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Spatial Modelling of Weather Variables for Plant Disease Applications in Mwea Region

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2016年第5期4卷 127-136页

作者： Paul Onyango Ouma Patroba Achola Odera john bosco Mukundi Department of Geomatic Engineering and Geospatial Information Systems Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kenya Department of Horticulture and Food Sciences Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Juja Kenya

Climate change is expected to affect the agricultural systems, such as crop yield and plant disease occurrence and spread. To be able to mitigate against the negative impacts of climate change, there is a need to use early warning systems that account for expected changes in weather variables such as temperature and rainfall. Moreover, providing such information at high spatial and temporal resolutions can be useful in improving the accuracy of an early warning system. This paper describes a methodology that can be used to produce high spatial and temporal resolutions of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and rainfall in an agricultural area. We utilize MarkSim GCM, a weather file generator that incorporates IPCC based climate change models to downscale the weather variables at monthly intervals. An ensemble of 17 GCM models is used within the RCP 8.0 emission scenario within the latest model based CMIP5. We first assess the usability of the model, by comparing results produced to what has been recorded at weather station level over a vast region. Then, we estimate the correction factors for model results by implementing a linear regression that is used to assess the relationship between the variables and the deviation of model outputs to the weather station data. Finally, we use kriging geostatistical technique to interpolate the weather data, for the year 2010. Results indicated that the model overestimated the results of maximum temperature, while underestimating the result of minimum temperature. Variability in the recorded weather variables was also evident, indicating that the response variables such as plant disease severity dependent on such weather information could vary in the area. These datasets can be useful especially in predicting the occurrence of plant diseases, which are affected by either rainfall or temperature.

关键词： Climate Change Rice Blast GIS Geostatistics MarkSim GCM

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Reaction of Ferralsol to Acidifying Effect of Nitrogen Fertilisation

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2021年第1期10卷 69-79页

作者： john Stephen Tenywa Jean bosco Ngarukiyimana Alice Amoding Katushabe College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the short-term effect of urea fertiliser application on soil reactions in a Ferralsol, with particular thrust on P sorption. Methods: Two experiments were conducted for this purpose: 1) a screenhouse pot experiment; and 2) a laboratory P sorption component. The pot (10 litre capacity plastic pots) experiment was conducted at the Makerere University Agricultural Research, Kabanyolo in Uganda, using a Ferralsol. The study comprised of four urea N (46% N) fertiliser treatments, namely, 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N·ha-1, equivalent to 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg N per pot. A completely randomised design was adopted with three replicates. Urea rates were applied in 50% split doses, one at planting and the other at 19 days after seedling emergence (to simulate farmer practice). This was followed by watering to field capacity using distilled water. Soil samples were taken at three daily intervals until day fourteen;thereafter, soil sampling was at an interval of seven days. The second urea split dose was applied at 21 days followed by soil sampling at an interval of three days till day fourteen. Thereafter, soil was sampled at seven day intervals until the end of experiment. Soil samples were analysed for exchangeable H+, Al3+, NH4+and NO3- ions. The reaction trends of the concentrations of these ions and Bray 1 P were used to structure different response curves repres

关键词： Urea Hydrolysis Ammonification Phosphorus Sorption

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Suitability of Drinking Water Sources from Nyaruzinga Wetland for Domestic Use in Bushenyi Municipality, Uganda

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第13期9卷 1587-1611页

作者： Lauben Muhangane john bosco Nkurunungi Jane Yatuha Morgan Andama Department of Biology Faculty of Science Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda

