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U-Net Models for Representing Wind Stress Anomalies over the Tropical Pacific and Their Integrations with an Intermediate Coupled Model for ENSO Studies

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第7期41卷 1403-1416页

作者： Shuangying Du rong-hua zhang Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing210044China Laosan Laboratory Qingdao266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)is the strongest interannual climate mode influencing the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific,and numerous dynamical and statistical models have been developed to simulate and predict *** some simplified coupled ocean-atmosphere models,the relationship between sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies and wind stress(τ)anomalies can be constructed by statistical methods,such as singular value decomposition(SVD).In recent years,the applications of artificial intelligence(AI)to climate modeling have shown promising prospects,and the integrations of AI-based models with dynamical models are active areas of *** study constructs U-Net models for representing the relationship between SSTAs andτanomalies in the tropical Pacific;the UNet-derivedτmodel,denoted asτUNet,is then used to replace the original SVD-basedτmodel of an intermediate coupled model(ICM),forming a newly AI-integrated ICM,referred to as *** simulation results obtained from ICM-UNet demonstrate their ability to represent the spatiotemporal variability of oceanic and atmospheric anomaly fields in the equatorial *** the ocean-only case study,theτUNet-derived wind stress anomaly fields are used to force the ocean component of the ICM,the results of which also indicate reasonable simulations of typical ENSO *** results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating an AI-derived model with a physics-based dynamical model for ENSO modeling ***,the successful integration of the dynamical ocean models with the AI-based atmospheric wind model provides a novel approach to ocean-atmosphere interaction modeling studies.

关键词： U-Net models wind stress anomalies ICM integration of AI and physical components

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Synergistic Interdecadal Evolution of Precipitation over Eastern China and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation during 1951-2015

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第1期41卷 53-72页

作者： Minmin WU rong-hua zhang Junya HU Hai ZHI Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Laosan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029China

By using the multi-taper method(MTM)of singular value decomposition(SVD),this study investigates the interdecadal evolution(10-to 30-year cycle)of precipitation over eastern China from 1951 to 2015 and its relationship with the North Pacific sea surface temperature(SST).Two significant interdecadal signals,one with an 11-year cycle and the other with a 23-year cycle,are identified in both the precipitation and SST *** show that the North Pacific SST forcing modulates the precipitation distribution over China through the effects of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO)-related anomalous Aleutian low on the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)and Mongolia high(MH).During the development stage of the PDO cold phase associated with the 11-year cycle,a weakened WPSH and MH increased the precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin,whereas an intensified WPSH and MH caused the enhanced rain band to move northward to North China during the decay *** the development stage of the PDO cold phase associated with the 23-year cycle,a weakened WPSH and MH increased the precipitation over North China,whereas an intensified WPSH and the weakened MH increased the precipitation over South China during the decay *** 11-year and 23-year variabilities contribute differently to the precipitation variations in the different regions of China,as seen in the 1998flooding *** 11-year cycle mainly accounts for precipitation increases over the Yangtze River Basin,while the 23-year cycle is responsible for the precipitation increase over Northeast *** results have important implications for understanding how the PDO modulates the precipitation distribution over China,helping to improve interdecadal climate prediction.

关键词： MTM-SVD PDO SST anomalies interdecadal variability precipitation over China

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Different El Niño Flavors and Associated Atmospheric Teleconnections as Simulated in a Hybrid Coupled Model

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第5期41卷 864-880页

作者： Junya HU Hongna WANG Chuan GAO rong-hua zhang Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanologyand Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China

