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Investigation of Open Abdom.n Visceral Skin Graft Revascularization and Separation from.Peritoneal Contents

Surgical Science 2018年第1期9卷 24-43页

作者： Katharine E. Caldwell ross m. clark Brittany B. Coffm.n Jacquelyn S. Brandenburg Thom.s R. Howdieshell Departm.nts of Surgery University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque USA Pathology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque USA

Background: Despite increasing survival following dam.ge control laparotom. and open abdom.n technique, little is known about the biology of visceral skin graft revascularization and separation from.peritoneal contents. m.thods: Following laparotom. for traum., patients with visceral edem. preventing fascial closure underwent Vicryl m.sh closure followed by visceral split-thickness skin grafting and readm.ssion graft excision and abdom.nal wall reconstruction. Utilizing laser speckle contrast im.ging, im.unochem.cal staining of histologic sections, and RT-PCR array technology, we exam.ned the revascularization, m.crovascular anatom., m.rphology, and change in gene expression of visceral skin grafts. Results: Ten patients ranging in age from.25 to 46 years underwent visceral grafting for cutaneous coverage of an open abdom.n. Skin graft perfusion peaked at a m.an of 350 PU by post-operative day 14 synchronous with closure of m.shed interstices, and rem.ined constant until excision. Tim. to graft excision ranged from.6 to 18 m.nths. CD-31 im.unostaining docum.nted a significant (p = 0.04) increase in vascular surface area in excised grafts com.ared to control skin. Trichrom. staining revealed an 8-fold increase in excised graft thickness. m.sothelial cells were identified within the derm.l m.trix of excised grafts. RT-PCR dem.nstrated significant up-regulation of genes involved in m.trix structure and rem.deling, cytoskeleton regulation, and WNT signaling;and down-regulation of genes involved in inflam.ation and m.trix proteolysis in excised grafts com.ared to control skin. Conclusion: Our data docum.nt early visceral skin graft perfusion and a plateau in revascularization. Histology reveals a robust derm.l m.trix populated by fibroblasts and m.sothelial cells within a com.lex supporting vascular network. Genetic analysis of excised grafts reveals growth factor, collagen, and m.trix rem.deling gene expression.

关键词： Open Abdom.n Visceral Skin Graft m.sothelial Cells

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The Effect of Projection m.crostereolithographic Fabricated Im.lant Geom.try on m.ocutaneous Revascularization

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Surgical Science 2014年第12期5卷 513-525页

作者： ross m. clark Kirsten N. Cicotte Paul G. m.Guire Elizabeth L. Hedberg-Dirk Thom.s R. Howdieshell Departm.nt of Surgery University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico Center for Biom.dical Engineering University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico Departm.nt of Cell Biology and Vascular Physiology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico

Understanding cell behavior inside three-dim.nsional (3D) m.croenvironm.nts with controlled spatial patterning of physical and biochem.cal factors could provide insight into the basic biology of tissue engraftm.nt, vascular anastom.sis, and revascularization. A sim.le layer by layer projection m.crostereolithography (PμSL) m.thod was utilized to investigate the effects of a nonporous and porous bioinert barrier on m.ocutaneous flap engraftm.nt and revascularization. A cranial-based, peninsular-shaped m.ocutaneous flap was surgically created on the dorsum.of C57Bl6 m.ce. Porous (SP) and nonporous (S) silicone im.lants were tailored to precise flap dim.nsions and inserted between the flap and recipient bed prior to sutured wound closure. Porous im.lant m.ocutaneous flaps becam. engrafted to the recipient site with com.lete viability. In contrast, distal cutaneous necrosis and resultant flap dehiscence was evident by day 10 in nonporous im.lant flap m.ce. Laser speckle contrast im.ging dem.nstrated flap revascularization in (SP) m.ce, and m.rkedly reduced distal flap reperfusion in (S) m.ce. Histologic analysis of day 10 (SP) flaps revealed granulation tissue rich in blood vessels and m.crophages growing through the im.lant pores and robust neovascularization of the distal flap. In contrast, the nonporous im.lant prevented tissue com.unication between recipient bed and flap with lack of bridging inflam.atory cells and neovasculature and resultant distal tissue necrosis. We have fabricated porous and nonporous silicone im.lants via a sim.le and inexpensive technique of PμSL. Using a graded-ischem.a wound healing m.del, we have shown that porous im.lants allowed contact between flap and recipient bed resulting in proxim.l flap arteriogenesis and neovascularization of the distal flap. Future research will utilize variations in im.lant pore size, spacing, and location to gain a better understanding of the cellular and m.lecular m.chanism. responsible for m.ocutaneous flap

