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英国《化学习题精选》(二)

化学教学 1982年第2期 39-42页

作者： J.R.swain J.s.Charke 张伟敏

1.阿佛加德罗常数的测定下列问题是关于用二种不同方法测定阿佛加德罗常数（L）,你将需要下列数据:铜的相对原子量:63.5,一个电子的电量:1.60×10库仑,在标准状况下任何气体的摩尔体积:22.4升。（a）在某一电解实验里,用硫酸铜作电解质,... 详细信息

1.阿佛加德罗常数的测定下列问题是关于用二种不同方法测定阿佛加德罗常数（L）,你将需要下列数据:铜的相对原子量:63.5,一个电子的电量:1.60×10库仑,在标准状况下任何气体的摩尔体积:22.4升。（a）在某一电解实验里,用硫酸铜作电解质,以0.400安培电流经过1600秒,沉积了0.213克铜。

关键词：第一电离能化学习题电子排布

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英国《化学习题精选》(一)

化学教学 1981年第4期 37-38页

作者： J.R.L.swain J.s.Charke 张伟敏

《化学习题精选》是英国中学化学教师为学生提供复习和提高作业质量而编的。它的特点有:1.围绕题目编成一系列短小的问题。这些问题系按照英国现用的教材结构编写的;由浅入深,由易到难,逐步引导学生的学习兴趣;可在课内外用作讨论或练... 详细信息

《化学习题精选》是英国中学化学教师为学生提供复习和提高作业质量而编的。它的特点有:1.围绕题目编成一系列短小的问题。这些问题系按照英国现用的教材结构编写的;由浅入深,由易到难,逐步引导学生的学习兴趣;可在课内外用作讨论或练习之用。2.作者将各小题划分为三种类型:(1)知识性(以k表示),理解性(以C表示)及综合性(以H表示)。每小题都注明评分标准,用以了解学生的知识水平和分析问题、解决问题的能力。本书共有一百题,我们根据我国中学化学教学大纲的内容选译部分习题,供教师们参考、选用。选译习题中也略有超我国教材水平的,可作因材施教之用。习题的后面,附有用数字回答问题的答案。

关键词：化学习题分子式氯化物氟化氙相对原子量原子序数周期表

Anti-hepatotoxic and antioxidant influence of Ipomoea carnea against anti-tubercular drugs induced acute hepatopathy in experimental rodents

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2013年第4期1卷 293-299页

作者： Ramesh kumar Gupta Ashok kumar Gupta sudhansu Ranjan swain Vaishali Gaurav Gupta saifuddin khalid Didagi kulkarni suresh Rajnish kumar singh Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institution Faculty of PharmacyMoradabad-244001Uttar PradeshIndia National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education&Research(NIPER) Hajipur-844101BiharIndia Department of Life sciences Bukit Jalil Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Pharmacology Luqman College of PharmacyGulbarga-585102KarnatakaIndia

Objective:To assess the hepatoprotective effct of Ipomoea carnea(I.carrnea)extract against antitubercular drug-induced liver toxicity in experimental animals.Methods:I.carnea extracts(125,250 and 500 mg/kg,p.***.body weight)were administered daily for 35 d in experimental animals.Liver toxicity was induced by combination of three antitubercular drugs(isoniazid 7.5 mg/kg,rifampicin 10 mg/kg and pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg)given orally as suspension for 35 d in rats.Treatment groups received I.carnea extracts along with antitubercular drugs.The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatise and total bilirubin.Meanwhile,in-vivo antioxidant activities as lipid peroxidation,reduced glutathione,superoxide dismutase and catalase were measured in rat liver homogenate along with ATPase and G-6-Pase.The biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination.Results:Obtained results demonstrated that treatment with I.carnea extracts significantly(Pse-dependently prevented drug induced increase in serum levels of hepatic enzymes.Furthermore,I.carnea extracts significantly(up to Pssue and restored activities of defence antioxidant enzymes,reduced glutathione,superoxide dismutase and catalase towards normal levels.Histopathology of the liver tissue showed that I.carnea extracts attenuated the hepatocellular necrosis,massive fatty changes and led to reduction in inflammatory cells infiltration.Conclusions:The results of this study strongly indicate the protective effect of I.carnea extracts against liver injury,which may be attributed to its hepatoprotective activity,and there by scientifically support its traditional use.

