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Comparative study of Transpiration in Cooling Effect of Tree species in the Atmosphere

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第8期6卷 151-166页

作者： s. k. Gupta Jeet Ram Hukum singh Monitoring Evaluation & Audit Uttarakhand Forest Department Dehradun India Department of Forestry and Environmental science Kumaun University Nainital India Ecology Climate Change & Forest Influence Division FRI Dehradun India

Trees create microclimate under their crowns in comparison to the outside ambient atmosphere, which is a result of physical as well as physiological functions of the tree. The cooling produced by trees varies with species due to variation in several anatomical, structural and physiological attributes of the species. Transpiration is one of the most significant physiological functions performed by plants, which affects cooling produced by a tree under its shade. When solar energy impinges on the leaf, water emerges from its surface through transpiration taking the latent heat to convert it into water vapour. This leads to a rise in humidity of the atmosphere and reduction in temperature of the leaf. To remain leaf in equilibrium, it takes heat from the surrounding atmosphere resulting in reduction in temperature of surroundings. since, transpiration takes place through stomata which are normally located on the ventral side of the leaf, this reduction in temperature is more experienced beneath the crown of the tree. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the role of transpiration in cooling effect of five forestry tree species. The cooling produced by tree species under their shades has been found positively correlated to the transpiration rate whereas the rate of transpiration has responded positively to the ambient temperature and water conductance. However, no definite relationship has been found between frequency of open stomata and the rate of transpiration.

关键词： Rate of Transpiration Ambient Temperature Cooling stomata Microclimate Water Conductance Root Pressure

Relationship between abdominal adiposity, cardiovascular fitness, and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in British adolescents

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Journal of sport and Health science 2020年第6期9卷 634-644页

作者： Moira s.Lewitt Julien s.Baker school of Health and Life sciences University of the West of ScotlandPaisley PA12BEScotlandUK Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health science School of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of the West of ScotlandLanarkshire G720LHScotlandUK

Background:Puberty is a critical time in the development of overweight and *** aim of this study was to examine relationships between measures of adiposity,cardiovascular fitness,and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in ***:In a cross-sectional study design,129 girls and 95 boys aged 12.9-14.4 years at various stages of puberty were included,along with their mothers(n=217)and fathers(n=207).Anthropometric assessments of adiposity were made,along with cardiovascular physical fitness,using the 20-m shuttle run test,and biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk,including glucose,insulin,triglyceride,fibrinogen,and C-reactive protein(CRP)***:Waist-to-height ratio values were similar in boys and girls and correlated positively with diastolic blood pressure,insulin,triglyceride,fibrinogen,and CRP concentrations,and inversely with cardiovascular fitness *** thickness measurements were higher in ***-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations were lower in boys than girls,particularly in late puberty,and CRP levels were *** fitness,maternal body mass index(BMI),and paternal BMI contributed independently to the variance in waist measurements in girls and ***,triceps skinfold thickness,and weight-to-height ratio,but not parental BMI,contributed independently to the variance in cardiovascular ***:There is a relationship between measures of adolescent adiposity and parental weight that involves factors other than cardiovascular *** boys have relatively more abdominal fat than girls and a tendency to have a proinflammatory profile of *** observations suggest that family and social environmental interventions are best undertaken earlier in childhood,particularly among boys.

关键词： Adiposity Cardiovascular fitness Cardiovascular risk Inflammation Puberty

Higher-Order Minimizers and Generalized (F,<i>ρ</i>)-Convexity in Nonsmooth Vector Optimization over Cones

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Applied Mathematics 2015年第1期6卷 7-19页

作者： s. k. suneja sunila sharma Malti kapoor Department of Mathematics Miranda House University of Delhi Delhi India Department of Mathematics Motilal Nehru College University of Delhi Delhi India

In this paper, we introduce the concept of a (weak) minimizer of order k for a nonsmooth vector optimization problem over cones. Generalized classes of higher-order cone-nonsmooth (F, ρ)-convex functions are introduced and sufficient optimality results are proved involving these classes. Also, a unified dual is associated with the considered primal problem, and weak and strong duality results are established.

