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Economic efficiency in fish farming: hope for agro-allied industries in Niagara

Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2008年第1期26卷 104-115页

作者： R.O.KAREEM A.O.DIPEOLU A.b.AROMOLARAN s.b.williams Obafemi Awolowo University Dept.of Agric Economics Ile-Ife Osun State Nigeria

The challenge to increase the efficiency in food production level in Nigeria appears to be more urgent now than it has ever been in the history of the country. This is in view of the rapidly increasing population, the imminent decline in international economic and food aid and the need to conserve foreign exchange earnings through the production of raw materials to feed the growing industrial sector calls for urgent attention. The study was carded out in Ogun state. The descriptive statistics was used to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. The stochastic frontiers production analysis was applied to estimate the technical, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency among the fish farmers in the state. The results of economic efficiency revealed that fish farming is economically efficient with a range of between 55% and 84% efficiency level suggesting a favourable hope for the agro-allied industry such as poultry and cottage industries etc in the state. The result of hypothesis of inefficiency sources models showed that years of experience of fish farmers is significant at 1% probability level indicating the factor contributing to the fish farming experience in the state. Thus, the efficiency is due to the fact that farmers are experienced and fairly educated. On the basis of findings, policy is suggested to be directed towards the encouragement of entrepreneurs in fish farming in the state by providing enabling environment like credit facilities, public enlightenment programme and provision of social amenities like feeder roads, pipe-born water etc and given the fact that an increase in the level of formal education variable leads to less inefficiency, government policy should be focused on adopting the best technology （e.g. fast growing species and equipment ） so as to improve the level of efficiency and investment which shall eventually lead to growth in output of fish fanning and a lead to the establishment of agro-allied industries

关键词： Agro-allied industry efficiency stochastic production frontier Niagara

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Functional mechanism study of the allelochemical myrigalone A identifies a group of ultrapotent inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis in plants

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Plant Communications 2024年第6期5卷 246-262页

作者： George Heslop-Harrison Kazumi Nakabayashi Ana Espinosa-Ruiz Francesca Robertson Robert baines Christopher R.L.Thompson Katrin Hermann David Alabadí Gerhard Leubner-Metzger Robin s.b.williams Centre for biomedical sciences Department of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEgham TW200EXUK Centre for Plant Molecular sciences Department of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEgham TW200EXUK Instituto de biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas(CsIC-UPV) 46022 ValenciaSpain Centre for Life’s Origins and Evolution Department of GeneticsEvolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK syngenta Crop Protection AGSteinSwitzerland

Allelochemicals represent a class of natural products released by plants as root,leaf,and fruit exudates that interfere with the growth and survival of neighboring *** how allelochemicals function to regulate plant responses may provide valuable new approaches to better control plant *** such allelochemical,Myrigalone A(MyA)produced by Myrica gale,inhibits seed germination and seedling growth through an unknown ***,we investigate MyA using the tractable modelDictyostelium discoideum and reveal that its activity depends on the conserved homolog of the plant ethylenesynthesis protein 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO).Furthermore,in silico modeling predicts the direct binding of MyA to ACO within the catalytic *** ***,ablation of ACO mimics the MyA-dependent developmental delay,which is partially restored by exogenous ethylene,and MyA reduces ethylene *** Arabidopsis thaliana,MyA treatment delays seed germination,and this effect is rescued by exogenous *** also mimics the effect of established ACO inhibitors on root and hypocotyl extension,blocks ethylenedependent root hair production,and reduces ethylene ***,in silico binding analyses identify a rangeof highlypotentethylene inhibitorsthatblock ethylene-dependent responseand reduce ethyleneproduction in ***,we demonstrate a molecular mechanism by which the allelochemical MyA reduces ethylene biosynthesis and identify a range of ultrapotent inhibitors of ethylene-regulated responses.

关键词： 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ACC ACC oxidase ACO allelochemicals ethylene synthesis inhibitors structure-activity relationship

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日粮中添加植酸酶和锌对断奶仔猪生产性能及其组织锌浓度的影响

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江西饲料 2007年第2期 30-34,39页

作者： s.b.williams[美国] 徐淑玲（译）魏微（校）不详江西农业大学动物科学技术学院

通过三个试验测定日粮中植酸酶、过量的锌及两者共同对哺乳仔猪的影响。在所有的试验中,每个处理组有5～7栏,每栏有6～7头猪,当日粮中添加植酸酶时,则日粮中钙和有效磷的水平降低0.1%,锌是通过氧化锌的形式添加,试验日粮中含锌水平均为1... 详细信息

