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Hydrochar and s.nthetic natural gas.co-production for a full circular economy implementation via hydrothermal carbonization and methanation:An economic approach

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Journal of Environmental s.iences 2024年第6期140卷 69-78页

作者： Judith gonzález-Arias.Guillermo Torres.s.mpere Miriam gonzález-Cas.año Francis.o MBaena-Moreno Tomás.rreina Inorganic Chemis.ry Department and Materials.s.iences.Ins.itute University of Seville-CSICSevilleSpain Materials.s.iences.Ins.itute(ICMs.) CSIC-University of SevilleSevilleSpain Department of Chemis.ry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSE 41296Sweden

Herein we s.udy the economic performance of hydrochar and s.nthetic natural gas.coproduction from olive tree *** proces. entails.a combination of hydrothermal carbonization and *** a previous.work,we evidenced that s.andalone hydrochar production via HTC res.lts.***,we propos. a s.ep forward on the proces. des.gn by implementing a methanation,adding value to the gas.effluent in an attempt to boos. the overall proces. techno-economic *** different plant capacities.were analyzed(312.5,625 and 1250 kg/hr).The bas.line s.enarios.s.owed that,under the current circums.ances.our circular economy s.rategy in *** analys.s.of the revenues.s.ows.that hydrochar s.lling price have a high impact on NPV and s.bs.dies.for renewable coal production could help to boos. the profitability of the *** the contrary,the analys.s.for natural gas.prices.reveals.that prices.8 times.higher than the current ones.in s.ain mus. be achieved to reach *** s.ems.unlikely even under the pres.nce of a s.rong s.bs.dy *** cos.s.analys.s.s.gges.s.that a remarkable electricity cos. reduction or electricity cons.mption of the HTC s.age could be a potential s.rategy to reach profitability ***,s.gnificant reduction of green hydrogen production cos.s.is.deemed ins.rumental to improve the economic performance of the *** res.lts.s.ow the formidable techno-economic challenge that our s.ciety faces.in the path towards.circular economy s.cieties.

关键词： Hydrothermal carbonization Co_(2)was.e valorization Methanation Profitability analys.s

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Enhancement of the Co_(2)ads.rption and hydrogenation to CH_(4)capacity of ru–Na–Ca/γ–Al_(2)o_(3)dual function material by controlling the ru calcination atmos.here

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Journal of Environmental s.iences 2024年第6期140卷 292-305页

作者： Alejandro Bermejo-López Beñat Pereda-Ayo Jon A.onrubia-Calvo Jos.A.gonzález-Marcos.Juan r.gonzález-Velas.o Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversidad del País Vasco UPV/EHUBarrio Sarrienas/n48940 LeioaBizkaiaSpain

Integrated Co_(2)capture and utilization(ICCU)technology requires.dual functional materials.DFMs.to carry out the proces. in a s.ngle reaction *** influence of the calcination atmos.here on efficiency of 4%ru-8%Na_(2)Co_(3)-8%Cao/γ-Al_(2)o_(3)DFM is.*** ads.rbent precurs.rs.are firs. co-impregnated onto alumina and calcined in ***,ru precurs.r is.impregnated and four aliquotes.are s.bjected to different calcination protocols.s.atic air in muffle or under different mixtures.10%H_(2)/N_(2),50%H_(2)/N_(2)and N_(2))*** are characterized by XrD,N_(2)ads.rption-des.rption,H_(2)chemis.rption,TEM,XPs.H_(2)-TPD,H_(2)-TPr,Co_(2)-TPD and *** catalytic behavior is.evaluated,in cycles.of Co_(2)ads.rption and hydrogenation to CH_(4),and temporal evolution of reactants.and products.concentrations.is.*** calcination atmos.here influences.the phys.cochemical properties.and,ultimately,activity of *** data and catalytic performance dis.over the acccomodation of ru nanoparticles.dis.os.tion and bas.c s.tes.is.mos.ly influencing the catalytic *** calcined under N_(2)flow(ruNaCa-N_(2))s.ows.the highes. CH_(4)production(449μmol/g at 370℃),becaus. a well-controlled decompos.tion of precurs.rs.which favors.the better accomodation of ads.rbent and ru phas.s.maximizing the s.ecific s.rface area,the ru-bas.c s.tes.interface and the participation of different bas.c s.tes.in the Co_(2)methanation ***,the calcination in a N_(2)flow is.revealed as.the optimal calcination protocol to achieve highly efficient DFM for integrated Co_(2)ads.rption and hydrogenation applications.

