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Explanations.for 20th Century Tuberculos.s.Decline: How the Public Gets.It Wrong

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Journal of Tuberculos.s.Res.arch 2016年第3期4卷 111-121页

作者： Ray M. Merrill s.encer s. davis Gordon B. Linds.y Elena Khomitch Department of Health s.ience College of Life Sciences Brigham Young University Provo USA

Introduction: His.orical analys.s.of health data indicates.that the majority of the decreas. in tuberculos.s.mortality during the pas. century was.caus.d by improved s.cial conditions.and public health interventions. The purpos. of this.s.udy was.to as.es. lay public perceptions.regarding why tuberculos.s.declined. Materials.and Methods. A nationally repres.ntative s.mple of 705 adults.was.s.rveyed to identify their perceived reas.ns.for the decline in tuberculos.s.mortality in the 20th century. Open- ended ques.ions.and res.ons.s.were coded and placed into eight categories. Res.lts. Approximately 52% of decreas.ng tuberculos.s.mortality was.attributed to “modern medicine,” and 220% to “vaccination.” Comparatively few of the res.ondents.attributed decreas.d tuberculos.s.mortality rates.to public health or improvements.in s.cial health determinants.of health. Males.gave more credit to modern medicine and public health, with les. to vaccination;the other racial group gave more credit to public health and les. to modern medicine;His.anics.gave more credit to modern medicine and les. to vaccinations.and the higher income groups.gave more credit to vaccinations.and public health, but les. to modern medicine. Conclus.on: The public overly attributes.modern medicine as.the primary caus. of declining tuberculos.s.mortality rates. the s.cond leading caus. of death in the United s.ates.during the early 1900s. and gives.little credit to the critical role played by public health and improved s.cial conditions. Thes. mis.erceptions.may hinder s.cietal efforts.to addres. and fund important s.cial determinants.of health and public health interventions.

关键词： Public Health Tuberculos.s Mortality Rate Medicine

Identification and Antimicrobial s.s.eptibility of <i>Yers.nia enterocolitica</i>Found in Chitterlings. Raw Milk and s.ine Fecal s.mples

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Advances.in Microbiology 2018年第10期8卷 804-820页

作者： F. N. Drake s. davis J. Khatiwada L. Williams North Carolina A & T s.ate Univers.ty North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC USA

Foodborne illnes. is.an es.alating concern upon public health. The prevalence of Yers.nia enterocolitica was.as.es.ed in chitterlings. raw milk and s.ine fecal from North Carolina. Uncleaned thirty chitterling s.mples.procured from a local grocery s.ore, forty-five s.ine fecal s.mples. and forty unpas.eurized cow milk s.mples.s.pplied by the Univers.ty farm were evaluated for the pres.nce of Y. enterocolitica. Is.lates.identified as.pres.mptive pos.tive were characterized as.colonies.with a pink or deep-red center on MacConkey and CIN agar, and verified further through polymeras. chain reaction (PCR) for the pres.nce of 16s.rRNA gene for the Yers.nia genera. Res.lts.s.owed that 4.4% s.ine fecal s.mples. 7.5% milk s.mples.and 11.3% chitterling s.mples.were pres.mptive pos.tive for Y. enterocolitica by the direct plating method on s.lective agars. Of the thirty-chitterling s.mples.examined by PCR for the 16s.rRNA gene, 26% s.mples.contained the identification gene for the bacteria of interes.. After conducting virulence tes.s. the fecal s.mples.were revealed as.non-pathogenic. Only one of the milk s.mples.were cons.dered pathogenic and cons.s.ed of the following virulent genes. Yers.nia heat-s.able toxin (ys.), invas.on (inv), attachment invas.on locus.(ail), virulence regulon trans.riptional activator (virF), Yers.nia adehes.n A (yadA), and the O:3 antigen gene (rfbC). s.ven out of the eight (87.5%) chitterling s.mples.were s.own to be pathogenic. Dis. diffus.on was.conducted to determine the antimicrobial s.s.eptibility of the is.lates. Over half (55.5%) of the antimicrobial agents.were found effective, with is.lates.being completely s.s.eptible to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, trimethoprim, cefotaxime, and gentamycin. Ampicillin was.determined to be leas. effective, where 84.6% of the s.mples.pres.nted res.s.ance to the drug. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analys.s.and ERIC-PCR techniques.were us.d to evaluate genetic s.milarity among the Yers.nia is.lates. Th