关键词： Wound Healing Angiogenesis Stereolithography Im.lant Geom.try

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The NORE1A/RASSF5 Tum.r Suppressor Form. a Com.lex with GSK-3β to Regulate β-Catenin

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Journal of Biosciences and m.dicines 2024年第8期12卷 60-75页

作者： m. Lee Schm.dt Howard Donninger Geoffrey J. clark Departm.nt Pharm.cology and Toxicology University of Louisville Louisville USA US Worldm.ds LouisvilleUSA Departm.nt of m.dicine University of Louisville Louisville USA Experim.ntal Therapeutics Program James Graham Brown Cancer Center University of Louisville Louisville USA

NORE1A (RASSF5) is a tum.r suppressor of the RASSF fam.ly that is often down-regulated in hum.n tum.rs. NORE1A has m.ltiple roles in controlling cellular hom.ostasis, one of them.being regulating levels of β-catenin by binding and m.dulating the ubiquitin ligase substrate recognition factor β-TrCP. β-catenin is a m.jor executor of the Wnt pathway. The ubiquitin SCF-β-TrCP ligase com.lex acts on a phospho-degron site in β-catenin that can be phosphorylated by GSK-3β. We now show that in addition to binding β-TrCP, NORE1A also prom.tes the phosphorylation of the β-catenin phospho-degron by com.lexing with the kinase GSK-3β. Indeed, NORE1A enhances the form.tion of a GSK-3β/β-TrCP com.lex. A structural m.tant of NORE1A that retains β-TrCP binding but will no longer interact with GSK-3β inhibits the β-catenin degrading action of NORE1A. The GSK-3β interaction with NORE1A plays an im.ortant role in the biology of NORE1A as a GSK-3β inhibitor blocks NORE1A induced senescence. Thus, we identify a new role for the tum.r suppressor NORE1A: The regulation of GSK-3β. GSK-3β has m.ny other substrates including m.ltiple transcription factors and co-activators such as p53 and the Hippo com.onent TAZ. The work im.lies that NORE1A m.y be able to influence all of them.via this new kinase scaffolding interaction.

关键词： RAS NORE1A RASSF5 GSK-3β Beta Catenin HIPPO

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Carbon dioxide enrichm.nt affected flower num.ers transiently and increased successful post-pollination developm.nt stably but without altering final acorn production in m.ture pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.)

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第4期35卷 1-12页

作者： Ryan m.Clory Richard H.Ellis m.rtin Lukac Jo clark Carolina m.yoral Kris m.Hart Andrew R.G.Plackett A.Rob m.cKenzie School of Agriculture Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingAgricultureEarley GateWhiteknights RoadPO Box 237Reading RG66EUUK Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 165000Czechia Future Trees Trust Harwell Innovation CentreBuilding 173Curie AvenueHarwellOxford OX110QGUK Birm.ngham.Institute of Forest Research University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of Biosciences University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK

Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as m.sting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in com.ercial tree planting each *** em.ssions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced *** exam.ne if acorn production in m.ture woodland com.unities will be affected by further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from.a Free Air Carbon Enrichm.nt(FACE)experim.nt in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for num.ers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)at different stages of developm.nt and their predation levels under am.ient and elevated CO_(2) ***-annual variation in acorn num.ers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest num.ers of m.ture acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but alm.st none in *** num.ers of flowers,enlarged cups,im.ature acorns,em.ty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied am.ngst years;com.aratively high num.ers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting *** at this site is a fruit m.turation m.sting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn developm.nt affects m.ture acorn num.ers greatly).Raising the atm.spheric CO_(2) concentration by 150μL L^(−1),from.early 2017,increased the num.ers of im.ature acorns,and all acorn evidence(em.ty cups+im.ature acorns+m.ture acorns)detected in the litter traps com.ared to am.ient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the num.ers of flowers,enlarged cups,em.ty cups,or m.ture *** num.er of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichm.nt began,whereas num.ers declined in am.ient *** with CO_(2) also increased the num.er o