关键词： Ipomoea carnea Hepatoprotective Antioxidant Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide

Evaluating the physicochemical effects of conjugating peptides into thermogelling hydrogels for regenerative biomaterials applications

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Regenerative Biomaterials 2021年第6期8卷 260-272页

作者： Hannah A.Pearce Emily Y.Jiang Joseph W.R.swain Adam M.Navara Jason L.Guo Yu seon kim Andrew Woehr Jeffrey D.Hartgerink Antonios G.Mikos Department of Bioengineering Rice University6500 Main StreetHoustonTX 77030USA Depatment of Chemistry Rice University6500 Main StreetHoustonTX 77030USA

Thermogelling hydrogels,such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)[P(NiPAAm)],provide tunable constructs leveraged in many regenerative biomaterial applications.Recently,our lab developed the crosslinker poly(glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(glycolic acid)-di(but-2-yne-1,4-dithiol),which crosslinks P(NiPAAm-co-glycidyl methacrylate)via thiol-epoxy reaction and can be functionalized with azide-terminated peptides via alkyne-azide click chemistry.This study’s aim was to evaluate the impact of peptides on the physicochemical properties of the hydrogels.The physicochemical properties of the hydrogels including the lower critical solution temperature,crosslinking times,swelling,degradation,peptide release and cytocompatibility were evaluated.The gels bearing peptides increased equilibrium swelling indicating hydrophilicity of the hydrogel components.Comparable sol fractions were found for all groups,indicating that inclusion of peptides does not impact crosslinking.Moreover,the inclusion of a matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive peptide allowed elucidation of whether release of peptides from the network was driven by hydrolysis or enzymatic cleavage.The hydrophilicity of the network determined by the swelling behavior was demonstrated to be the most important factor in dictating hydrogel behavior over time.This study demonstrates the importance of characterizing the impact of additives on the physicochemical properties of hydrogels.These characteristics are key in determining design considerations for future in vitro and in vivo studies for tissue regeneration.

关键词： thermogelling click chemistry hydrogels peptides poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

CathCam引导导丝行结肠镜检查:首次针对既往未完成结肠镜检查患者的先导性研究

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（胃肠病学分册） 2006年第9期2卷 22-23页

作者： Fritscher-Ravens A. Fox s. swain C.P. 孟欣颖 Department of Gastroenterology Homerton University HospitalHomerton RowLondon E9 6SRUnited Kingdom Dr.

Background and study Aims:Conventional colonoscopy as the gold standard for large-bowel diagnostics and therapy may fail in 5%-20%of cases,depending on the experience of the examiner.Colonoscopy is regarded as difficult and painful by many patients.In an attempt to overcome the limitations of conventional colonoscopes,a guide wire-directed,thin,flexible diagnostic colonoscope,the CathCam was developed.In this prospective pilot study,we report its use in patients in whom conventional colonoscopy had failed.Patients and Methods:49 patients with a previous or current failure of complete colonoscopy were invited to participate in a trial using the new CathCam system,and 14(nine men;mean age 59 years)accepted.The CathCam is an 11-mm diameter disposable,multilumen catheter,with visualization by a 3-mm camera with six light-emitting diodes.In the first five patients,the CathCam was inserted over a newly developed 0.024-inch,hinged,lumen-seeking guide wire.subsequently,a modified combined approach was used:a conventional colonoscope was introduced into the sigmoid or left colon,then the guide wire was advanced as far as possible,followed by CathCam insertion over it.Caecal intubation rate,insertion times and patient discomfort were recorded;patients received low-dose midazolam sedation(2-5 mg).Results:One patient was excluded during colonoscopy.The caecum could be eventually reached in 12 of 13 patients;in the remaining patient a significant sigmoid stricture could be passed,but further advancement appeared too risky.The mean caecal intubation time was 24 minutes(range 3-105 min).Only two patients experienced pain and discomfort during the procedure(one immediate assessment and one case reported at later telephone interview).No complications occurred,and previously undiagnosed important findings were obtained in 9 cases.Conclusions:A combined approach,consisting of guide wire insertion via a partially introduced colonoscope followed by CathCam or colonoscope insertion into the caecum was successful in over 90%of patients

关键词：结肠镜检查导丝引导先导性乙状结肠狭窄首次一次性使用发光二极管疾病诊断

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Comparison of Pentax HiLine and Olympus Lucera systems at screening colonoscopy