关键词： Yers.nia enterocolitica Polymeras. Chain Reaction Antimicrobial

Unique MR Findings.in a Cas. s.ries.of Two s.mptomatic Patients.with Pelios.s.Hepatis

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Open Journal of Radiology 2014年第1期4卷 79-84页

作者： Drew Pierce Chris.opher s. davis Paul M. Blooms.on Zarine K. s.ah Department of Radiology Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus USA Department of s.rgery Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus USA

Purpos.: The aim of this.report is.to des.ribe the unus.al MR imaging characteris.ics.obs.rved in two patients.with biops.-proven pelios.s.hepatis. Imaging findings.us.ng gadoxetate dis.dium (Eovis.) as.the contras. agent in a patient with pelios.s.hepatis.are pres.nted for the firs. time. Methods. This.is.a retros.ective review of the MRI findings.in two patients.reviewed independently by two s.ecialized abdominal imaging radiologis.s. The radiological findings.were correlated with clinical his.ory and his.opathology. Res.lts. Pelios.s.hepatis.is.a rare clinical and radiological entity that is.often a diagnos.ic dilemma due to its.non-s.ecific clinical characteris.ics. Unus.al imaging characteris.ics.in this.rare entity make diagnos.s.even more challenging. Conclus.ons. Improved unders.anding of the imaging characteris.ics.of pelios.s.hepatis.may prevent unneces.ary and potentially dangerous.biops.es.in s.lect patients.with pelios.s.hepatis. This.requires.a high index of s.s.icion for practicing radiologis.s.due to the rarity of this.dis.as..

关键词： Pelios.s Hepatis Magnetic Res.nance Imaging Hepatic les.ons Liver Dis.as. Gadoxetate Dis.dium

Maternal Environment Effects.on Phenolic Defens.s.in <i>Abutilon theophras.i</i>s.eds

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American Journal of Plant s.iences 2013年第5期4卷 1127-1133页

作者： Brian J. s.hutte s.m E. Wortman John L. Lindquis. Adam s. davis Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska Lincoln USA Department of Crop s.iences University of Illinois Urbana USA Department of Entomology Plant Pathology & Weed Science New Mexico State University Las Cruces USA United s.ates.Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Res.arch s.rvice (Us.A-ARs. Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit Urbana USA.

A clas. of phenolic compounds. ortho-dihydroxyphenols.(hereafter “o-DHP”), has.been implicated with s.ed s.rvival. Bas.d on expectations.of the growth-differentiation balance hypothes.s. we predicted that s.ed o-DHP concentration exhibits.a curvilinear res.ons. to increas.ng res.urce availability in the maternal environment, with maximum o-DHP occurring at moderate res.urce levels. To tes. this.hypothes.s. Abutilon theophras.i s.eds.were produced under field conditions.at two locations. Each location included twelve maternal environments.es.ablis.ed through factorial combinations.of s.il compos. (+/-), s.ecies.as.emblage (A. theophras.i with and without maize), and s.il nitrogen fertilizer (0, 0.5× or 1× local recommendations.for maize). Res.urce availability with res.ect to A. theophras.i growth was.s.mmarized by above-ground biomas. at s.ed harves. (maternal biomas.). Res.lts.indicated that s.ed o-DHP concentrations.increas.d then decreas.d in res.ons. to increas.ng maternal biomas.. This.relations.ip was.modeled with a unimodal function s.ecific to location (Location 1, y = 1.18 + 0.03xe-0.02x, ps.udo-R2 = 0.59, p = 0.003;Location 2, y = 1.40 + 0.006xe-0.005x;ps.udo-R2 = 0.34, p = 0.05). s.ed protein concentrations.remained cons.ant acros. maternal biomas. levels. Becaus. inherent vulnerability to predation and decay is.cons.dered a cons.quence of chemical protection relative to nutritional offering, our res.lts.s.gges. that A. theophras.i s.ed s.s.eptibility to lethal attack is.influenced by res.urce levels.in the maternal environment. More broadly, our res.lts.s.gges. that the growth-differentiation balance hypothes.s.can be extended to maternal effects.on s.ed phenolics.

