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sTCF conceptual design report (Volume 1): Physics & detector

Frontiers of physics 2024年第1期19卷 1-154页

作者： M.Achasov X.C.Ai L.P.An R.Aliberti Q.An X.Z.bai Y.bai O.bakina A.barnyakov V.blinov V.bobrovnikov D.bodrov A.bogomyagkov A.bondar I.boyko Z.H.bu F.M.Cai H.Cai j.j.Cao Q.H.Cao X.Cao Z.Cao Q.Chang K.T.Chao D.Y.Chen H.Chen H.X.Chen j.F.Chen K.Chen L.L.Chen P.Chen s.L.Chen s.M.Chen s.Chen s.P.Chen W.Chen X.Chen X.F.Chen X.R.Chen Y.Chen Y.Q.Chen H.Y.Cheng j.Cheng s.Cheng T.G.Cheng j.P.Dai L.Y.Dai X.C.Dai D.Dedovich A.Denig I.Denisenko j.M.Dias D.Z.Ding L.Y.Dong W.H.Dong V.Druzhinin D.s.Du Y.j.Du Z.G.Du L.M.Duan D.Epifanov Y.L.Fan s.s.Fang Z.j.Fang G.Fedotovich C.Q.Feng X.Feng Y.T.Feng j.L.Fu j.Gao Y.N.Gao P.s.Ge C.Q.Geng L.s.Geng A.Gilman L.Gong T.Gong b.Gou W.Gradl j.L.Gu A.Gueva.a L.C.Gui A.Q.Guo F.K.Guo j.C.Guo j.Guo Y.P.Guo Z.H.Guo A.Guskov K.L.Han L.Han M.Han X.Q.Hao j.b.He s.Q.He X.G.He Y.L.He Z.b.He Z.X.Heng b.L.Hou T.j.Hou Y.R.Hou C.Y.Hu H.M.Hu K.Hu R.j.Hu W.H.Hu X.H.Hu Y.C.Hu j.Hua G.s.Huang j.s.Huang M.Huang Q.Y.Huang W.Q.Huang X.T.Huang X.j.Huang Y.b.Huang Y.s.Huang N.Hüsken V.Iva.ov Q.P.ji j.j.jia s.j.a Z.K.jia H.b.jiang j.jiang s.Z.jiang j.b.jiao Z.jiao H.j.jing X.L.Kang X.s.Kang b.C.Ke M.Kenzie A.Khoukaz I.Koop E.Kravchenko A.Kuzmin Y.Lei E.Levichev C.H.Li C.Li D.Y.Li F.Li G.Li G.Li H.b.Li H.Li H.N.Li H.j.Li H.L.Li j.M.Li j.Li L.Li L.Li L.Y.Li N.Li P.R.Li R.H.Li s.Li T.Li W.j.Li X.Li X.H.Li X.Q.Li X.H.Li Y.Li Y.Y.Li Z.j.Li H.Liang j.H.Liang Y.T.Liang G.R.Liao L.Z.Liao Y.Liao C.X.Lin D.X.Lin X.s.Lin b.j.Liu C.W.Liu D.Liu F.Liu G.M.Liu H.b.Liu j.Liu j.j.Liu j.b.Liu K.Liu K.Y.Liu K.Liu L.Liu Q.Liu s.b.Liu T.Liu X.Liu Y.W.Liu Y.Liu Y.L.Liu Z.Q.Liu Z.Y.Liu Z.W.Liu I.Logashenko Y.Long C.G.Lu j.X.Lu N.Lu Q.F.Lü Y.Lu Y.Lu Z.Lu P.Lukin F.j.Luo T.Luo X.F.Luo Y.H.Luo H.j.Lyu X.R.Lyu j.P.Ma P.Ma Y.Ma Y.M.Ma F.Maas s.Malde D.Matvienko Z.X.Meng R.Mitchell A.Nefediev Y.Nefedov s.L.olsen Q.Ouyang P.Pakhlov G.Pakhlova.X.Pan Y.Pan E.Passemar Y.P.Pei H.P.Peng L.Peng X.Y.Peng X.j.Peng K.Peters s.Pivova.ov E.Pyata b.b.Qi Y.Q.Qi W.b.Qian Y.Qian C.F.Qiao j.j.Qin j.j.Qin L.Q.Qin X.s.Qin T.L.Qiu j.Rademacker C.F.Redmer H.Y.sang Anhui University Hefei 230039China beihang University Beijing 100191China budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Novosibirsk 630090Russia CAs Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Cavendish Laboratory University of CambridgeJJ Thomson AveCambridge CB30HEUnited Kingdom Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079China Central south University Changsha 410083China China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074China China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221116China École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL) LausanneSwitzerland Fudan University Shanghai 200433China Goethe University Frankfurt D-60325 Frankfurt am MainGermany Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004China Guangxi Uninversity Nanning 530004China Hangzhou Institute for Adva.ced study UCASHangzhou 310024China Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024China Hebei University Baoding 071002China Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230601China Helmholtz Institute Mainz Staudinger Weg 18D-55099 MainzGermany Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007China Henan University Kaifeng 475004China High Energy Physics Center Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul 06974Korea Higher school of Economy 11 Pokrovsky bulva. Moscow 109028Russia Huangshan University Huangshan 245000China Hubei University of Automotive Technology Shiyan 442002China Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081China Hunan University of science and Technology Xiangtan 411201China Hunan University Changsha 410082China Indiana University BloomingtonIndiana 47405USA Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021China Institute of Adva.ced science Facilities Shenzhen 518107China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Institute of Physics Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan 11529China Institute of Theoretical Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China jilin University Changch