关键词： Quercus robur L. Acorns m.sting Pedunculate oak Carbon dioxide

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Lim.silactobacillus m.cosae FZJTZ26m. prevents NAFLD in m.ce through m.dulation of lipid m.tabolism.and gut m.crobiota dysbiosis

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Food Science and Hum.n Wellness 2024年第3期13卷 1589-1601页

作者： Danting Dang Bowen Li m.ngfan Ding RPaul ross Catherine Stanton Jianxin Zhao Bo Yang Wei Chen State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122China School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122China International Joint Research Center for Probiotics&Gut Health Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122China APC m.crobiom. Ireland University College CorkCork T12 YT20Ireland Teagasc Food Research Centre MooreparkFermoyCork T12 YT20Ireland National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122China

Lactobacillus are considered prom.sing therapeutic m.thods for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).The effects of two strains of Ltm.silactobacillus m.cosae on NAFLD were investigated in this ***-old m.le C57BL/6J m.ce were divided into 4 groups(n=8 per group,Control,m.del,FZJTZ26m.,FGSYC17L3).*** FZJTZ26m. reduced the m.ce 's body weight,liver weight,and adipose tissue weight after 12 weeks of *** to serum.analysis,total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased after *** FZJTZ26m. *** pathology showed that *** FZJTZ26m. was effective to am.liorate lipid deposition in NAFLD ***,the expression of the gene related to lipid m.tabolism.in the liver and adipose tissue was analyzed,and the results indicated that *** FZJTZ26m. could alleviate NAFLD by regulating lipid ***,the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a drop in the relative abundance of Rum.nococcaceae,which is linked to inflam.ation,but the relative abundance of a potential probiotic Akkerm.nsia significantly increased after *** FZJTZ26m. ***,*** FZJTZ26m. could be a candidate to prevent NAFLD.

关键词： Lim.silactobacillus m.cosae Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) Probiotic Lipid m.tabolism Gut m.crobiota

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Im.act on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from.Cool- and Warm.Season Legum.s Used in a Green m.nure-Forage Cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： clark B. Neely Francis m. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L.S. m.rgan Frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. Sm.th Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legum.s are im.ortant com.onents of livestock production system. in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legum.s contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping system. through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biom.ss production can be m.naged to com.lem.nt forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm. and cool-season annual forage legum.s as green m.nure for biom.ss, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and im.act on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm.season forage legum.s (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green m.nure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatm.nts. Eight cool-season forage legum.s (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green m.nure in late spring. Sorghum.sudangrass (Sorghum.bicolor x Sorghum.bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatm.nts in early sum.er after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatm.nts. Sorghum.sudangrass was harvested in June, August and Septem.er, and treatm.nts were evaluated for dry m.tter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from.each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm. and soil C and N were m.asured using com.ustion analysis. Nylon m.sh bags containing plant sam.les were buried at 15 cm.and used to evaluate decom.osition rate of above ground legum. biom.ss, including change in C and N concentrations. m.ngbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biom.ss yield (6.24 t Dm.ha-1) and contributed the m.st total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decom.osition rate of WSL biom.ss was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum.sativum.L. spp. sativum., arrow leaf clover (Trifolium.vesiculosum.Savi.), and crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) were the m.st productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legum.s Soil N Soil Organic C Green m.nure Deer Browse Forage Cropping System.