通过三个试验测定日粮中植酸酶、过量的锌及两者共同对哺乳仔猪的影响。在所有的试验中,每个处理组有5～7栏,每栏有6～7头猪,当日粮中添加植酸酶时,则日粮中钙和有效磷的水平降低0.1%,锌是通过氧化锌的形式添加,试验日粮中含锌水平均为127mg/kg,本试验的周期为19～21d。在试验1中,试验采用2×3因子试验设计,两个水平的植酸酶(即0和500植酸酶单位/kg)和三水平过量的锌(即0,1000和2000mg/kg)。仔猪(5.7kg和18日龄)被随机分配采食以上日粮。试验表明,平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)随日粮中锌含量的增加而线性增加,第一阶段为(P=0.01～0.06),第二阶段为(P=0.02～0.09),整个试验阶段为(P=0.01～0.02),肉料比(G∶F)也随日粮锌含量的增加而线性增加,但仅限于第一阶段(P=0.01)。当仔猪采食1000或2000mg/kg锌时的同时添加植酸酶可降低第二阶段ADG(锌与植酸酶互作;P=0.10),但对整个试验周期内ADFI没有影响(P=0.27～0.62),并可降低第二阶段G∶F(P=0.01),及整个试验周期内G∶F(P=0.07)。随着日粮锌添加量的增加,血浆中锌含量也随之增加(Zn2,P=0.01),并且不受植酸酶添加的影响(P=0.70)。在试验2中,试验采用2×2因子试验设计,两个水平的植酸酶(即0和500植酸酶单位/kg)和两水平过量的锌(即0和2000mg/kg)。仔猪(5.2kg和18日龄)被随机分配采食以上日粮。试验表明,日粮中锌含量的增加可使第二阶段ADG和肉料比增加(P=0.02～0.09)和整个试验阶段的ADG和G∶F增加(P=0.07～0.08),但对第一阶段ADG和整个试验阶段ADFI的变化没有影响。植酸酶的添加可增加第二阶段ADG(P=0.06)和G∶F(P=0.01)。当仔猪采食2000mg/kgZn和植酸酶时,G∶F值最大(锌与植酸酶互作;P=0.01)。骨(20日龄)中锌和血浆锌(7和20日龄)随着日粮中锌的添加量的增加而增加(P=0.01),但不受植酸酶添加的影响(P=0.51～0.90)。在试验3中,仔猪(5.7kg和19日龄)被随机分配采食添加500植酸酶单位/kg的植酸酶或不添加植酸酶的基础日粮或添加500植酸酶单位/kg的植酸酶或不添加植酸酶且钙和有效磷含量降低0.10%的基础日粮。试验表明,植酸酶的添加对仔猪生产性能没有影响(P=0.21～0.81)。降低钙和有效磷的含量,可降低整个试验周期内ADG,ADFI和G∶F(P=0.02～0.08)。这些试验结果表明,日粮中添加过量的锌可增加ADG及血浆和骨中锌的浓度。日粮中植酸酶对血浆和骨中锌的浓度没有影响。

关键词：生物利用率哺乳仔猪植酸酶氧化锌

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Pyrroloquinoline quinone:a potential neuroprotective compound for neurodegenerative diseases targeting metabolism

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 41-53页

作者： Alessio Canovai Pete A.williams Department of biology University of PisaPisaItaly Department of Clinical Neuroscience Division of Eye and VisionSt.Erik Eye HospitalKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden

Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a quinone described as a cofactor for many bacterial dehydrogenases and is reported to exert an effect on metabolism in mammalian cells/*** quinone is present in the diet being available in foodstuffs,conferring the potential of this compound to be supplemented by dietary *** quinone’s nutritional role in mammalian health is supported by the extensive deficits in reproduction,growth,and immunity resulting from the dietary absence of pyrroloquinoline quinone,and as such,pyrroloquinoline quinone has been considered as a“new vitamin.”Although the classification of pyrroloquinoline quinone as a vitamin needs to be properly established,the wide range of benefits for health provided has been reported in many *** this respect,pyrroloquinoline quinone seems to be particularly involved in regulating cell signaling pathways that promote metabolic and mitochondrial processes in many experimental contexts,thus dictating the rationale to consider pyrroloquinoline quinone as a vital compound for mammalian *** the regulation of different metabolic mechanisms,pyrroloquinoline quinone may improve clinical deficits where dysfunctional metabolism and mitochondrial activity contribute to induce cell damage and *** quinone has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective properties in different experimental models of neurodegeneration,although the link between pyrroloquinoline quinone-promoted metabolism and improved neuronal viability in some of such contexts is still to be fully ***,we review the general properties of pyrroloquinoline quinone and its capacity to modulate metabolic and mitochondrial mechanisms in physiological *** addition,we analyze the neuroprotective properties of pyrroloquinoline quinone in different neurodegenerative conditions and consider future perspectives for pyrroloquinoline quinone’s potential in health and disease.