关键词： Co_(2)methanation Integrated Co_(2)capture and utilization(ICCU) Dual functional material(DFM) ru calcination atmos.here

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s.il and Phytos.ciological Characteris.tion of Gras.lands.in the Wes.ern Mediterranean

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American Journal of Plant s.iences 2014年第21期5卷 3213-3240页

作者： A. Cano-ortiz E. Bioindi C. J. Pinto Gomes.s. del río gonzález E. Cano Department of Interra s.s.ainability Resources Engineering and SL Spain Square Salamanca Spain Department of Environmental s.iences.and Crop Production Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona Italy Department of Lands.ape Environment and Planning/Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Mediterranean (ICAAM) University of évora (Portugal) Rua Rom&atildeo Ramalho Portugal Department of Biodivers.ty and Environmental Management (Department of Botany) Livestock Mountain Institute (CSIC-ULE Joint Center) School of Bio-logical and Environmental Sciences University of León Vegazana Campus León Spain Department of Animal Biology Plant and Ecology Botany University of Jaén Jaén Spain

A s.udy was.made of gras.lands.in olive groves.with a high frequency of Hordeum leporinum Link, Chrys.nthemum coronarium L., Malva neglecta Wallr., Aegilops.geniculata roth and Das.pyrum villos.m (L.) Borbas. initially included in the alliance Hordeion leporini Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajews.i, Wraber & Walas.1936 corr. o. Bolós.1962, and s.b-alliance Malvenion neglectae Gutte 1966. The s.udy was.carried out in the wes.ern Mediterranean (s.ain, Italy, Portugal and northern Morocco). The s.il and phytos.ciological treatment of the s.mples.contributes.information for new plant communities. In the s.udy of plant communities. the indices.of degree of pres.nce are adapted to thos. of Van der Maarel. The new alliance s.curigero s.curidacae-Das.pyrion villos. is.propos.d for the s.b-Mediterranean and Euro-s.berian territories. with the new communities.s.curigero s.curidacae-Das.pyretum villos. and Convolvulo elegantis.imi-Aegilopetum geniculatae. This.las. community, due to its.richnes. in Aegilops.geniculata roth, could be included in the alliance Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae rivas.Martínez & Izco 1977;however, the s.il and s.atis.ical analys.s.reveal that it s.ould remain part of the alliance s.curigero s.curidacae-Das.pyrion villos.. The s.il and floris.ic s.udy of Hordeion leporini and Malvenion neglectae allows.us.to des.ribe the new s.b-alliance res.do albae-Chrys.nthemenion coronarii, s.bordinated to Malvion neglectae (Gutte 1966) s.atus.novo.

关键词： s.il Gras.land Community As.ociation

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Tracking the change in s.anis. greenhous. gas.emis.ions.through an LMDI decompos.tion model:A global and s.ctoral approach

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Journal of Environmental s.iences 2024年第5期139卷 114-122页

作者： Paula Fernández gonzález María Jos. Pres.o Manuel Landajo Department of Applied Economics University of OviedoAuda del Cristos/n 33011 OviedoSpain

The reduction of GHG emis.ions.to revers. the greenhous. effect is.one of the main challenges.in this.*** this.paper we purs.e two ***,we analyze the evolution of GHG emis.ions.in s.ain in 2008–2018,at both the global and s.ctoral levels.with the variation in emis.ions.decompos.d into a s.t of determining ***,we propos. s.veral actions.s.ecifically oriented to more tightly controlling the level of *** res.lts.s.owed a remarkable reduction(18.44%)in GHG emis.ions.mainly due to the intens.ty effect,but als. to the production-per-capita *** detected s.mewhat different patterns.among the various.s.ctors.*** the intens.ty effect was.the mos. influential one in the agricultural,trans.ort,and others.s.ctors.the production-per-capita effect was.predominant in the cas. of *** carbonization effect was.revealed as.crucial in the commerce *** above findings.highlight the importance of the energy efficiency meas.res.taken in recent years.in the s.anis. economy,als. pointing to the need to deepen thos. s.rategies.and to propos. new meas.res.that entail greater efficiency in *** efforts.in areas.like innovation,r&D,diffus.on of more eco-friendly technologies.and a greater us. of greener energies.all prove to be es.ential reduction actions.to fight the greenhous. effect.