A previously developed hybrid coupled model(HCM)is composed of an intermediate tropical Pacific Ocean model and a global atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM),denoted as *** this study,different El Niño flavors,namely the Eastern-Pacific(EP)and Central-Pacific(CP)types,and the associated global atmospheric teleconnections are examined in a 1000-yr control simulation of the *** HCMAGCM indicates profoundly different characteristics among EP and CP El Niño events in terms of related oceanic and atmospheric variables in the tropical Pacific,including the amplitude and spatial patterns of sea surface temperature(SST),zonal wind stress,and precipitation *** SST budget analysis indicates that the thermocline feedback and zonal advective feedback dominantly contribute to the growth of EP and CP El Niño events,*** to the shifts in the tropical rainfall and deep convection during EP and CP El Niño events,the model also reproduces the differences in the extratropical atmospheric responses during the boreal *** particular,the EP El Niño tends to be dominant in exciting a poleward wave train pattern to the Northern Hemisphere,while the CP El Niño tends to preferably produce a wave train similar to the Pacific North American(PNA)*** a result,different climatic impacts exist in North American regions,with a warm-north and cold-south pattern during an EP El Niño and a warm-northeast and cold-southwest pattern during a CP El Niño,*** modeling result highlights the importance of internal natural processes within the tropical Pacific as they relate to the genesis of ENSO diversity because the active ocean–atmosphere coupling is allowed only in the tropical Pacific within the framework of the HCMAGCM.

关键词： hybrid coupled model tropical Pacific Ocean global atmosphere Eastern/Central-Pacific El Niño atmospheric teleconnections

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Counteracting effects on ENSO induced by ocean chlorophyll interannual variability and tropical instability wave-scale perturbations in the tropical Pacific

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第2期67卷 387-404页

作者： rong-hua zhang Feng TIAN Qidong SHI Xiujun WANG Tongwen WU School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing210044China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao266237China Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408China Faculty of Geographical Sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing100081China

Large perturbations in chlorophyll(Chl)are observed to coexist at interannual and tropical instability wave(TIW)scales in the tropical Pacific;at present,their combined effects on El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)through ocean biologyinduced heating(OBH)feedbacks are not understood ***,a hybrid coupled model(HCM)for the atmosphere and ocean physics-biogeochemistry(AOPB)in the tropical Pacific is adopted to quantify how ENSO can be modulated by Chl perturbations at interannual and TIW scales,individually or collectively,*** HCM-based sensitivity experiments demonstrate a counteracting effect on ENSO:the bio-climate feedback due to large-scale Chl interannual variability acts to damp ENSO through its impact on upper-ocean stratification and vertical mixing,whereas that due to TIW-scale Chl perturbations tends to amplify *** ENSO simulations are sensitively dependent on the ways Chl effects are represented at these different scales,it is necessary to adequately take into account these related differential Chl effects in climate modeling.A bias source for ENSO simulations is illustrated that is related with the Chl effects in the tropical Pacific,adding in a new insight into interactions between the climate system and ocean ecosystem on different scales in the *** results reveal a level of complexity of ENSO modulations resulting from Chl effects at interannual and TIW scales,which are associated with ocean biogeochemical processes and their interactions with physical processes in the tropical Pacific.

关键词： Ocean chlorophyll Bio-climate feedbacks Interannual variability Tropical instability waves Counteracting effects A hybrid coupled model

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Effective transmittance of Fabry–Perot cavity under non-parallel beam incidence

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第1期33卷 449-457页

作者：吕寅生谢品华徐晋李友涛张华荣 School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230031China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The Fabry–Perot(FP) resonant cavity is widely used in laser and spectroscopic measurements due to its unique interference transfer function(ITF). In the ideal case of parallel incident light, the ITF of the FP resonant cavity can be expressed by the Airy function. However, in reality, it is difficult to achieve perfect parallelism with collimated beams. In this article, a theoretical model is established for non-parallel light incidence, which assumes that the non-parallel incident light is a cone-shaped beam, and the cone angle is used to quantify the non-parallelism of the beam. The transmittance function of the FP resonant cavity under non-parallel light incidence is derived. The accuracy of the model is experimentally verified. Based on this model, the effects of divergence angle, tilt angle and FP cavity parameters(reflectivity, cavity length)on the ITF are studied. The reasons for the decrease in peak value, broadening and asymmetry of the interference peak under non-parallel light incidence are explained. It is suggested that a fine balance between the interference peak and the collimation effect of the incident light should be considered in the design and application of FP resonant cavities, especially for tilted applications such as angle-scanned spectroscopy. The research results of this article have certain significance for the design and application of FP resonant cavities.