The superτ-charm facility(sTCF)is an electron–positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community.It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of 0.5×10^(35) cm^(–2)·s^(–1) or higher.The sTCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that of the presentτ-charm factory—the bEPCII,providing a unique platform for exploring the asymmetry of matter-antimatter(charge-parity violation),in-depth studies of the internal structure of hadrons and the nature of non-perturbative strong interactions,as well as searching for exotic hadrons and physics beyond the standard Model.The sTCF project in China is under development with an extensive R&D program.This document presents the physics opportunities at the sTCF,describes conceptual designs of the sTCF detector system,and discusses future plans for detector R&D and physics case studies.

关键词： electron–positron collider tau-charm region high luminosity sTCF detector conceptual design

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Reduction of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord following repetitive blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第7期19卷 1548-1552页

作者： shigeharu Tsuda Mustafa Golam jiamei Hou Kevin K.W.Wang Floyd j.Thompson Prodip bose brain Rehabilitation Research Center Malcom Randall VA Medical CenterNorth Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health SystemGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Anesthesiology College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Emergency Medicine University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Neuroscience University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Neurology University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA

Traumatic brain inju ry-induced unfavorable outcomes in human patients have independently been associated with dysregulated levels of monoamines,especially epinephrine,although few preclinical studies have examined the epinephrine level in the central nervous system after traumatic brain injury.Epinephrine has been shown to regulate the activities of spinal motoneurons as well as increase the heart rate,blood pressure,and blood flow to the hindlimb muscles.Therefore,the purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of repeated blast-induced traumatic brain injury on the epinephrine levels in seve ral function-s pecific central nervous system regions in rats.Following three repeated blast injuries at 3-day interva.s,the hippocampus,motor cortex,locus coeruleus,vestibular nuclei,and lumbar spinal cord were harvested at post-injury day eight and processed for epinephrine assays using a high-sensitive electrochemical detector cou pled with high-performance liquid chromatography.Our results showed that the epinephrine levels were significantly decreased in the lumbar spinal cord tissues of blast-induced traumatic brain injury animals compared to the levels detected in age-and sex-matched sham controls.In other function-specific central nervous system regions,although the epinephrine levels were slightly altered following blast-induced tra u matic brain injury,they were not statistically significant.These results suggest that blast injury-induced significant downregulation of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord could negatively impact the motor and cardiova.cular function.This is the first repo rt to show altered epinephrine levels in the spinal cord following repetitive mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury.