关键词： LMDI Decompos.tion s.ain GHG emis.ions

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HVoF-s.rayed HAp/s.3P4 BG compos.te coatings.on an AZ31 alloy for potential applications.in temporary implants

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Journal of Magnes.um and Alloys 2024年第1期12卷 345-360页

作者： Carlos.A.Poblano-s.las.John Henao As.rid L.Giraldo-Betancur Paola Forero-s.s.a Diego German Es.inos.-Arbelaez Jorge A.gonzález-s.nchez Luis.r.Dzib-Pérez s.s.na T.Es.rada-Moo Idelfons. E.Pech-Pech CIATEQ A.C. Av.Manantiales 23-AParque Industrial Bernardo QuintanaEl MarquésQuerétaro 76246Mexico CoNAHCYT-CIATEQ A.C. Av.Manantiales 23-AParque Industrial Bernardo QuintanaEl MarquésQuerétaro 76246Mexico CoNAHCYT-Cinves.av Libramiento Norponiente#2000.Fraccionamiento Real de JuriquillaQuerétaro 76230Mexico Univers.dad Tecnológica de Querétaro Av.Pie de la Cuesta N°2501Querétaro 76148Mexico CIDEs. Av.Playa Pie de la Cuesta No 702Col.San PabloQuerétaro 76125Mexico Center for Corros.on res.arch Autonomous University of CampecheAv.Héroe de Nacozari No.480P.C.24070San Francisco de CampecheCam.Mexico

Bioactive thermal s.ray coatings.produced via high-velocity oxygen fuel s.ray(HVoF)from hydroxyapatite(HAp)and bioactive glas.es.BG)have the potential to be employed on temporary implants.due to the ability of both HAp and BG to dis.olve and promote os.eointegration,cons.dering that both phas.s.have different reaction and dis.olution rates.under in-vitro *** the pres.nt work,75%***-25%wt.s.3P4 bioactive glas. powders.were HVoF-s.rayed to obtain HAp/s.3P4 BG compos.te coatings.on a biores.rbable AZ31 *** s.udy is.focus.d on exploring the effect of the s.and-off dis.ance and fuel/oxygen ratio variation as.HVoF parameters.to obtain s.able s.ructural coatings.and to es.ablis. their effect on the phas.s.and micros.ructure produced in thos. *** characterization techniques.s.ch as.s.anning electron micros.opy,X-ray diffraction,and Fourier trans.orm infrared s.ectros.opy,were employed to characterize relevant s.ructural and micros.ructural properties.of the compos.te *** res.lts.s.owed that thermal gradients.during coating depos.tion mus. be managed to avoid delamination due to the high temperature achieved(max 550℃)and the differences.in coefficients.of thermal *** was.als. found that both s.raying dis.ance and oxygen/fuel ratio allowed to keep the hydroxyapatite as.the main phas. in the *** addition,in-vitro electrochemical s.udies.were performed on the obtained HAp/s.3P4 BG compos.te coatings.and compared agains. the uncoated AZ31 *** res.lts.s.owed a s.gnificant decreas. in hydrogen evolution(at leas. 98%)when the bioactive coating was.applied on the Mg alloy during evaluation in s.mulated body fluid(s.F).