关键词： Fabry–Pérot(FP)resonant cavity interference transfer function Airy function non-parallel beam incidence

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Structure and Evolution of Decadal Spiciness Variability in the North Pacific during 2004-20,Revealed from Argo Observations

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第6期39卷 953-966页

作者： Guanghui ZHOU rong-hua zhang CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanologyand Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029China Laboratory for Ocean and Climate Dynamics Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Chinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710061China

Ocean spiciness is referred to as density-compensated temperature and salinity variations with warm(cool)and salty(fresh)waters having high(low)spiciness,*** structure and evolution of density-compensated(warm/salty or cool/fresh)spiciness anomalies are investigated in the North Pacific thermocline using Argo observations during the period *** well-organized decadal spiciness events are identified through isopycnal surface *** warm/salty spiciness anomaly of about 0.15°C and 0.05 g kg^(−1)temperature and salinity perturbations on the 25 kg m^(−1)isopycnal surface appeared in the eastern subtropical North Pacific at(18°-30°N,120°-150°W)in 2007,which then migrated southwestward along the mean circulation and arrived in the western tropics at(~15°N,145°E-175°W)in 2012-13,with the reduced salinity perturbation of about 0.043 g kg^(−1).Another cool/fresh spiciness anomaly of about−0.2°C and−0.07 g kg^(−1)temperature and salinity perturbations originated from the eastern subtropics at(120°-150°W,~30°N)in 2014 and followed a similar advective pathway during the period from 2014-15 to *** subduction pathway can be adequately determined by the mean Montgomery stream function on the isopycnal surface;the propagation direction and speed are in good agreement with the expectation for the role played by advection due to the mean geostrophic ***,the subducted decadal spiciness anomalies can have negative feedback on sea surface temperature(SST)variability in the western tropical Pacific through the diapycnal *** identifications of these density-compensated spiciness anomalies and their propagation pathways provide a clear illustration of the oceanic extratropics-tropics interactions in the North Pacific Ocean.

关键词： isopycnal analysis spiciness anomalies subduction pathway advection role decadal variability North Pacific

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A Hybrid Neural Network Model for ENSO Prediction in Combination with Principal Oscillation Pattern Analyses

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第6期39卷 889-902页

作者： Lu ZHOU rong-hua zhang CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanologyand Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029China Laboratory for Ocean and Climate Dynamics Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Chinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710061China

El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)can be currently predicted reasonably well six months and longer,but large biases and uncertainties remain in its real-time *** approaches have been taken to improve understanding of ENSO processes,and different models for ENSO predictions have been developed,including linear statistical models based on principal oscillation pattern(POP)analyses,convolutional neural networks(CNNs),and so ***,we develop a novel hybrid model,named as POP-Net,by combining the POP analysis procedure with CNN-long short-term memory(LSTM)algorithm to predict the Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature(SST)*** predictions are compared with each other from the corresponding three models:POP model,CNN-LSTM model,and POP-Net,*** POP-based pre-processing acts to enhance ENSO-related signals of interest while filtering unrelated ***,an improved prediction is achieved in the POP-Net relative to *** POP-Net shows a high-correlation skill for 17-month lead time prediction(correlation coefficients exceeding 0.5)during the 1994-2020 validation *** POP-Net also alleviates the spring predictability barrier(SPB).It is concluded that value-added artificial neural networks for improved ENSO predictions are possible by including the process-oriented analyses to enhance signal representations.

关键词： ENSO prediction the principal oscillation pattern(POP)analyses neural network a hybrid approach

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Recent ENSO evolution and its real-time prediction challenges

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National Science Review 2022年第4期9卷 7-10页

作者： rong-hua zhang Chuan Gao Licheng Feng Institute of Oceanology and Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural Resources

The El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is a major interannually re occurring mode of Earth’s climate system that originates naturally from oceanatmosphere interactions in the tropical Pacific and can affect the weather and climate *** has been observed to undergo decadal variations and modulations [1-3],including the intensity,asymmetry of its two phases(El Ni?o and La Ni?a),different types of El Ni?o and multiyear La Ni?a and El Ni?o *** well-known example occurred during the so-called 1976-1977climate shift [4],with El Ni?o events emerging frequently in the tropical Pacific during the 1980s and 1990s.