关键词： balance blood flow cardiova.cular system central nervous system epinephrine ischemic damage lumbar spinal cord muscle tone repeated blast spasticity traumatic brain injury

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Antioxidant potential,tannin and polyphenol contents of seed and pericarp of three Coffea species

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Asian Pacific journal of Tropical Medicine 2016年第4期9卷 356-362页

作者： va.brigitta Patay Nikolett sali Tams Kszegi Rita Csepregi Viktória Lilla blaz Tibor sebastian Németh Tibor Németh Nóra Papp Institute of Pharmacognosy Medical SchoolUniversity of PcsRókus 2.PcsHungary7624 Department of Laboratory Medicine Medical SchoolUniversity of PcsIfjúsg 13 PcsHungary76243 jnos szentgothai Research Center Ifjúsg 20 PcsHungary.76244 Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of Oradea

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant activity,total phenolic and total tannin content of the pericarp and the seed of Coffea benghalensis(C.benghalensis) and Coffea liberica compared to Coffea arabica(C.arabica).Methods:The antioxidant potential,total tannin and polyphenol contents of the immature and mature seed and pericarp of C.benghalensis and Coffea liberica were quantified and compared to C.arabica.Enhanced chemiluminescence(ECL).2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydruzyl(DPPH).oxygen radical absorbance capacity,Folin-Ciocaltcau method and total tannin content assays were used.Results:Trolox equiva.ent(TE/g plant material) va.ues obtained by ECL and DPPH methods showed loose correlation(r^2=0.587)while those measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay were higher without correlation in each plant.A closer correlation was detected between the ECL method and the percentage antioxidant activity of the DPPH technique(r^2=0.610 7) in each species,however the immature pericarp of C.benghalensis showed much higher DPPH scavenging potential than was seen in the ECL assay.The immature pericarp of C.benghalensis expressed the highest tannin and polyphenol content,and a high polyphenol level was also detected in the immature seed of C.arabica.The immature pericarp of bengal and Liberian coffees showed the largest amount of phenolic contents.Conclusions:The obtained data highlight the potential role of C.benghalensis as a new source of natural antioxidants and polyphenols compared to C.arabica.

关键词： Coffee 2,2-diphcnyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Enhanced chemiluminescence Folin-Ciocalteau Oxygen radical absorbance capacity Total tannin method

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Fe^(3+)-substitution effect on the thermal va.iation of j-E characteristics and DC resistivity of quadruple perovskite CaCu_(3)Ti_(4)O_(12)

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journal of semiconductors 2022年第3期43卷 47-56页

作者： Kunal b.Modi Pooja Y.Rava. Dolly j.Parekh shrey K.Modi Niketa P.joshi Akshay R.Makadiya Nimish H.va.oya Utpal s.j.shi Department of Physics Saurashtra UniversityRajkot 360005India Department of Physics C.U.Shah UniversityWadhwan CitySurendranagar 363030India Department of Environment Engineering L.D.Engineering CollegeAhmedabad 380015India Department of balbhava. Children´s UniversitySector-20Gandhinagar 382015India Department of Physics University School of SciencesGujarat UniversityAhmedabad 380009India

The electrical properties of cubic perovskite series,CaCu_(3-x)Ti_(4-x)Fe_(2x)O_(12)with x=0.0,0.1,0.3,0.5,and 0.7,have been studied by employing current density as a function of electric field characteristics registered at different temperatures and thermal va.iations of direct current electrical resistivity measurements.All of the compositions exhibit strong non-ohmic behavior.The concentration dependence of breakdown field,the temperature at which switching action takes place,and maximum va.ue of current density(j_(max))has been explained on account of structural,microstructural,and positron lifetime parameters.The highest ever reported va.ue of j_(max)=327 mA/cm^(2)has been observed for pristine composition.The va.ues of the nonlinear coefficient advise the suitability of ceramics for low-voltage va.istor applications.The Arrhenius plots show typical semiconducting nature.The activa.ion energy va.ues indicate that electric conduction proceeds through electrons with deformation in the system.