关键词： Nonsmooth Vector Optimization over Cones (Weak) Minimizers of Order k Nonsmooth (F ρ)-Convex Function of Order k

Environmental Assessment of Infrastructure Projects of Water sector in Baghdad, Iraq

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2012年第1期3卷 1-10页

作者： Allaa M. Aenab s. k. singh 不详

In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over Us$3600 in the early 1980s. since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United states (Us) (through the Us Agency for International Development (UsAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.

关键词： Water supply Water and sanitation Wastewater Infrastructure Projects Drinking Water WTPs WWTPs EIA Cost and Benefit

Computational Intelligence Determines Effective Rationality

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2008年第1期5卷 63-66页

作者： Edward P.k.Tsang Centre for Computational Finance and Economic Agents University of EssexColchester CO4 3SQUK

Rationality is a fundamental concept in economics. Most researchers will accept that human beings are not fully rational. Herbert simon suggested that we are ＂bounded rational＂. However, it is very difficult to quantify ＂bounded rationality＂, and therefore it is difficult to pinpoint its impact to all those economic theories that depend on the assumption of full rationality. Ariel Rubinstein proposed to model bounded rationality by explicitly specifying the decision makers＇ decision-making procedures. This paper takes a computational point of view to Rubinstein＇s approach. From a computational point of view, decision procedures can be encoded in algorithms and heuristics. We argue that, everything else being equal, the effective rationality of an agent is determined by its computational power - we refer to this as the computational intelligence determines effective rationality （CIDER） theory. This is not an attempt to propose a unifying definition of bounded rationality. It is merely a proposal of a computational point of view of bounded rationality. This way of interpreting bounded rationality enables us to （computationally） reason about economic systems when the full rationality assumption is relaxed.

关键词： Rationality bounded rationality computational intelligence economics computational intelligence determines effective rationality (CIDER) theory.

A Novel Approach with Time-splitting spectral Technique for the Coupled schrdinger–Boussinesq Equations Involving Riesz Fractional Derivative

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2017年第9期67卷 301-308页

作者： s.saha Ray Department of Mathematics National Institute Technology

In the present paper the Riesz fractional coupled schr6dinger-Boussinesq （s-B） equations have been solved by the time-splitting Fourier spectral （TsFs） method. This proposed technique is utilized for discretizing the schrodinger like equation and further, a pseudospectral discretization has been employed for the Boussinesq-like equation. Apart from that an implicit finite difference approach has also been proposed to compare the results with the solutions obtained from the time-splitting technique. Furthermore, the time-splitting method is proved to be unconditionally stable. The error norms along with the graphical solutions have also been presented here.

关键词： coupled schrsdinger-Boussinesq equations Riesz fractional derivative discrete fourier transform inverse discrete Fourier transform

Microbiota-host interplay at the gut epithelial level,health and nutrition

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Journal of Animal science and Biotechnology 2017年第2期8卷 327-334页

作者： Jean-Paul Lallès Division of Human Nutrition Division INRA Clermont-Ferrand France Human Nutrition Research Center-West Nantes France

Growing evidence suggests the implication of the gut microbiota in various facets of health and disease. In this review, the focus is put on microbiota-host molecular cross-talk at the gut epithelial level with special emphasis on two defense systems： intestinal alkaline phosphatase（IAP） and inducible heat shock proteins（iHsPs）. Both IAP and iHsPs are induced by various microbial structural components（e.g. lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, CpG DNA motifs）,metabolites（e.g. n-butyrate） or secreted signal molecules（e.g., toxins, various peptides, polyphosphate）. IAP is produced in the small intestine and secreted into the lumen and in the interior milieu. It detoxifies microbial components by dephosphorylation and, therefore, down-regulates microbe-induced inflammation mainly by inhibiting NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway in enterocytes. IAP gene expression and enzyme activity are influenced by the gut microbiota. Conversely, IAP controls gut microbiota composition both directly, and indirectly though the detoxification of pro-inflammatory free luminal adenosine triphosphate and inflammation inhibition. Inducible HsPs are expressed by gut epithelial cells in proportion to the microbial load along the gastro-intestinal tract. They are also induced by various microbial components, metabolites and secreted molecules. Whether iHsPs contribute to shape the gut microbiota is presently unknown. Both systems display strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties that are protective to the gut and the host. Importantly, epithelial gene expressions and protein concentrations of IAP and iHsPs can be stimulated by probiotics, prebiotics and a large variety of dietary components, including macronutrients（protein and amino acids, especially L-glutamine, fat, fiber）, and specific minerals（e.g. calcium）and vitamins（e.g. vitamins.k. and k2）. some food components（e.g. lectins, soybean proteins, various polyphenols） may inhibit or disturb these systems. The general cel ular and molecula