关键词： EL OCEAN

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A deep learning–based U-Net model for ENSO-related precipitation responses to sea surface temperature anomalies over the tropical Pacific

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2023年第4期16卷 57-64页

作者： Yuchao Zhu rong-hua zhang CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanologyand Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingChina Laoshan Laboratory QingdaoChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina

SST–降水反馈过程在热带太平洋ENSO演变过程中起着重要作用,能否真实地在数值模式中表征SST–降水年际异常之间的关系及相关反馈过程,对于准确模拟和预测ENSO至关重要.例如,在一些模拟ENSO的混合型耦合模式中,通常采用大气统计模型(如... 详细信息

SST–降水反馈过程在热带太平洋ENSO演变过程中起着重要作用,能否真实地在数值模式中表征SST–降水年际异常之间的关系及相关反馈过程,对于准确模拟和预测ENSO至关重要.例如,在一些模拟ENSO的混合型耦合模式中,通常采用大气统计模型(如经验正交函数;EOF)来表征降水(海气界面淡水通量的一个重要分量)对SST年际异常的线性响应.然而在当前的耦合模式中,真实观测到的降水–SST统计关系还不能被很好地再现出来,从而引起ENSO模拟误差和不确定性.在本研究中,使用基于深度学习的U-Net模型来构建热带太平洋降水异常场对SST年际异常的非线性响应模型.研究发现:U-Net模型的性能优于传统的基于EOF方法的模型.特别是在热带西太平洋海区,U-Net模型估算的降水误差远小于EOF模型的模拟.此外,当SST和降水异常的趋势信息作为输入变量也被同时引入以进一步约束模式训练时,U-Net模型的性能可以进一步提高,如能使热带辐合带区域的误差显著降低.

关键词： U-Net模型 EOF方法 SST-降水年际异常关系 CMIP6模拟

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The 2020–2021 prolonged La Niña evolution in the tropical Pacific

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第12期65卷 2248-2266页

作者： Chuan GAO Maonan CHEN Lu ZHOU Licheng FENG rong-hua zhang Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyCenter for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029China Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Chinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710061China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China

The evolution of sea surface temperature(SST)in the tropical Pacific during 2020–2021 indicates a second-year cooling in late 2021 again,following the 2020 La Niña *** physical explanations are still lacking,and there is a clear need to understand the underlying processes *** data and reanalysis products are used to describe the characteristics and spatiotemporal evolution of upper-ocean thermal anomalies;an intermediate coupled model(ICM)is also used to perform numerical experiments to confirm these observation-based *** evolution of subsurface thermal anomalies is critically important to that of SST in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific;the effects of the former on the latter can be well represented by the temperature of subsurface waters entrained into the mixed layer(Te),a field that reflects a subsurface forcing on *** SST evolution is sensitively dependent on the intensities of the local effect associated with Te anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the remote effect associated with subsurface anomalies from the western *** early-and mid-2021,a competition was present between these local and remote effects associated with Te *** the remote warming effect dominates the local cooling effect,the cold SST condition in the east is likely to turn into neutral and warm conditions;otherwise,it tends to *** addition,the negative Te anomalies were sustained and enhanced by off-equatorial processes due to equatorial wave reflections at the eastern boundary associated with the 2020 La Niña *** SST evolution in mid-2021 corresponded to a situation in which the warming effect associated with positive subsurface thermal anomalies from the west were not strong enough to counteract the local cooling effect associated with negative anomalies in the *** due course,cold SST anomalies in the east developed again and the second-year cooling reoccurred in late 2021,with a turning point in

关键词： Prolonged La Niña evolution in 2020-2021 Subsurface effect on SST Remote and local processes Modeling experiments

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