关键词： Environmental Maternal Effect Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothes.s ortho-Dihydroxyphenols s.ed Defens. s.ed Protein

Electron Micrographic Repres.ntations.of Mechanis.s.of Action of Murine Norovirus.on ATCC TIB-71 Cells.and Level of Gene Expres.ion

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Advances.in Microbiology 2023年第1期13卷 32-47页

作者： Uchenna B. Iloghalu s.ra E. Miller Akamu J. Ewunkem Janak R. Khatiwada s.urrita s. davis Leonard L. Williams Department of Biology North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA Department of Biology Guilford College Greensboro USA Department of Pathology Duke University Durham USA Department of Biological s.iences Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem USA Center for Excellence in Pos.-Harves. Technologies Kannapolis North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA

Human norovirus.s.(HuNoV) are the number one caus. of viral gas.roenteritis.worldwide res.lting in a s.gnificant caus. of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. However, des.ite the medical relevance of HuNoV, effective treatment agains. norovirus.infection is.yet to be developed. In this.s.udy, we inves.igated the anti-Noroviral activity of Hibis.us.s.bdariffa (Hs. calyces.and Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA) s.eds.us.ng murine norovirus. a s.rrogate of human norovirus. The antiviral mechanis.s.of action were als. examined us.ng a gene expres.ion s.udies.and trans.is.ion electron micros.opy. Our res.lts.s.owed that virus.infected cells.were left potentially void of all the cell machineries.whereas.uninfected cells.repres.nt healthy normal and dividing cells. The infected treated cells.with extracts.s.owed res.oration of the dens. cytoplas., cytoplas.ic membrane, and the nucleus. Thes. cells.were als. as.ociated with the expres.ion of ORF genes. This.s.udy demons.rates.the antiviral properties.of Hibis.us.s.bdariffa (Hs. calyces.and Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA) and thus.indicates.their potential as.natural remedies.to treat norovirus.s.

关键词： Norovirus Plant Extracts Trans.is.ion Electron Micros.ope Prevention/Control

Pleis.ocene glaciation advances.the cryptic s.eciation of s.ellera chamaejas.e *** a major biodivers.ty hots.ot

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第6期66卷 1192-1205页

作者： s.ntos. Kumar Rana Hum Kala Rana Jacob BLandis.Tianhui Kuang Juntong Chen Hengchang Wang Tao Deng Charles.C.davis Hang s.n CAs.Key Laboratory for Plant Divers.ty and Biogeography of Eas. As.a Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China Arkans.s.Bios.iences.Ins.itute Arkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansas 72401USA s.hool of Integrative Plant s.ience Section of Plant Biology and the L.H.Bailey HortoriumCornell UniversityIthacaNew York 14853USA BTI Computational Biology Center Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNew York 14853USA CAs.Key Laboratory of Plant Germplas. Enhancement and s.ecialty Agriculture Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan Botanical GardenWuhan 430074China Department of Organis.ic and Evolutionary Biology HerbariaHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts 02138USA

The mountains.of s.uthwes. China compris. a s.gnificant large mountain range and biodivers.ty hots.ot imperiled by global climate *** high s.ecies.divers.ty in this.mountain s.s.em has.long been attributed to a complex s.t of factors.and recent large-s.ale macroevolutionary inves.igations.have placed a broad timeline on plant divers.fication that s.retches.from 10 million years.ago(Mya)to the *** our increas.ng unders.anding of the temporal mode of s.eciation,finer-s.ale populationlevel inves.igations.are lacking to better refine thes. temporal trends.and illuminate the abiotic and biotic influences.of cryptic *** is.largely due to the dearth of organis.al s.mpling among clos.ly related s.ecies.and populations.s.anning the incredible s.ze and topological heterogeneity of this.*** s.udy dives.into thes. evolutionary dynamics.of s.eciation us.ng genomic and ecomorphological data of s.ellera chamaejas.e *** identified four previous.y unrecognized cryptic s.ecies.having indis.inct morphological traits.and large metapopulation of evolving lineages.s.gges.ing a more recent divers.fication(~2.67-0.90 Mya),largely influenced by Pleis.ocene glaciation and biotic *** factors.likely influenced allopatric s.eciation and advocated cyclical warming–cooling epis.des.along elevational gradients.during the *** s.udy refines.the evolutionary timeline to be much younger than previous.y implicated and rais.s.the concern that projected future warming may influence the alpine s.ecies.divers.ty,neces.itating increas.d cons.rvation efforts.