关键词： Diet Gut Inducible heat shock protein Inflammation Intestinal alkaline phosphatase Microbiota

Depression and race affect hospitalization costs of heart failure patients

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2015年第2期3卷 39-47页

作者： Baqar A.Husaini Robert s.Levine Meggan L.Novotny Van A.Cain Uchechukwu k.A.sampson Majaz Moonis Center for Prevention Research Tennessee State UniversityNashvilleTNUSA Department of Family and Community Medicine Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA Vanderbilt University Medical Center NashvilleTNUSA Department of Neurology Memorial HospitalWorcesterMAUSA

Objective:Depression and anxiety are frequently observed in heart failure(HF)patients;however,the effect of such factors on hospitalization costs of HF patients,and whether such costs vary by race and gender remain poorly *** analysis delineated the preva-lence of depression/anxiety among HF patients and estimated the effect of race and gender on hospitalization ***:We examined the 2008 files of the Tennessee Hospital Discharge Data system(HDDs)on patients(≥20 years of age)with a primary diagnosis of HF(ICD-9 codes 402,404,and 428)along with demographic data,depression/anxiety diagnoses,hospital costs,and *** the HF sample(n=16,889)53%were female and 23%were *** and gender differences in hospital costs were evaluated for the following three groups:(1)HF patients with depression/anxiety(HF+D);(2)HF-only patients without depression/anxiety(HFO);and(3)HF patients with other mental diagnoses(HF+M).Results:HF was significantly(pks compared to whites,and higher among males than *** 25%of HF patients had depression/anxiety(more whites and females were depressed).HF patients averaged more than 3 comorbidities(blacks had a greater number of comorbidities and hospitalization cost for the year).Costs were higher among HF+D patients compared to HFO *** HF+D patients,costs were higher for black males compared with white *** cost patterns prevailed largely because of higher comorbidities that required more re-admissions and longer hospital ***:Race and depression/anxiety are associated with increased hospitalization costs of HF *** higher costs among blacks reflect the higher burden of comorbidities,such as hypertension and diabetes,which calls for widespread dissemination,adoption,and implementation of proven interventions for the control of these comorbidities.

关键词： Hospitalization costs heart failure race gender depression

General solution and stability of Quattuordecic Functional Equation in Quasi β-Normed spaces

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Advances in Pure Mathematics 2016年第12期6卷 921-941页

作者： k. Ravi J. M. Rassias s. Pinelas s. suresh Department of Mathematics Sacred Heart College Tirupattur Tamil Nadu India Pedagogical Department E. E Section of Mathematics and Informatics National and Capodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece Departamen to de Cincias Exactas e Naturais Amadora Portugal Research and Development Centre Bharathiar University Coimbatore India

In this paper, we introduce the following quattuordecic functional equation f(x+7y)-14f(x+6y)+91f(x+5y)-364f(x+4y)+1001f(x+3y)-2002f(x+2y)+3003f(x+y)-3432f(x)+3003f(x-y)-2002f(x-2y)+1001f(x-3y)-364f(x-4y)+91f(x-5y)-14f(x-6y)+f(x-7y)=14!f(y), investigate the general solution and prove the stability of this quattuordecic functional equation in quasi β-normed spaces by using the fixed point method.

关键词： Quattuordecic Functional Equation Fixed Point Method Hyers-Ulam Rassias stability Quasi-β-Normed space