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2013年第2期5卷 62-66页

作者： Alexey Chernolesskiy David swain James C Lee Gareth D Corbett Ewen AB Cameron Department of Gastroenterology Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge CB2 0QQUnited Kingdom

AIM:To compare the performance characteristics of Pentax HiLine(PHL)(with i-scan) and Olympus Lucera(OL) systems in a screening population.METHODs:screening colonoscopies in asymptomatic guaiac faecal occult blood test-positive patients with PHL(n = 58) and OL(n = 425) colonoscopes were analysed.All procedures were performed by a single colonoscopist.PHL used white-light endoscopy(WLE) on scope insertion and contrast/surface enhancement(i-scan 1) on withdrawal,and OL utilised WLE both on insertion and withdrawal.Patient age,sex,instrument insertion and withdrawal times,nurse assessed patient comfort scores,midazolam and fentanyl doses,procedure completion and rates of lesion detection were recorded separately for each group.Comparisons between the groups were made using either Fisher's exact test(for dichotomous variables) or Mann-Whitney U test(for ordinal and continuous variables).REsULTs:Colonoscopy completion rates were similar in both groups:413/425(97.2%) for OL and 55/58(94.9%) for PHL(P = 0.24).For complete colonoscopies,the two groups were well matched for age,sex,colonoscope insertion times(mean 11.1 min in OL vs 11.6 min in PHL,P = 0.93) and normal colonoscopy withdrawal times(mean 15.6 min in OL vs 14.7 min in PHL,P = 0.2).Patients in the PHL group experienced a small increase in discomfort(mean patient comfort scores were 0.49 in the OL and 0.95 in the PHL group,P ses required were similar between groups(mean 57.5 μg in OL vs 61.4 μg in PHL,P = 0.13),slightly more Midazolam was required in the PHL group(mean 2.1 mg in OL vs 2.4 mg in PHL,P = 0.035).There was no difference in polyp(58% in OL vs 67% in PHL) or adenoma(49% in OL vs 56% in PHL) detection rates between the groups.Neither the total number of polyps and adenomas,nor the characteristics of these(including size,location or presence of advanced features) were different between the two systems.CONCLUsION:This study suggests that there is no advantage of either colonoscope system in lesion detection.

关键词： Pentax HiLine i-scan Polyp Adenoma Colonoscopy

Identification of new genetic risk factors for prostate cancer

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2009年第1期11卷 49-55页

作者： Michelle Guy Zsofia kote-Jarai Graham G. Giles Ali Amin Al Olama sarah k. Jugurnauth shani Mulholland Daniel A. Leongamomlert stephen M. Edwards Jonathan Morrison Helen I. Field Melissa C. southey Gianluca severi Jenny L. Donovan Freddie C. Hamdy David R Dearnaley kenneth R. Muir Charmaine smith Melisa Bagnato Audrey T. Ardern-Jones Amanda L. Hall Lynne T. O＇Brien Beatrice N. Gehr-swain Rosemary A. Wilkinson Angela Cox sarah Lewis Paul M. Brown sameer G. Jhavar Malgorzata Tymrakiewicz Artitaya Lophatananon sarah L. Bryant The Uk Genetic Prostate Cancer study Collaborators British Association of Urological surgeons＇ section of Oncology and The Uk ProtecT study Collaborators Alan Horwich Robert A. Huddart Vincent s. khoo Christopher C. Parker Christopher J. Woodhouse Alan Thompson Tim Christmas Chris Ogden Cyril Fisher Charles Jameson Colin s. Cooper Dallas R. English John L. Hopper David E. Neal Douglas E Easton Rosalind A. Eeles section of Cancer Genetics The Institute of Cancer Research Sutton Surrey SM2 5NG UK Cancer Epidemiology Centre The Cancer Council Victoria Carlton VIC 3053 Australia Centre for Molecular Environmental Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology The University of Melbourne Carlton VIC 3053 Australia Cancer Research Uk Genetic Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge Strangeways Laboratory Worts Causeway Cambridge CB1 8RN UK Department of Oncology University of Cambridge Strangeways Laboratory Worts Causeway Cambridge CB1 8RN UK Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3052 Australia Department of social Medicine University of Bristol Bristol BS8 2PR UK Academic Urology Unit University of Sheffield Sheffield SIO 2JF UK The Royal Marsden NHs Foundation Trust Sutton Surrey SM2 5PT and London SW3 6JJ UK University of Nottingham Medical school Queens Medical Centre Nottingham NG7 2UH UK Institute for Cancer studies University of Sheffield Sheffield SIO 2RX UK surgical Oncology （Uro-Oncology s4） Departments of Oncology and Surgery University of Cambridge Addenbrooke＇s Hospital Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK A full list of authors is provided in the supplementary Note online Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 ORE UK Cancer Research Uk Cambridge Research Institute Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 ORE UK.