关键词： perovskites magnetic materials j-E characteristics capacitor

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Accuracy of biometric formulae for intraocular lens power calculation in a teaching hospital

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International journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2020年第1期13卷 61-65页

作者： Kevin s Tang Elaine M Tran Allison j Chen David R Rivera jorge j Rivera Paul b Greenberg Division of Ophthalmology Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityProvidence 02903Rhode IslandUSA section of Ophthalmology Providence VA Medical CenterProvidence 02908Rhode IslandUSA shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology University of California San DiegoLa Jolla 92093CaliforniaUSA

AIM: To eva.uate the accuracy of three commonly used biometric formulae across different axial lengths(ALs) at one United states Veterans Affairs teaching hospital.METHODs: A retrospective chart review was conducted from November 2013 to May 2018. One eye of each patient who underwent cataract surgery with a monofocal intraocular lens(Iol) was included. The range of postoperative follow-up period was from 3 wk to 4 mo. The Holladay 2, barrett Universal II, and Hill-Radial basis Function(Hill-RbF) formulae were used to predict the postoperative refraction for all cataract surgeries. For each formula, we calculated the prediction errors [including mean absolute prediction error(MAE)] and the percentage of eyes within ±0.25 diopter(D) and ±0.5 D of predicted refraction. We performed subgroup analyses for short(ALs(AL>25.0 mm).REsULTs: A total of 1131 patients were screened, and 909 met the inclusion criteria. Resident ophthalmologists were the primary surgeons in 710(78.1%) cases. We found no statistically significant difference in predictive accuracy among the three formulae over the entire AL range or in the short, medium, and long eye subgroups. Across the entire AL range, the Hill-RbF formula resulted in the lowest MAE(0.384 D) and the highest percentage of eyes with postoperative refraction within ±0.25 D(42.7%) and ±0.5 D(75.5%) of predicted. All three formulae had the highest MAEs(>0.5 D) and lowest percentage within ±0.5 D of predicted refraction(short eyes.CONCLUsION: In cataract surgery patients at our teaching hospital, three commonly used biometric formulae demonstrate similar refractive accuracy across all ALs. short eyes pose the greatest challenge to predicting postoperative refractive error.

关键词： cataract surgery biometry intraocular lens power calculation

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INTERFACIAL sTRUCTURAL RELATIONsHIP bETWEENs'(Al_2CuMg) AND ALUMINUM

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Acta Metallurgica sinica(English Letters) 1997年第4期10卷 304-310页

作者： Q.b. Yang G.j shifietand E.A. starke, jr(Department of Physics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China)(Depedment of Materials science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesvil1e, va.2903, UsA) Xiangtan Univ Xiangtan China

A clear understanding of the structure of the s precipitates which are present in Al-Li-X alloys is verp imporiant because the s -phase decreases the localization of strainand promotes less anisotropic properties during deformation. The close structural re-lationship between the s-phase and the Al matrix and their possible intedece bound-ary strvcture are described in detail. The proposed model is in good agreement with::::rimental obserwations. The dynamics Of the phase trunWrmation and possiblermation mechani8ms for the s,-phase are also proposed.

关键词： Al-Li alloy s-phase structure

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search for two-neutrino double-beta decay of^(136)Xe to the 0^(+)_(1)excited state of 136ba with the complete EXO-200 dataset

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Chinese Physics C 2023年第10期47卷 1-9页