This study determined the physico-chemical and bacterial quality of raw (bore-hole, springs, wells) and tap water sources from Nyaruzinga wetland for domestic use in Bushenyi Municipality. Forty samples of raw water were randomly collected from Kacuncu, Kyeitembe and Kikuba tributaries of the wetland and 40 samples of tap water generated from the same wetland were randomly drawn from Ishaka, Nyakabirizi and Central divisions of the Municipality. The samples were analyzed for apparent colour (AC), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, pH, total iron, residual alum, free residual chlorine and faecal coliforms using standard methods and their values compared with standard local UNBS (2008) and international WHO (2011) drinking water quality guidelines. The results showed that the mean pH of the protected spring below Kikuba Hill (5.21);the AC (Pt/Co) of the borehole below Bweranyangi Junior School (17.28) and the surface well below Nyandozo Primary School (157.58) both situated in Kacuncu as well as the free residual chlorine (mg/L) in tap water at Kanyamabona Trading Centre, Ishaka division (0.192) were below the standard values of WHO (pH, 6.0 - 8.0;free residual chlorine, 0.2 - 0.5) and UNBS (AC, <15). The electrical conductivity, EC (μS/cm) and total hardness (mg/L) of all the selected water sources were within the WHO standards (EC, <1500 (raw water), 0 - 300 (tap water);total hardness, <1500 (raw water), <100 (tap water)). The residual alum (mg/L) in all the tap water sources was also within the WHO guideline (<0.2). On the other hand, the turbidity (27.38 NTUs) and total iron content (0.32 mg/L) of the surface well below Nyandozo Primary School were above WHO guidelines of <15 and <0.3 respectively. Furthermore, the mean faecal coliform counts (CFU/100 ml) in the surface well below Nyandozo Primary School (6.90) and the borehole below Bweranyangi Junior School (16.83) including the surface well below Kyeitembe Trading Centre (9.25) were above

关键词： Bacterial Load Bushenyi Municipality Drinking Water Sources Physico-Chemical Parameters

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Elucidating Environment Management Intervention Benefits and Underpinning Factors among Uganda’s Albertine Rift Communities

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第10期8卷 157-174页

作者： Priscilla Nyadoi Laster Stoney Ogola Harriet Kyakyo john bosco Lamoris Okullo Uganda Wildlife Society Kampala Uganda School of Forestry Environment and Geographical Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda

Environmental management intervention benefits have been found to depend on beneficiaries’ unique socioeconomic-environmental factors and understanding these helps generate knowledge guidelines for designing, planning and implementation of new interventions. The Ecosystems Alliance (EA) Project in Uganda’s Albertine Rift promoted interventions including, resource access from protected areas, monitoring oil companies’ compliance to set environmental standards, tree planting, lake bank restoration, bee keeping, hay for livestock feeding and cages to shelter communities from crocodiles for four years in Buliisa, Hoima and Kasese district, to, build management capacity of the local communities and institutions to remedy the region’s environment and natural resources which were declining. At the end of the project we interviewed 56 representatives of the project beneficiaries individually and obtained data on benefit level, factors underpinning and perceived livelihoods and environmental impacts of the interventions and used Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 16 (Bryman & Cramer, 2009) to generate percentages (%), correlations with p ≤ 0.05 considered as significant relationship on these. As results, ≥90% of respondents in districts benefited from EA project interventions. Beneficiaries perceived the interventions that enhanced their household incomes and this was especially important for those who were not educated (p = 0.01, for education level);the environment management capacity and this was especially important for women (p = 0.05, for sex) and for households of 4 - 6 members (p = 0.02 with family size);the reduced conflicts with wildlife and this was especially important for households with 4 - 6 members (p = 0.02) and for people who depended on wetlands/wildlife resources (p = 0.00 for both cases) among others. Among constraints to benefit, time of intervention and climatic conditions was especiall

关键词： Natural Resources Human Wildlife Conflicts Tree Planting Ecosystems Alliance Restoration Protected Areas Crop Farmers

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Modelling the Potential Distribution of <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>subsp. <i>nilotica</i>(C.F. Gaertn) across the Kidepo Landscape of Uganda in the Face of Climate Change

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第8期8卷 14-24页

作者： Isaac Tom Okurut john bosco Lamoris Okullo Daniel Waiswa Julius Muyizzi Department of Environmental Management School of Forestry Environmental and Geographical Sciences College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Forestry Biodiversity & Tourism School of Forestry Environmental and Geographical Sciences College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Geography Geo-Informatics and Climatic Sciences School of Forestry Environmental and Geographical Sci-ences College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Policy Planning and Information GIS and Remote Sensing Section National Environment Management Authority Kampala Uganda

Climate change and human activities are increasingly linked with the extinction of species globally. In semi-arid regions, these pressures threaten the natural distribution and ecology of species. The threat that the shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica) faces from human activity is well researched yet the sensitivity of its distribution to climate change remains barely known. We set out to assess the potential distribution of Vitellaria under different climate change scenarios using a MaxEnt. A current distribution model was first developed using only biophysical variables of soil type, temperature, precipitation, land use type, and elevation. This model was then projected onto two global warming scenarios (RCP 4.5 & RCP 8.5) for 2050 and 2070 using multi-model averages (BCC-CSM, CSM4, and MIROC5) derived from three general circulation models. Reductions are seen in distribution area across the landscape with soil type being the most important variable. These results draw useful implications for conservation of Vitellaria in that they show how it is vulnerable is to a changing climate as its natural range is mostly reduced. Since climate change is important in the distribution of the shea butter tree, the areas with highest suitability in this study can be used in establishing the Shea butter tree sustainable use zones/area within the Kidepo Critical Landscape (KCL), Uganda.