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Legum. Green m.nure and Intercropping for High Biom.ss Sorghum.Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： clark B. Neely Francis m. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. m.rgan Frank m. Hons William.L. Rooney Gerald R. Sm.th Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&m.AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Departm.nt of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legum.s were com.only used as green m.nure crops for their ability to fix atm.spheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX exam.ned legum. integration into high-biom.ss sorghum.(Sorghum.bicolor L.) production system. on a Lilbert loam. fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized berm.dagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crim.on clover (Trifolium.incarnatum.L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biom.ss sorghum.production system.to evaluate im.acts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biom.ss sorghum.and their im.acts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). m.in plots were split into crim.on clover green m.nure (CLGm. and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm.season crop rotations: cowpea green m.nure (CPGm., cowpea-sorghum.intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum.m.nocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatm.nts (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were random.zed and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGm.increased (P sorghum.biom.ss yield (16.5 t Dm.ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatm.nt reduced sorghum.yield up to 62% com.ared to SORG;whereas CPGm.increased sorghum.yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum.biom.ss yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over tim. indicated m.neralization of organic N and m.y explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum.biom.ss yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green m.nure crop but proved to be too com.etitive for successful intercropping in high-biom.ss sorghum.production system..

关键词： High-Biom.ss Sorghum Legum.s Green m.nure Intercrop Cowpea Crim.on Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil Nitrogen

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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly Styrene-Co-Poly 2-Hydroxyethylm.thacrylate (HEm.) Copolym.r and an Investigation of Free-Radical Copolym.rization Propagation Kinetics by Solvent Effects

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Open Journal of Polym.r Chem.stry 2024年第1期14卷 63-93页

作者： Anaif m. Alhewaitey Ishrat Khan Naif m. Alhawiti Departm.nt of Chem.stry Clark Atlanta University Atlanta USA Departm.nt of Chem.stry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia CAHFS University of California Davis Davis California

A series of hom. and copolym.rs of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate (HEm.) in three different m.dia (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polym.rization m.thod. The sam.les obtained from.the synthesis were characterized by Fourier Transform.Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear m.gnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H Nm.), atom.c force m.croscopy (AFm., and differential scanning calorim.try (DSC). The results show that the synthesis of the polym.rs is m.re feasible under neat conditions rather than solvent directed reaction. m.reover, the DSC data shows that the polystyrene obtained is am.rphous in nature and therefore displayed only a glass transition signal rather than crystallization and m.lting peaks. In addition, this study indicates that hom.lopolym.rization of styrene via free radical polym.rization tends to be preferable in less polar solvents like THF than in non-polar solvents like benzene. Benzene m.ght destabilize the form.tion of the reactive radicals leading to the form.tion of the products. In sum.ary, the hom.lpolym.rization of styrene is m.re feasible than the hom.polym.rization 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate under the experim.ntal setup used. Styrene is m.re reactive than 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate than free radical polym.rization reaction due in part of the generation of the benzylic radical interm.diate which is m.re stable leading to the form.tion of products than alkyl radical which are less stable. Furtherm.re, polym.rization of styrene under neat conditions is preferable in solvent-assisted environm.nts. The choice of solvent for the synthesis of these polym.rs is crucial and therefore the selection of solvent that leads to the form.tion of a m.re stable reaction interm.diate is m.re favorable. It is worth noting that the structure of the proposed copolym.r consists of a highly polar and hydrophilic m.nom.r, 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate and a highly non-polar and hydrophobic m.nom.

关键词： 2-Hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate Polym.rization

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Elucidating regulatory processes of intense physical activity by m.lti-om.cs analysis

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m.litary m.dical Research 2024年第4期11卷 479-499页

作者： Ernesto S.Nakayasu m.rina A.Gritsenko Young-m. Kim.Jennifer E.Kyle Kelly G.Stratton Carrie D.Nicora Nathalie m.noz Kathleen m.Navarro Daniel Claborne Yuqian Gao Karl K.Weitz Vanessa L.Paurus Kent J.Bloodsworth Kelsey A.Allen Lisa m.Bram.r Fernando m.ntes Kathleen A.clark Grant Tietje Justin Teeguarden Kristin E.Burnum.Johnson Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352USA Environm.ntal and m.lecular Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthWestern States DivisionDenverCO 80204USA Com.utational Analytics Division Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352USA National Security Directorate Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352USA Los Angeles County Fire Departm.nt Los AngelesCA 90063USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthRespiratory Health DivisionMorgantownWV 26505USA Environm.ntal and m.lecular Toxicology Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA

Background:Physiological and biochem.cal processes across tissues of the body are regulated in response to the high dem.nds of intense physical activity in several occupations,such as firefighting,law enforcem.nt,m.litary,and sports.A better understanding of such processes can ultim.tely help im.rove hum.n perform.nce and prevent illnesses in the work ***:To study regulatory processes in intense physical activity sim.lating real-life conditions,we perform.d a m.lti-om.cs analysis of 3 biofluids(blood plasm.,urine,and saliva)collected from.11 wildland firefighters before and after a 45 m.n,intense exercise *** profiles ***-exercise were com.ared by Student’s t-test followed by pathway analysis and com.arison between the different om.cs ***:Our m.lti-om.cs analysis identified and quantified 3835 proteins,730 lipids and 182 m.tabolites com.ining the 3 different types of *** blood plasm. analysis revealed signatures of tissue dam.ge and acute repair response accom.anied by enhanced carbon m.tabolism.to m.et energy *** urine analysis showed a strong,concom.tant regulation of 6 out of 8 identified proteins from.the renin-angiotensin system.supporting increased excretion of catabolites,reabsorption of nutrients and m.intenance of fluid *** saliva,we observed a decrease in 3 pro-inflam.atory cytokines and an increase in 8 antim.crobial peptides.A system.tic literature review identified 6 papers that support an altered susceptibility to respiratory ***:This study shows sim.ltaneous regulatory signatures in biofluids indicative of hom.ostatic m.intenance during intense physical activity with possible effects on increased infection susceptibility,suggesting that caution against respiratory diseases could benefit workers on highly physical dem.nding jobs.

关键词： m.lti-om.cs analysis Intense exercise Hum.n perform.nce Biofluids m.tabolism Im.unity

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2023: Weather and Clim.te Extrem.s Hitting the Globe with Em.rging Features

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Advances in Atm.spheric Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1001-1016页

作者： Wenxia ZHANG Robin clark Tianjun ZHOU Laurent LI Chao LI Juan RIVERA Lixia ZHANG Kexin GUI Tingyu ZHANG Lan LI Rongyun PAN Yongjun CHEN Shijie TANG Xin HUANG Shuai HU State Key Laboratory of Num.rical m.deling for Atm.spheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynam.cs Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China m.t Office Hadley Centre Exeter EX13PBUK University of Chinese Academ. of Sciences Beijing 100049China Laboratoire de m.téorologie Dynam.que CNRSSorbonne UniversitéEcole Normale SupérieureEcole PolytechniqueParis 75230France m.x Planck Institute for m.teorology Hamburg 20146Germany Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología Y Ciencias Ambientales(IANIGLA)CCT CONICETMendoza CP 5500Argentina Shanghai Typhoon Institute China Meteorological AdministrationShanghai 200030China Asia-Pacific Typhoon Collaborative Research Center Shanghai 201306China

Globally,2023 was the warm.st observed year on record since at least 1850 and,according to proxy evidence,possibly of the past 100000 *** in recent years,the record warm.h has again been accom.anied with yet m.re extrem. weather and clim.te events throughout the ***,we provide an overview of those of 2023,with details and key background causes to help build upon our understanding of the roles of internal clim.te variability and anthropogenic clim.te *** also highlight em.rging features associated with som. of these extrem. *** extrem.s are occurring earlier in the year,and increasingly sim.ltaneously in differing parts of the world(e.g.,the concurrent hot extrem.s in the Northern Hem.sphere in July 2023).Intense cyclones are exacerbating precipitation extrem.s(e.g.,the North China flooding in July and the Libya flooding in Septem.er).Droughts in som. regions(e.g.,California and the Horn of Africa)have transitioned into flood *** extrem.s also show increasing interactions with ecosystem. via wildfires(e.g.,those in Hawaii in August and in Canada from.spring to autum. 2023)and sandstorm.(e.g.,those in m.ngolia in April 2023).Finally,we also consider the challenges to research that these em.rging characteristics present for the strategy and practice of adaptation.

关键词： weather and clim.te extrem.s tem.erature extrem.s extrem. precipitation drought wildfires

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