作者： s.Al Kharusi G.Anton I.badhrees P.s.barbeau D.beck V.belov T.bhatta M.breidenbach T.brunner G.F.Cao W.R.Cen C.Chambers b.Cleveland M.Coon A.Craycraft T.Daniels L.Darroch s.j.Daugherty j.Davis s.Delaquis A.Der Mesrobian-Kabakian R.DeVoe j.Dilling A.Dolgolenko M.j.Dolinski j.Echevers W.Fairbank jr. D.Fairbank j.Farine s.Feyzbakhsh P.Fierlinger Y.s.Fu D.Fudenberg P.Gautam R.Gornea G.Gratta C.Hall E.V.Hansen j.Hoessl P.Hufschmidt M.Hughes A.Iverson A.jamil C.jessiman M.j.jewell A.johnson A.Karelin L.j.Kaufman T.Koffas R.Krücken A.Kuchenkov K.s.Kumar Y.Lan A.Larson b.G.Lenardo D.s.Leonard G.s.Li s.Li Z.Li C.Licciardi Y.H.Lin R.MacLellan T.McElroy T.Michel b.Mong D.C.Moore K.Murray O.Njoya O.Nusair A.Odian I.Ostrovskiy A.Perna A.Piepke A.Pocar F.Retière A.L.Robinson P.C.Rowson j.Runge s.schmidt D.sinclair K.skarpaas A.K.soma V.stekhanov M.Tarka s.Thibado j.Todd T.Tolba T.I.Totev R.Tsang b.Veenstra V.Veeraraghava. P.Vogel j.-L.Vuilleumier M.Wagenpfeil j.Watkins M.Weber L.j.Wen U.Wichoski G.Wrede s.X.Wu Q.Xia D.R.Yahne L.Yang Y.-R.Yen O.Ya.Zeldovich T.Ziegler 无 Physics Department McGill UniversityMontrealQuebec H3A 2T8Canada Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics(ECAP) Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen 91058Germany Physics Department Carleton UniversityOttawaOntario K1S 5B6Canada Department of Physics Duke Universityand Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory(TUNL)DurhamNorth Carolina 27708USA Physics Department University of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignIllinois 61801USA Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics named by A.I.Alikhanov of National Research Centre“Kurchatov Institute” Moscow 117218Russia Department of Physics University of South DakotaVermillionSouth Dakota 57069USA sLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo ParkCalifornia 94025USA TRIUMF VancouverBritish Columbia V6T 2A3Canada Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing 100049China Department of Physics Laurentian UniversitySudburyOntario P3E 2C6Canada Physics Department Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado 80523USA Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography University of North Carolina at WilmingtonWilmingtonNC 28403USA Physics Department and CEEM Indiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana 47405USA Physics Department Stanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305USA Department of Physics Drexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104USA Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department University of MassachusettsAmherstMA 01003USA Technische Universität München Physikdepartment and Excellence Cluster UniverseGarching 80805Germany Physics Department University of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland 20742USA Department of Physics and Astronomy University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabama 35487USA Wright Laboratory Department of PhysicsYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut 06511USA Ibs Center for Underground Physics Daejeon 34126Korea Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook UniversitySUNYStony BrookNew York 11794USA Kellogg Lab CaltechPasadenaCalifornia 91125USA LHEP Albert Einstein CenterUniversi

A new search for two-neutrino double-beta(2νββ)decay of^(136)Xe to the 0+1 excited state of 136ba is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset.A deep learning-based convolutional neural network is used to discriminate signal from background events.signal detection efficiency is increased relative to previous searches by EXO-200 by more than a factor of two.With the addition of the Phase II dataset taken with an upgraded detector,the median 90%confidence level half-life sensitivity of 2νββdecay to the 0+1 state of 136ba is 2.9×10^(24)yr using a total^(136)Xe exposure of 234.1 kg yr.No statistically significant evidence for 2νββdecay to the 0^(+)_(1)state is observed,leading to a lower limit of T2ν1/2(0^(+)→0^(+)_(1))>1.4×10^(24)yr at 90%confidence level,improved by 70%relative to the current world's best constraint.