关键词： metabolism mitochondria neurodegenerative disease neuroprotection pyrroloquinoline quinone retinal diseases

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Intrumer:A Multi Module Distributed Explainable IDs/IPs for securing Cloud Environment

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第1期82卷 579-607页

作者： Nazreen banu A s.K.b.sangeetha Department of Computer science and Engineering SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyVadapalani CampusChennai600026Tamil NaduIndia

The increasing use of cloud-based devices has reached the critical point of cybersecurity and unwanted network *** environments pose significant challenges in maintaining privacy and *** approaches,such as IDs,have been developed to tackle these ***,most conventional Intrusion Detection system(IDs)models struggle with unseen cyberattacks and complex high-dimensional *** fact,this paper introduces the idea of a novel distributed explainable and heterogeneous transformer-based intrusion detection system,named INTRUMER,which offers balanced accuracy,reliability,and security in cloud settings bymultiplemodulesworking together within *** traffic captured from cloud devices is first passed to the TC&TM module in which the Falcon Optimization Algorithm optimizes the feature selection process,and Naie bayes algorithm performs the classification of *** selected features are classified further and are forwarded to the Heterogeneous Attention Transformer(HAT)*** this module,the contextual interactions of the network traffic are taken into account to classify them as normal or malicious *** classified results are further analyzed by the Explainable Prevention Module(XPM)to ensure trustworthiness by providing interpretable *** the explanations fromthe classifier,emergency alarms are transmitted to nearby IDsmodules,servers,and underlying cloud devices for the enhancement of preventive *** experiments on benchmark IDs datasets CICIDs 2017,Honeypots,and NsL-KDD were conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the INTRUMER model in detecting network trafficwith high accuracy for different *** outperforms state-of-the-art approaches,obtaining better performance metrics:98.7%accuracy,97.5%precision,96.3%recall,and 97.8%*** results validate the robustness and effectiveness of INTRUMER in securing diverse cloud environments against sophisticated cyber threats.

关键词： Cloud computing intrusion detection system transformers and explainable artificial intelligence(XAI)

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Neuroinflammation revisited through the microglial lens

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 1989-1990页

作者： Renato socodato João b.Relvas Institute of Research and Innovation in Health(i3s)and Institute for Molecular and Cell biology(IbMC) University of PortoPortoPortugal Department of biomedicine Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto(FMUP)PortoPortugal

Neuroimmunology is emerging as a pivotal field,shedding light on the intricate dialogues between the central nervous system(CNs)and the immune *** exploration is particularly significant in understanding microglia,the CNs’s innate immune cells,beyond the conventional conflation of“neuroinflammation”and“microglial activation.”This conflation has clouded the true complexity of these processes,potentially stalling scientific progress and the development of new *** challenge the long-standing perspectives that have oversimplified these interactions,advocating for a deeper exploration of the dynamic relationship between neuroinflammation and microglial *** dissecting specific molecular pathways,we aim to illuminate their elaborate roles in neuroinflammatory responses,especially in the context of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Here,neuroinflammation is not merely a passive observer or a direct antagonist but a complex agent in the disease’s *** article calls for a significant paradigm shift towards an integrative,multi-omics approach to *** such a comprehensive framework is crucial for advancing our understanding of neuroinflammatory conditions and paving the way for targeted therapeutic strategies for brain diseases.

关键词： inflammation simplified activation

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Federated Learning’s Role in Next-Gen TV Ad Optimization

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第1期82卷 675-712页

作者： Gabriela Dobrita simona-Vasilica Oprea Adela bâra Department of Economic Informatics and Cybernetics Bucharest University of Economic StudiesBucharest010374Romania

In the rapidly evolving landscape of television advertising,optimizing ad schedules to maximize viewer engagement and revenue has become *** methods often operate in silos,limiting the potential insights gained from broader data analysis due to concerns over privacy and data *** article introduces a novel approach that leverages Federated Learning(FL)to enhance TV ad schedule optimization,combining the strengths of local optimization techniques with the power of global Machine Learning(ML)models to uncover actionable insights without compromising data *** combines linear programming for initial ads scheduling optimization with ML—specifically,a K-Nearest Neighbors(KNN)model—for predicting ad spot *** into account the diversity and the difficulty of the ad-scheduling problem,we propose a prescriptivepredictive approach in which first the position of the ads is optimized(using Google’s OR-Tools CP-sAT)and then the scheduled position of all ads will be the result of the optimization ***,this output becomes the target of a predictive task that predicts the position of new entries based on their characteristics ensuring the implementation of the scheduling at large scale(using KNN,Light Gradient boosting Machine and Random Forest).Furthermore,we explore the integration of FL to enhance predictive accuracy and strategic insight across different broadcasting networks while preserving data *** FL approach resulted in 8750 ads being precisely matched to their optimal category placements,showcasing an alignment with the intended diversity ***,there was a minimal deviation observed,with 1133 ads positioned within a one-category variance from their ideal placement in the original dataset.