关键词： cryptic s.eciation glacial-interglacial Hengduan Mountains north-s.uth migration s.ellera chamaejas.e

s.cioeconomic Factors.Influencing the Adoption of Cenchrus.ciliaris.among the Pas.oralis. Communities.in s.uth Baringo, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第8期14卷 629-650页

作者： Nyambari davis Mathew Ogendi George Morara Atalits. Caren Navalia Dryland Res.arch Training & Ecotouris. Centre Egerton University Kenya Directorate of Pos.-Graduate s.udies Egerton University Kenya Department of Environmental s.ience Egerton University Kenya

Land degradation pos.s.s.gnificant threats.to food and environmental s.curity globally. In arid and s.mi-arid lands.(As.Ls., lives.ock production is.an important and s.gnificant livelihood. Unfortunately, overs.ocking and overgrazing have diminis.ed pas.ure availability, and thus.advers.ly impacting on the s.ctor’s.contribution to food s.curity for many As.L communities. The Global Environment Facility’s.s.all Grants.Program in its.ques. to combat s.il eros.on, defores.ation, and Pros.pis.juliflora invas.on in the Lake Bogoria Lands.ape, Baringo County, Kenya has.s.pported the es.ablis.ment of Cenchrus.ciliaris.(buffel gras.) s.nce 2018. Des.ite its.introduction and es.ablis.ment, the s.cioeconomic factors.influencing its.adoption remain undocumented. This.s.udy evaluated thes. factors.in three adminis.rative wards. namely: Ilchamus. Mochongoi, and Marigat of Baringo s.uth s.b-County. Data was.collected from 103 hous.holds.us.ng a s.mi-s.ructured ques.ionnaire, key informant interviews.(KIIs., and Focus.Group Dis.us.ions.(FGDs.. Our res.lts.revealed that Cenchrus.ciliaris.adoption has.partially reduced s.il eros.on and defores.ation, improved livelihoods.and environmental cons.rvation. Nearly 50% of the res.ondents.have es.ablis.ed 2 to 5 acres.of buffel gras. pas.urelands.on their farms. The level of education of the res.ondents.for had a s.gnificant as.ociation with the participants. knowledge regarding the advantages.of pas.ure production for environmental cons.rvation (χ2 = 16.93;p χ2 = 77.71;p χ2 = 18.3;p χ2 = 3.8;p Cenchrus.ciliaris.value chain are recommended as.practical s.rategies.of enhancing lives.ock production and environmental cons.rvation in Kenya’s.As.Ls.

关键词： Cenchrus.ciliaris Pas.ure Ecology Cons.rvation

远离尘器的乐园我在美属维尔京群岛的一座僻静生态营地得到的感悟

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空中英语教室（高级版．彭蒙惠英语） 2024年第3期 10-12,40页

作者： Chels.a davis 不详

人们很容易忘记维尔京群岛是美国的一部分。特别人是圣约翰岛,它原始且葱郁,与美国似乎不在同一个世界。然而在现实中,它与华盛顿特区仅有三个小时的飞行时长在圣托马斯机场降落后,我们坐了45分钟的船到圣约翰岛。一抵达,我们就看出这... 详细信息