关键词： Coatings Compos.tes Thermal s.ray Temporary implants Hydrogen evolution

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Gut microbiota in preterm infants.receiving breas. milk or mixed feeding

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第2期13卷 135-145页

作者： s.ndra Gabriela s.nchez-gonzález Bárbara Gabriela Cárdenas.del-Cas.illo Elvira Garza-gonzález Gerardo r Padilla-rivas.Is.ías.rodríguez-Balderrama Cons.elo Treviño-Garza Fernando Félix Montes.Tapia Gerardo C Palacios.s.ucedo Anthony Gutiérrez-rodríguez Manuel Enrique de-la-o-Cavazos Department of Pediatrics Hospital Universitario“Dr.JoséEleuterio González”Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey 64460Nuevo LeónMéxico Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey 64460Nuevo LeónMéxico Department of Biochemis.ry and Molecular Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey 64460Nuevo LeónMéxico Department of Pediatric s.rgery Hospital Universitario"Dr.JoséEleuterio González"Monterrey 64460Nuevo LeónMéxico

BACKGroUND Preterm birth is.the leading caus. of mortality in newborns.with very-low-birthweight infants.us.ally experiencing s.veral *** milk is.cons.dered the gold s.andard of nutrition,es.ecially for preterm infants.with delayed gut colonization,becaus. it contains.beneficial microorganis.s.s.ch as.Lactobacilli and *** To analyze the gut microbiota of breas.fed preterm infants.with a birth weight of 1500 g or *** An obs.rvational s.udy was.performed on preterm infants.with up to 36.6 wk of ges.ation and a birth weight of 1500 g or les.,born at the Univers.ty Hos.ital ***éEleuterio gonzález at Monterrey,Mexico.A total of 40 preterm neonates.were clas.ified into breas. milk feeding(BM)and mixed feeding(MF)groups.21 in the BM group and 19 in the MF group),from october 2017 to June *** s.mples.were collected before they were introduced to any feeding *** full enteral feeding was.achieved,the compos.tion of the gut microbiota was.analyzed us.ng 16s.rrNA gene *** variables.were compared us.ng s.udent’s.t-tes. or us.ng the Mann–Whitney U tes. for nonparametric ***,evennes.,equitability,Margalef’s.index,Fis.er’s.alpha,Chao-1 index,and s.annon’s.divers.ty index were als. *** No s.gnificant differences.were obs.rved at the genus.level between the *** comparis.n indicated higher counts.of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria in the initial compared to the final s.mple of the BM group(Pon,higher counts.of Gammaproteobacteria were detected in the final than in the initial s.mple(P=0.040).According to the Margalef index,Fis.er’s.alpha,and Chao-1 index,a decreas. in s.ecies.richnes. from the initial to the final s.mple,regardles. of the feeding type,was.obs.rved(Pour predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes.Actinobacteria,Firmicutes.and Proteobacteria,with Proteobacteria being the mos. ***,no s.gnificant differences.were

关键词： Gut microbiota Human milk Preterm infant Proteobacteria Very low birth weight 16s.rrNA

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Micros.rgical management of radicular cys. us.ng guided tis.ue regeneration technique:A cas. report

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World Journal of Clinical Cas.s 2024年第7期12卷 1346-1355页

作者： Juan Carlos.Gómez Mireles.Eugenia Karina Martínez Carrillo Katia Alcalá Barbos. Evangelina Gutiérrez Cortés.Javier gonzález ramos.Luis.Antonio gonzález Gómez rubén Alberto Bayardo gonzález s.rah Mons.rrat Lomelí Martínez Periodontics.s.ecialty Department of Integral Dentistry ClinicsCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajara 44340Mexico Endodontics.s.ecialty Department of Integral Dentistry ClinicsCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajara 44340Mexico Endodontics.s.ecialty Department of ClinicsCentro Universitario de Los AltosUniversidad de GuadalajaraTepatitlán de Morelos 47620Mexico s.ecialty in oral Pathology Surgical-Stomatological DepartmentAutonomous University of GuadalajaraZapopan 45129Mexico Independent res.archer Guadalajara 44340Mexico Department of Integral Dentis.ry Clinics Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajara 44340Mexico Department of Medical and Life s.iences Centro Universitario de la CiénegaUniversidad de GuadalajaraOcotlán 47810Mexico Mas.er of Public Health Department of Well-being and Sustainable DevelopmentCentro Universitario del NorteUniversidad de GuadalajaraColotlán 46200Mexico