关键词： EXO-200 experiment neutrinoless double beta decay excited state

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Improvement in Hurst exponent estimation and its application to financial markets

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Financial Innova.ion 2022年第1期8卷 2317-2337页

作者： A.Gómez-Águila j.E.Trinidad-segovia M.A.sánchez-Granero Department of Mathematics(AGA and MAsG)and Department of Economics and business.j.Ts) University of Almería04120 AlmeríaSpain

This research aims to improve the efficiency in estimating the Hurst exponent in financial time series.A new procedure is developed based on equality in distribution and is applicable to the estimation methods of the Hurst exponent.We show how to use this new procedure with three of the most popular algorithms(generalized Hurst exponet,total triangles area,and fractal dimension)in the literature.Findings show that this new approach improves the accuracy of the original methods,mainly for longer series.The second contribution of this study is that we show how to use this methodology to test whether the series is self-similar,constructing a confidence interva. for the Hurst exponent for which the series satisfies this property.Finally,we present an empirical application of this new procedure to stocks of the s&P500 index.similar to previous contributions,we consider this to be releva.t to financial literature,as it helps to avoid inappropriate interpretations of market efficiency that can lead to erroneous decisions not only by market participants but also by policymakers.

关键词： Hurst exponent Long memory Financial market TA algorithm GHE algorithm FD algortihms

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MHD Turbulence studies using Lattice boltzmann Algorithms

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Communications in Computational Physics 2008年第8期4卷 624-646页

作者： G.va.ala b.Keating M.soe j.Yepez L.va.ala j.Carter s.Ziegeler Department of Physics William&MaryWilliamsburgVA 23185USA Department of Ocean&Resources Engineering University of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA Department of Mathematics and Physics Rogers State UniversityClaremoreOK 74017USA Air Force Research Laboratory Hanscom AFBBedfordMA 01731USA Department of Electrical&Computer Engineering Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529USA NERsC Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA High Performance ComputingModernization Program Mississippi State UniversityMS 39762USA

Three dimensional free-decaying MHD turbulence is simulated by lattice boltzmann methods on a spatial grid of 80003 for low and high magnetic Prandtl number.It is verified that∇·b=0 is automatically maintained to machine accuracy throughout the simulation.Isosurfaces of vorticity and current show the persistence of many large scale structures(both magnetic and velocity)for long times—unlike the velocity isosurfaces of Navier-stokes turbulence.

关键词： Turbulence lattice boltzmann method entropy MHD

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When a general morphology allows many habitat uses

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Integrative Zoology 2016年第6期11卷 483-499页

作者： María j.TULLI Félix b.CRUZ Tiana KOHLsDORF Virginia AbDALA Unidad Ejecutora Lillo(CONICET)Instituto de Herpetología Fundación Miguel LilloTucumánArgentina Instituto de Investigaciones en biodiversidad y Medioambiente(INIbIOMA)CONICET-UNCOMA BarilocheRío NegroArgentina Departamento de biologia-FFCLRP Universidade de São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil Instituto de biodiversidad Neotropical UNT-CONICETCátedra de Biología GeneralFacultad de Ciencias Naturales e IMLTucumánArgentina

During the last decades the study of functional morphology received more attention incorporating more detailed data corresponding to the internal anatomy that together contribute for a better understanding of the functional basis in locomotion.Here we focus on 2 lizard families,Tropiduridae and Liolaemidae,and use information related to muscle-tendinous and external morphology traits of hind legs.We investigate whether the va.ue of the traits analyzed tend to exhibit a reduced phenotypic va.iation produced by stabilizing selection,and whether species showing specialization in their habitat use will also exhibit special morphological features related to it.As a result,we identified that evolution of hind limb traits is mainly explained by the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model,suggesting stabilizing selection.Liolaemids and tropidurids show clear ecomorphological trends in the va.iables considered,with sand lizards presenting the most specialized morphological traits.some ecomorphological trends differ between the 2 lineages,and traits of internal morphology tend to be more flexible than those of external morphology,restricting the ability to identify ecomorphs shared between these 2 lineages.Conserva.ive traits of external morphology likely explain such restriction,as ecomorphs have been historically defined in other lizard clades based on va.iation of external morphology.

关键词： external morphology Lioalemidae muscles tendon Tropiduridae

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