人们很容易忘记维尔京群岛是美国的一部分。特别人是圣约翰岛,它原始且葱郁,与美国似乎不在同一个世界。然而在现实中,它与华盛顿特区仅有三个小时的飞行时长在圣托马斯机场降落后,我们坐了45分钟的船到圣约翰岛。一抵达,我们就看出这里不是一个以旅游为主的景点。这里没有设施完备的度假村。这座岛屿有着林木苍翠、山丘层叠的地形和迷人的白色沙滩。

关键词：华盛顿特区圣托马斯美属维尔京群岛圣约翰岛度假村

Early anticoagulation in patients.with s.roke and atrial fibrillation is.as.ociated with fewer is.haemic les.ons.at 1 month: the ATTUNE s.udy

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s.roke & Vas.ular Neurology 2024年第1期9卷 30-37,I0034页

作者： Angelos.s.arobeam Longting Lin Chris.ina Lam Carlos.Garcia-Es.eron Yas. Gawarikar Ronak Patel Matthew Lee-Archer Andrew Wong Michael Roizman Amanda Gilligan Andrew Lee Kee Meng Tan s.s.n Day Chris.opher Levi s.ephen M davis Mark Pars.ns.Bernard Yan Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne Hos.ital ParkvilleVictoriaAustralia Univers.ty of New s.uth Wales.s.uth Wes.ern s.dney Clinical s.hool LiverpoolNew South WalesAustralia Department of Neurology John Hunter HospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia Department of Neurology Calvary Public HospitalCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia Department of Neurology Northern Hospital EppingEppingVictoriaAustralia Department of Neurology Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalHerstonQueenslandAustralia The Univers.ty of Queens.and s.hool of Medicine HerstonQueenslandAustralia Neuros.iences.Clinical Ins.itute Epworth HealthcareRichmondVirginiaAustralia Department of Neurology Austin HealthUniversity of MelbourneHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia Flinders.Univers.ty College of Medicine and Public Health AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia Department of Neurology Gold Coast University HospitalSouthportQueenslandAustralia The Univers.ty of s.dney Northern Clinical s.hool St LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia Department of Neurology and Neurophys.ology Liverpool HospitalLiverpoolNew South WalesAustralia

Background The optimal time to commence anticoagulation in patients.with atrial fibrillation(AF)after is.haemic s.roke or trans.ent is.haemic attack(TIA)is.unclear,with guidelines.differing in recommendations.A limitation of previous.s.udies.is.the focus.on clinically overt s.roke,rather than radiologically obvious.diffus.on-weighted imaging is.haemic *** aimed to quantify s.lent is.haemic les.ons.and haemorrhages.on MRI at 1month in patients.commenced on early(s.vs.late(≥4days.*** hypothes.s.d that there would be fewer is.haemic les.ons.and more haemorrhages.in the early anticoagulant group at 1-month *** A pros.ective multicentre,obs.rvational cohort s.udy was.performed at 11 Aus.ralian s.roke *** and MRI data were collected at bas.line and follow-up,with blinded imaging as.es.ment performed by two *** of commencement of anticoagulation was.at the dis.retion of the treating s.roke *** We recruited 276 patients.of whom 208 met the eligibility *** average age was.74.2 years.s.±10.63),and 79(38%)patients.were *** National Ins.itute of Health s.roke s.ale s.ore was.5(IQR 1–12).Median bas.line is.haemic les.on volume was.5mL(IQR 2–17).There were a greater number of new is.haemic les.ons.on follow-up MRI in patients.commenced on anticoagulation≥4days.after index event(17%vs.8%,p=0.04),but no difference in haemorrhage rates.22%vs.32%,p=0.10).Bas.line is.haemic les.on volume of≤5mL was.les. likely to have a new haemorrhage at 1month(p=0.02).There was.no difference in haemorrhage rates.in patients.with an initial is.haemic les.on volume of>5mL,regardles. of anticoagulation *** Commencing anticoagulations.after s.roke or TIA is.as.ociated with fewer is.haemic les.ons.at 1month in AF *** is.no increas.d rate of haemorrhage with early *** res.lts.s.gges. that early anticoagulation after mild-to-moderate acute is.haemic s.roke as.ociated w

关键词： patients les.ons is.haemic