关键词： Ad scheduling prescriptive-predictive approach federated learning KNN

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The p75 neurotrophin receptor:at the crossroad of neural repair and death

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第5期10卷 721-725页

作者： Rick b.Meeker Kimberly s.williams Department of Neurology University of North Carolina Curriculum in Neurobiology University of North Carolina

The strong repair and pro-survival functions of neurotrophins at their primary receptors, TrkA, Trkb and TrkC, have made them attractive candidates for treatment of nervous system injury and disease. However, difficulties with the clinical implementation of neurotrophin therapies have prompted the search for treatments that are stable, easier to deliver and allow more precise regula- tion of neurotrophin actions. Recently, the p75 neurotrophin receptor （p75wrR） has emerged as a potential target for pharmacological control of neurotrophin activity, supported in part by stud- ies demonstrating 1） regulation of neural plasticity in the mature nervous system, 2） promotion of adult neurogenesis and 3） increased expression in neurons, macrophages, microglia, astro- cytes and/or schwann cells in response to injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the receptor has no intrinsic catalytic activity it interacts with and modulates the function of TrkA, Trkb, and TrkC, as well as sortilin and the Nogo receptor. This provides substantial cellular and molecular diversity for regulation of neuron survival, neurogenesis, immune responses and pro- cesses that support neural function. Upregulation of the p75^NTR under pathological conditions places the receptor in a key position to control numerous processes necessary for nervous system recovery. support for this possibility has come from recent studies showing that small, non-pep- tide p75^NTR ligands can selectively modify pro-survival and repair functions. While a great deal remains to be discovered about the wide ranging functions of the p75^NTR, studies summarized in this review highlight the immense potential for development of novel neuroprotective and neu- rorestorative therapies.

关键词： injury plasticity neurodegenerative disease brain therapy neuron microglia neuralprogenitor

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A techno-economic analysis of aquaculture business in Ogun state,Nigeria

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2009年第2期27卷 415-420页

作者： R. O. KAREEM s. b. williams Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of AgricultureObafemi Awolowo University

Fish supplies 25% of the total protein source in developing countries. A techno-economic analysis was performed for developing a good business proposal for aquaculture loans to enhance aquaculture development in Nigeria. A case study of catfish Clarias gariepinus framing was conducted in Abeokuta North Local Government of Ogun state, Nigeria. The results show that the fixed cost is N18 338 per year, and the variable cost is N459 700 per year, accounting for the largest amount of the total; therefore, a profit of N43 289 per month can be made. sensitivity analysis was performed to assess any risk(s) that associated with unfavorable changes in government policy with particular reference to monetary policy. Positive net present value shows that the investment in fish farm is economically feasible and the net investment ratio is 3.52. Also, the benefit-cost ratio is 2.17. The internal rate of return (IRR) is 21% showing that the enterprise is able to offset the interest being charged on the loan. It is therefore worthwhile to invest into fish farm business in the study area. The study suggests that to better sustain the local aquaculture business, the government should create a good conducive environment to foster development of the fish farming. Government intervention is urgently needed to solve problems such as in traditional land tenure, grant credit facilities and subsidies, to enhance the aquacultural development in the country.

关键词： aquaculture net present value b-C ratio net-investment-ratio internal rate of return

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Microstructure,texture and mechanical behavior characterization of hot forged cast ZK60 magnesium alloy

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Journal of Materials science & Technology 2017年第9期33卷 907-918页

作者： s.M.H.Karparvarfard s.K.shaha s.b.behravesh H.Jahed b.W.williams Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo Canmet MATERIALs Natural Resources Canada

structure with a significant reduction in casting porosity, while the texture changed to sharp basaMeasured mechanical properties of the forged alloy showed that strength did not change, howductility improved by 75%. The analysis of the fracture surface of the forged alloy under tension rea ductile fracture with dimple morphology, while the as-cast alloy displayed a brittle fracture with pores. This demonstrated that the reduction of casting defects and dendritic morphology, as well evolution of recrystallized grains, enhanced ductility, while partial dynamic recrystallization throuforging process resulted in only marginal modification of strength in the forged condition.. 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials sciTechno

关键词： Magnesium Forging Ductility Texture Recrystallization

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