关键词： Mapping Biophysical Variables General Circulation Models Dry Land MaxEnt

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免疫核糖核酸作用机制的研究──IRNA对淋巴细胞蛋白质合成的影响

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清华大学学报（自然科学版） 1989年第3期29卷 64-69页

作者：郑昌学 Shukuang Hu bosco S. Wang john A.Mannick Eloise Heacock 清华大学生物科学与技术系美国氰化物公司美国哈佛医学院外科系

用同位素示踪法研究了ＩＲＮＡ对正常小鼠脾细胞蛋白质合成的影响和ＩＲＮＡ作为抗体合成的直接模板的可能性。结果表明，ＩＲＮＡ能促进正常小鼠淋巴细胞合成抗体，但不能促进淋巴细胞合成ＩＲＮＡ供体型的抗体，说明ＩＲＮＡ不能作为... 详细信息

用同位素示踪法研究了ＩＲＮＡ对正常小鼠脾细胞蛋白质合成的影响和ＩＲＮＡ作为抗体合成的直接模板的可能性。结果表明，ＩＲＮＡ能促进正常小鼠淋巴细胞合成抗体，但不能促进淋巴细胞合成ＩＲＮＡ供体型的抗体，说明ＩＲＮＡ不能作为抗体合成的直接模板。实验还表明，ＩＲＮＡ能促进淋巴细胞合成一种分子量为９４０００的蛋白质分子。对该分子的作用和ＩＲＮＡ的作用机制进行了讨论。

关键词：核糖核酸淋巴细胞蛋白抗体

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Financing of sanitation services in the slums of Kampala and Dar es Salaam

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Health 2013年第4期5卷 783-791页

作者： john bosco Isunju Samuel Etajak Beatrice Mwalwega Richard Kimwaga Peter Atekyereza William Bazeyo john C. Ssempebwa 1Disease Control and Environmental Health Department School of Public Health College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Sociology College of Humanities and Social Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Water Resources Engineering College of Engineering and Technology University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Disease Control and Environmental Health Department School of Public Health College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda

This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities in East Africa, where 250 households from Bwaise III in Kampala, Uganda and 379 households from Temeke in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were interviewed in 2010. Also, 10 key-informant interviews and 8 focus group discussions were conducted in addition to field observations. Findings show that majority (85%) of households used unimproved, private-shared pit latrines. These privately owned latrines had many structural shortfalls besides poor operation and maintenance while the public latrines provided by third-party were structurally sound but were under-utilized in residential slum neighorhoods. This is attributed to the presence free or at least cheaper alternatives which the community members preferred instead of paying per-visit user-fees. For the few who were willing to pay, willingness to pay was positively associated with the presence of a facility User committee and having been sensitized. In this context, a combination of these factors made cost recovery as well as operation and maintenance very minimal. The poor status of privately owned shared pit latrines matched the limited income levels of households. Similarly, cost recovery for public facilities was dependent on the number of users who were willing to pay: the more the users, the more the cost recovery. A combination of private and public financing is thus necessary to fund different but complementary aspects of sanitation in slums.

关键词： Slums Sanitation Public Private Financing Approaches

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Diversity of Macro Invertebrates of the River Rwizi in Western Uganda: A Citizen Science-BioBlitz Approach

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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第4期14卷 343-365页

作者： john bosco Nkurunungi Godwin Muhairwe Upton Nuwagira Nickson Araka Nestor Mugabe Osbert Natwijuka Jeninah Atwebembeire Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda Department of Directorate of Research and Graduate Training Makerere University Kampala Uganda