There is evidence that a substantial part of genetic predisposition to prostate cancer （PCa） may be due to lower penetrance genes which are found by genome-wide association studies. We have recently conducted such a study and seven new regions of the genome linked to PCa risk have been identified. Three of these loci contain candidate susceptibility genes： MsMB, LMTk2 and kLk2/3. The MsMB and kLk2/3 genes may be useful for PCa screening, and the LMTk2 gene might provide a potential therapeutic target. Together with results from other groups, there are now 23 germline genetic variants which have been reported. These results have the potential to be developed into a genetic test. However, we consider that marketing of tests to the public is premature, as PCa risk can not be evaluated fully at this stage and the appropriate screening protocols need to be developed. Follow-up validation studies, as well as studies to explore the psychological implications of genetic profile testing, will be vital prior to roll out into healthcare.

关键词： prostate cancer genetics susceptibility loci sNPs relative risks

Evaluation of “Indigenous Vaccine” Developed Using “Indian Bison Type” Genotype of <i>Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis</i>strain “s5” of Goat Origin in a sheep Flock Endemic for Johne’s Disease: A Three Years Trial in India

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World Journal of Vaccines 2013年第2期3卷 52-59页

作者： shoor Vir singh Ajay Vir singh Pravin kumar singh saurabh Gupta Harendra singh Brajesh singh Omalur Rajendran Vinodh kumar Aripudur sellappan Rajendiran Narendra Nath swain Jagdip singh sohal Central Institute for Research on Goats Mathura Indi Central Institute for Research on Goats Mathura India southern Regional Research Centre Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Kodaikanal India

“Indigenous vaccine” developed from native “Indian Bison Type” strain (“s5”) of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) of “goat origin” was first time evaluated in a sheep flock of Bharat Merino breed located in Mannavanur town of Tamil Nadu in south India. Therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated for 3 years between 2008 and 2010, on the basis of improvements in productivity (body weights, reproductive efficiency and survivability), physical condition, clinical symptoms (weakness, diarrhea, wool quality), immune response (sero-conversion) and infection load in feces (shedding). After immunization of the flock in 2008, the successive progenies of 112 and 53 lambs born in 2009 and 2010, respectively were vaccinated. Whereas, 40 lambs born to control animals were kept as unvaccinated controls. Though gain in body weights in vaccinated versus controls were not significant in 2008, growth rates were distinctly superior in Ist and IInd generations of vaccinated lambs. Reproductive performance (tupping percent) and survivability of lambs and adult sheep improved significantly. There was overall reduction in yearly morbidity (diarrhea) and mortality rates of the flock in post vaccination years. shedding of MAP in feces was reduced in vaccinated sheep by 6.2%, 14.3% and 27.3% in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively, whereas shedding increased in the control sheep. seromonitoring of the animals by “indigenous ELIsA kit” showed enhanced “flock immunity” in successive generations. “Indigenous vaccine” reduced clinical disease and shedding and improved immunity and productivity of Bharat Merino flock, endemic for Johne’s disease.

关键词： Paratuberculosis Indigenous Vaccine Indian Bison Type Bharat Merino sheep India

成人慢性心力衰竭的诊断与治疗：最新NICE指南概要

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英国医学杂志中文版 2010年第6期13卷 372-375页

作者： Abdallah Al- Mohammad Jonathan Mant Philippe Laramee sharon swain 李喆(译) 乔树宾(校) south Yorkshire Cardiothoracic Centre Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Sheffield S5 7AU General Practice & Primary Care Research Unit University of Cambridge CB2 0SR National Clinical Guideline Centre Royal College of Physicians of London London NW1 4LE 北京协和医院心内科中国医学科学院北京阜外心血管病医院心内科

在英国有90万人患有心力衰竭（心衰）。由于缺血性心肌病（心衰患者的主要病因）预后改善和人口老龄化导致了心衰患病率的增加。心衰的两种主要类型为：左室收缩功能（LVEF）异常和LVEF正常的心衰。

关键词：慢性心力衰竭 NICE 心衰患者指南治疗诊断成人缺血性心肌病