-bearing anorthosite substrate is another control on the remote sensing *** remote sensing and field-based approach has enabled us to divide the KC anorthosite suite into six distinct spectral and architecture domains and at least four distinct magmatic plutons when considering available high-precision geochronological *** northernmost pluton(ca.1380 Ma)of massive,olivine-bearing anorthosite shows distinct remote sensing signatures in the band ratio and MnF images marked by the dominance of OH-bearing and subordinate ferric *** central pluton(1412–1400 Ma)is composed of nnE-to n-striking steeply dipping interlayered olivine-bearing and olivinepoor anorthosite,which correspond to ridges of dark-coloured,low albedo rocks with subordinate slightly oxidised ferrous mineral spectral signatures,and valleys of low albedo and OH-bearing mineral spectral signatures.A nnE-striking tectonic zone along a linear belt of KC granite gneiss separates the northern and central plu

关键词： Remote sensing Structural geology LAnDSAT 8 Alos DEM Lineaments Proterozoic massif-type anorthosite

Water balloon-induced orbital fracture in an aviator

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Military Medical Research 2020年第2期7卷 245-248页

作者： Timothy E.Holland David M.smith Guy n.Gibson Jared G.Brinkerhoff Flight and Operational Medical Clinic 78th Medical Group655 Seventh StreetRobins Air Force BaseRobinsGA 31098USA Department of Radiology Ehrling Bergquist Clinic2501 Capehart RdOffutt AFBNEOffutt 68113-2160USA Flight and Operational Medical Clinic 5th Medical Group194 Missilie AveMinot AFBNDMinot 58705USA

Background:Orbital fractures are common injuries found in facial *** etiologies of orbital fractures include motor vehicle collisions and *** report the case of a 32-year-old male who suffered an orbital fracture from a water ***,we describe the aeromedical complications that may result from this ***,we attempt to answer the question of when a patient may return to flying after sustaining such an injury through review of the *** presentation:A 32-year-old male pilot with the United States Air Force was at an outdoor event with his unit when he was struck with a water balloon launched from a sling shot into his left *** afterwards,he had an onset of subcutaneous emphysema and was escorted to a nearby Emergency *** tomography identified an orbital fracture with associated orbital and subcutaneous *** patient was evaluated by a plastic surgeon and was determined not to be a surgical *** weeks later,he returned to flying ***:Water balloons are thought to be safe and harmless ***,when coupled with sling shots,water balloons can become formidable projectiles capable of significant orbital injury including orbital *** injuries are concerning to aviators,as the most common sites for fractures of the orbit are the thin ethmoid and maxillary bones adjacent to the *** altitude,gases in the sinuses may expand and enter the orbit through these fractures,which may suddenly incapacitate the *** is important for flight surgeons to identify and assess these individuals to determine suitability for flying.

关键词： Boyle’s law Orbital emphysema Facial fracture

Soil inorganic carbon sequestration through alkalinity regeneration using biologically induced weathering of rock powder and biochar

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Soil Ecology Letters 2022年第4期4卷 293-306页

作者： Muhammad Azeem Sajjad Raza Gang Li Pete smith Yong-Guan Zhu Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Ningbo Observation and Research Station Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China Zhejiang Key Lab of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in BeilunNingbo 315830China Institute of Soil and Environmental Science Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiPunjab 46300Pakistan School of Geographical Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 21000China Institute of Biological&Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen23 St Machar DriveAberdeen AB243UUUK

Soil inorganic carbon(SIC)accounts for about half of the C reserves worldwide and is considered more stable than soil organic carbon(SOC).However,soil acidification,driven mainly by nitrogen(n)fertilization can accelerate SIC losses,possibly leading to complete loss under continuous and intensive n ***-free soils are less fertile,productive,and more prone to ***,minimizing carbonate losses is essential for soil health and climate change ***/mineral residues or powder have been suggested as a cheaper source of amendments to increase soil ***,slow mineral dissolution limits its efficient *** microorganisms play a vital role in the weathering of rocks and their inoculation with mineral residues can enhance dissolution *** is an alternative material for soil amendments,in particular,bone biochar(BBC)contains higher Ca and Mg that can induce even higher *** review covers i)the contribution and mechanism of rock residues in alkalinity generation,ii)the role of biochar or BBC to soil alkalinity,and iii)the role of microbial inoculation for accelerating alkalinity generation through enhanced mineral *** conclude that using rock residues/BBC combined with microbial agents could mitigate soil acidification and SIC losses and also improve agricultural circularity.

关键词： Soil acidity Climate change Valorizing of waste Biological weathering