This study elucidates the pivotal role of citizen science-BioBlitz methodologies for rapid assessment of the macro-invertebrate taxa within the threatened River Rwizi of South-western Uganda. Utilizing a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, the investigation focused on six distinct river segments to demonstrate the efficacy of participatory citizen science-BioBlitz approaches conducted by experts, students and community volunteers. BioBlitz events included rigorous macro-invertebrate sampling at each of the selected sites along River Rwizi on nine occasions, incorporating collaborative taxonomic identification procedures involving experts, students, and the local community. Analyzing pollution concerns, diversity metrics, and community narratives yielded insights into river health and socio-ecological dynamics. A total of 43 macro-invertebrate families across 17 orders were documented with class Insecta dominating. Participants in BioBlitz events expressed predominantly positive sentiments, emphasizing satisfaction, education, and heightened awareness, besides negative sentiments rooted in historical mistrust. Intriguingly, the study unveiled an unforeseen trend in macro-invertebrate taxa richness, rising from upstream to urban sprawl and diminishing at peri-urban downstream sites. The study underscores the potential of citizen science-BioBlitz methodologies in advancing community science education and unraveling the intricate dynamics of threatened river ecosystems. The insights offered are invaluable for policymakers and conservationists seeking effective strategies to address challenges in the River Rwizi and comparable ecosystems. .

关键词： Diversity Macroinvertebrates Rwizi Citizen-Science-BioBlitz 6

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Grey Crowned Crane and Shoebills Conservation Status and Linkage to Livelihoods of Lake Victoria Shores Adjacent Communities in Mayuge District, Eastern Uganda

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第10期8卷 175-191页

作者： Priscilla Nyadoi Laster Stoney Ogola Harriet Kyakyo Gilbert Tayebwa john bosco Lamoris Okullo Thomas Aramu Uganda Wildlife Society Kampala Uganda Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Natural Resources and Environment Mayuge District Local Government Mayuge Uganda

This research was done among communities living adjacent to Lake Victoria Shores in Mayuge District to generate knowledge on Shoebill, Grey Crowned Crane conservation status and linkage to livelihoods. This knowledge was necessary to guide design and implementation of interventions that would deliver on the species conservation and adjacent communities’ livelihood benefits at the same time. We obtained information through individual interviews with 101 members of households from targeted communities and key informers-technical officials from the district, and analysed this data using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) by Bryman and Cramer, (2011) Version 20. The results were then subjected to validation using focus group discussions with 10 groups of between 8 - 15 individuals representing the targeted communities and other stakeholders and the results from this further validated with ≥250 representatives of these stakeholders in a one day workshop and with evidences collected during field observations, before synthesis. The findings show: Grey Crowned Crane habitats declining due to mining, agriculture, fishing activities by adjacent communities for their livelihoods (food and income from sale of produce obtained from the species’ habitats). The communities say they need to be engaged in development and implementation of integrated interventions that will improve their livelihoods while securing conservation for Grey Crowned Cranes. They among others propose ecotourism enterprises, training and sensitization on environment and wildlife conservation practices, policies and laws to enhance their knowledge and compliance in management. The fisher folk say fish is often found within Grey Crowned Cranes’ habitats and breeding grounds in the Lake and to avoid destroying the habitats, they need engine boats and standard fishing nets to enable fishing far away in the deeper waters. Crop farming communities say they need commercial, soil fertility improving

关键词： Populations Habitats Bird Species Ordinance GEF International Union for Conservation of Nature Crop Farmers Fisher Folk

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15 Years of Evolution of Non-Invasive EEG-Based Methods for Restoring Hand &Arm Function with Motor Neuroprosthetics in Individuals with High Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Graz BCI Research

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2017年第6期10卷 317-325页

作者： Gernot R. Müller-Putz Philipp Plank Bernhard Stadlbauer Karina Statthaler john bosco Uroko Graz University of Technology Institute of Neural Engineering BCI-Lab Graz Austria

Patients who suffer from a high spinal cord injury have severe motor disabilities in the lower as well as in the upper extremities. Thus they rely on the help of other people in everyday life. Restoring the function of the upper limbs, especially the grasp function can help them to gain some independence. Using EEG-based neuroprosthetics is a way to help tetraplegic people restore different grasp types as well as moving the arm and the elbow. In this work an overview of non-invasive EEG-based methods for restoring the hand and arm function with the use of neuroprosthetics in individuals with high spinal cord injury is given. Since the Graz BCI group is leading in this area of non-invasive research mainly, the work of this group is represented.

关键词： Electroencephalogram (EEG) Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Motor Neuroprosthesis Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

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