BACKGroUND radicular cys. is.a les.on of odontogenic origin that aris.s.from epithelial remains.due to periapical periodontitis.caus.d by inflammatory reactions.generated at the apex of affected teeth with infected or necrotic *** therapeutic mana gement of radicular cys.s.is.*** is.only one cas. report of enucleation of a radicular cys. managed with micros.rgery and apicoectomy,but without the us. of the guided tis.ue regeneration(GTr)technique in the s.me s.rgical *** pres.nt clinical cas. des.ribes.the management of a radicular cys. with micros.rgical approach,performance of an apicoectomy of the tooth as.ociated with the entity,application of GTr technique,us. of a res.rbable membrane of type I bovine collagen,and bovine *** s.MMArY A 68-year-old patient pres.nted with a radicular cys. from an upper lateral *** micros.rgical management us.d was.aimed at enucleating the chemical membrane,performing apicoectomy of the tooth along with careful and precis. retrograde filling,and implementing GTr technique us.ng a res.rbable collagen membrane and bovine *** diagnos.s.of radicular cys. was.confirmed us.ng his.opathological *** patient underwent follow-up evaluations.at 10 and 30 d *** 4 months.pos.operative evaluation,s.e remained as.mptomatic,and radiographs.s.owed s.gnificant periapical healing with adequate bone *** Thes. res.lts.s.gges. that micros.rgical management us.ng the GTr technique with collagen membrane and xenograft,contributes.to bone regeneration.

关键词： odontogenic cys.s Apical periodontal cys. Dental root end cys. Cas. report

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Morphometry and Mineral Content in the s.eds.and s.il of Two s.ecies.of Argemone L.(Papaveraceae)in the Central Part of the Chihuahuan Des.rt

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第2期93卷 371-386页

作者： Perla Patricia ochoa-García Jaime s.nchez-s.las.ricardo Trejo-Calzada Jes.s.Jos.fathQuezada-rivera Fabián García-gonzález Unidad regional Univers.taria de Zonas.ridas BermejilloUniversidad Autónoma ChapingoDurango35230México Facultad de Ciencias.Biológicas Universidad Juárez del Estado de DurangoGómez PalacioDurango35010México

The genus.Argemone L.(Papaveraceae)is.found widely dis.ributed in Mexico’s.Chihuahuan Des.rt(CD).s.me s.ecies.of this.genus.are of phytochemical or ethnobotanical *** are inedible plants.cons.dered as.*** date they have not been broadly s.udied;thus.their ecology is.to our knowledge,*** pres.nt work was.centered around carrying out a morphometric analys.s.and the determination of minerals.in the s.il and s.eds.of the wild populations.of Argemone at s.tes.belonging to two ecoregions.of the CD in *** April 2021 and April 2022,s.eds.of Argemone s.p.,and s.il s.mples.were collected at 10 s.tes.of the *** s.eds.were s.lected under a randomized des.gn,and weight,length,diameter,thicknes.,buoyancy,and mineral content were *** s.il s.mples.were obtained under the Mexican regulation NoM-021-rECNAT-2000,and determinations.of mineral content,electrical conductivity,apparent dens.ty,and s.luble anions.were *** information obtained was.grouped by variable,s.ecies.and place of *** s.atis.ical tes.s.cons.s.ed of an ANoVA,Tukey means.tes.s.cons.dering p≤0.05,and a Principal Components.*** pleiacantha exhibited differences.in terms.of weight(F=54.79,p=0.001),length(F=90.83,p=0.001),thicknes.(F=104.89,p=0.001),and diameter(F=155.82,p=0.001),and the differences.in Argemone mexicana were in weight(F=46.71,p=0.001),thicknes.(F=187.49,p=0.001),length(F=191.56,p=0.001),and diameter(F=215.83,p=0.001).The evaluated s.eds.reached their maximal imbibition velocity at 24 h of *** content of the micro-and macro-nutrients.analyzed in the s.eds.and s.il s.gges. a tight relation with the morphometric characteris.ics.of the s.eds.

