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Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe freeelectron-laser measurements

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2021年第5期6卷 1-12页

作者： Z.Chen X.Na C.B.Curry s.Liang M.French A.Descamps D.P.DePonte J.D.Koralek J.B.Kim s.lebovitz M.Nakatsutsumi B.K.Ofori-Okai R.Redmer C.Roedel M.schörner s.skruszewicz P.sperling s.Toleikis M.Z.Mo s.H.Glenzer sLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo ParkCalifornia 94025USA University of Alberta EdmontonAlberta T6G 1H9Canada Institute of Physics University of RostockD-18051 RostockGermany Aeronautics and Astronautics Department Stanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305USA Northwestern University EvanstonIllinois 60208USA European XFEL 22869 SchenefeldGermany Friedrich schiller University Jena 07743 JenaGermany Technical University Darmstadt 64289 DarmstadtGermany Deutsches Elektronen-synchrotron DEsY 22607 HamburgGermany

The electrical conductivity of water under extreme temperatures and densities plays a central role in modeling planetary magnetic *** data are vital to test theories of high-energy-densitywater and assess the possible development and presence of extraterrestrial *** states are also important in biology and chemistry studies when specimens in water are confined and excited using ultrafast optical or free-electron lasers(FELs).Here we utilize femtosecond optical lasers to measure the transient reflection and transmission of ultrathin water sheet samples uniformly heated by a 13.6 nm FEL approaching a highly conducting state at electron temperatures exceeding 20000 *** experiment probes the trajectory ofwater through the high-energy-density phase space and provides insights into changes in the index of refraction,charge carrier densities,andACelectrical conductivity at optical *** excitation energy densities exceeding 10MJ/kg,the index of refraction falls to n0.7,and the thermally excited free-carrier density reaches ne531027 m−3,which is over an order of magnitude higher than that of the electron carriers produced by direct *** specular reflection is observed owing to critical electron density shielding of electromagnetic *** optical conductivity reaches 23104 s/m,a value that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of simplemetals in a liquid *** electron temperatures below 15000 K,the experimental results agreewell with the theoretical calculations using density-functional theory/molecular-dynamics *** increasing temperature,the electron density increases and the system approaches a Fermi *** this regime,the conductivities agree better with predictions from the Ziman theory of liquid metals.

关键词： pump exceeding state

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