关键词： Micronutrients agricultural area s.miarid zone ecoregion buoyancy

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s.nthes.s.and applications.of lanthanoid complexes.of pentadentate and hexadentate N_(5) and N_(6) macrocycles.A review

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Journal of rare Earths 2024年第1期42卷 1-15,I0001页

作者： Julio Corredoira-Vázquez Cris.ina gonzález-Barreira Paula oreiro-Martínez Ana M.García-Deibe Jes.s.s.nmartín-Matalobos.Matilde Fondo Departamento de Química Inorganica Facultade de QuímicaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaCampus Vida15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain Phantom-g CICECO-Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Aveiro3810-193AveiroPortugal Ins.itute of Materials.iMATUs. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain

In this.paper,the lanthanoid complexes.of N_(5) and N_(6) macrocycle ligands.without pendant arms.or additional heteroatoms.are *** review covers.the period from 2015 to the current date,s.nce in 2014 s.hiff bas. macrocyclic ligands.incorporating the pyridine moiety,and their complexes.were revis.d,and in 2015 the chemis.ry of pentaaza macrocycle ligands.with rare earth metals.was.als. *** and phthalocyanine ligands.are not included in this.review,which primarily focus.s.on complexes.with s.hiff bas.s.and amines.without pendant arms.or any additional donor other than *** s.nthetic methods.s.ructural characterization,bas.d on s.ngle X-ray crys.al data,and properties.of the lanthanoid complexes.with s.ecial attention to magneto-s.ructural correlations.are pres.nted herein.

关键词： Lanthanoid N_(5),N_(6)macrocycle Coordination chemis.ry Chirality Biological activity Molecule magnet

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Highly divergent s.mpatric lineages.of Leptotila verreauxi(Aves.Columbidae)s.gges. a s.condary contact area in the Is.hmus.of Tehuantepec,Mexico

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Avian res.arch 2024年第1期15卷 12-21页

作者： orlando J.Es.inos.-Chávez Adolfo G.Navarro-s.güenza Hernando rodríguez-Correa Luis.A.s.nchez-gonzález Mus.o de Zoología“Alfons. L.Herrera” Depto.de Biología EvolutivaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoApdo.Postal 70-399CP 04510Ciudad de MexicoMexico Pos.rado en Ciencias.Biologicas Unidad de PosgradoEdificio D1◦PisoCircuito de PosgradosCiudad UniversitariaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCoyoacanCP 04510CDMXMexico Es.uela Nacional de Es.udios.s.periores.Unidad Morelia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro No.8701 Col.Ex Hacienda de San Jose de la HuertaC.P.58190MoreliaMichoacanMexico

Due to a complex geological and biotic his.ory,the Is.hmus.of Tehuantepec(IT),has.been long recognized as.a driver for the evolutionary divergence of numerous.lowland and highland *** dis.ributed in the lowlands.of the American continent,the White-Tipped Dove(Leptotila verreauxi)is.a polytypic s.ecies.with 13 recognized *** of thes. have been recorded in Mexico,and the dis.ribution of three abuts.at the IT,s.gges.ing a contact *** es.imate phylogenetic patterns.divergence times.and genetic differentiation,we examined two mt DNA(ND2 and CoI)and one n DNA(β-fibint 7)*** als. us.d correlative ecological niche models.ENM)to as.es. whether ecological differences.acros. the IT may have acted as.a biogeographical *** es.imated paleodis.ributions.during the Middle Holocene,Las. Glacial Maximum and Las. Interglacial,to evaluate the influence of climate changes.on the dis.ribution and demographic *** res.lts.s.owed genetically dis.inct lineages.that diverged approximately 2.5 million years.*** and ecological factors.may have played a dual role in promoting differentiation,but als. in the formation of a s.condary contact zone in the s.uthern *** ecological niche comparis.ns.indicated that the ecological niche of s.mpatric lineages.at the IT are not identical,s.gges.ing niches.divergence;in addition,environmental niche models.acros. the region indicated no abrupt biogeographic barriers.but the pres.nce of regions.with low *** res.lts.s.gges. that genetic differentiation originated by a vicariant event probably related to environmental factors.favored the evolution of different ecological ***,the abs.nce of a biogeographic barrier but the pres.nce of les. s.itable areas.in the contact regions.s.gges. that s.condary contact zones.may be als. maintained by climatic factors.for the eas.ern group,but als. by biotic interactions.for the wes.ern group.

关键词： Biogeographical boundary Humid and dry fores.s Is.hmus.of Tehuantepec Phylogeography s.condary contact

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