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Near-zero U.S. Interest Rates, Primary Commodity Prices, and Financial Control in Emerging Markets

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Economic and Political Studies 2014年第2期2卷 3-25页

作者： ronald I. MCKINNON the Department of Economics Stanford University

The U.S. Federal Reserve's monetary policy at the center of the world dollar standard has a first-order impact on global financial stability. However, except in moments of international crises, the Fed focuses inward on domestic American economic indicators and generally ignores collateral damage from its monetary policies in the rest of the world. But this makes the U.S. economy less stable. Currently, ultra-low interest rates on dollar assets ignite waves of hot money into emerging markets by carry traders that generate bubbles in international primary commodity prices and other assets. These bubbles burst when some accident at the center, such as a banking crisis, causes a reflux of the hot money. Ironically, these near-zero interest rates hold back investment in the American economy itself.

关键词： dollar standard exchange rates hot money flows emerging markets commodity price cycles

China's Exchange Rate and Financial Repression:The Conflicted Emergence of the RMB as an International Currency

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China & World Economy 2014年第3期22卷 1-31页

作者： ronald McKinnon Gunther Schnabl Economics Department Stanford University Institute of Economic Policy Leipzig University

Instability in the worm dollar standard, as most recently manifested in the US Federal Reserve＇s near-zero interest rate policy, has caused consternation in emerging markets with naturally higher interest rates. China has been provoked into speeding RMB ＂internationalization ＂; that is, opening up domestic financial markets to reduce its dependence on the US dollar for invoicing trade and making international payments. However, despite rapid percentage growth in offshore financial markets in RMB, the Chinese authorities are essentially trapped into maintaining exchange controls （reinforced by financial repression in domestic interest rates） to avoid an avalanche of foreign capital inflows that would threaten inflation and asset price bubbles by driving nominal interest rates on RMB assets down further. Because a floating （appreciating） exchange rate could attract even more hot money inflows, the People＇s Bank of China should focus on keeping the yuan/dollar rate stable so as to encourage naturally high wage increases to help balance China ＂s international competitiveness. However, further internationalization of the RMB, as with the proposed Shanghai pilot free trade zone, is best deferred until world interest rates rise to more normal levels.

关键词： China exchange rate stabilization financial repression inflation dollar standard intemationalization of RMB

Under-reporting of Adverse Events in the Biomedical Literature

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2016年第4期1卷 10-32页

作者： ronald N.Kostoff School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology

Purpose: To address the under-reporting of research results, with emphasis on the underreporting/distorted reporting of adverse events in the biomedical research ***/methodology/approach: A four-step approach is used:(1) To identify the characteristics of literature that make it adequate to support policy;(2) to show how each of these characteristics becomes degraded to make inadequate literature;(3) to identify incentives to prevent inadequate literature; and(4) to show policy implications of inadequate ***: This review has provided reasons for, and examples of, adverse health effects of myriad substances(1) being under-reported in the premiere biomedical literature, or(2) entering this literature in distorted form. Since there is no way to gauge the extent of this under/distorted-reporting, the quality and credibility of the ‘premiere’ biomedical literature is unknown. Therefore, any types of meta-analyses or scientometric analyses of this literaturewill have unknown quality and credibility. The most sophisticated scientometric analysis cannot compensate for a highly flawed *** limitations: The main limitation is in identifying examples of under-reporting. There are many incentives for under-reporting and few *** implications: Almost all research publications, addressing causes of disease, treatments for disease, diagnoses for disease, scientometrics of disease and health issues, and other aspects of healthcare, build upon previous healthcare-related research published. Many researchers will not have laboratories or other capabilities to replicate or validate the published research, and depend almost completely on the integrity of this literature. If the literature is distorted, then future research can be misguided, and health policy recommendations can be ineffective or ***/value: This review has examined a much wider range of technical and nontechnical causes for under-reporting of a

关键词： Under-reporting Publication bias Reporting bias Manufactured research Research misconduct Research malfeasance Biomedical literature

Equalities between h-type Indices and Definitions of Rational h-type Indicators

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2019年第1期4卷 22-31页

作者： Leo Egghe Yves Fassin ronald Rousseau University of Hasselt Department of Marketing Innovation and Organisation Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Ghent University University of Antwerp Faculty of Social Sciences KU Leuven Facultair Onderzoekscentrum ECOOM

Purpose: To show for which publication-citation arrays h-type indices are equal and to reconsider rational h-type indices. Results for these research questions fill some gaps in existing basic knowledge about h-type ***/methodology/approach: The results and introduction of new indicators are based on well-known ***: The research purpose has been reached: answers to the first questions are obtained and new indicators are defined. Research limitations: h-type indices do not meet the Bouyssou-Marchant independence *** implications: On the one hand, more insight has been obtained for well-known indices such as the h-and the g-index and on the other hand, simple extensions of existing indicators have been added to the bibliometric toolbox. Relative rational h-type indices are more useful for individuals than the existing absolute ***/value: Answers to basic questions such as "when are the values of two h-type indices equal" are provided. A new rational h-index is introduced.

关键词： h-index g-index Rational h-type indices Relative rational h-index Lotkaianframework

Describing Citations as a Function of Time

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2020年第2期5卷 1-12页

作者： Xiaojun Hu Xian Li ronald Rousseau Medical Information Center and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital 2Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058China Facultair Onderzoekscentrum ECOOM MSIKU LeuvenNaamsestraat 61Leuven B-3000Belgium Faculty of Social Sciences University of AntwerpAntwerp B-2020Belgium

Purpose:Providing an overview of types of citation ***/methodology/approach:The terms citation curves or citation graphs are made ***:A framework for the study of diachronous(and synchronous)citation curves is *** limitations:No new practical applications are *** implications:This short note about citation curves will help readers to make the optimal choice for their ***/value:A new scheme for the meaning of the term"citation curve"is designed.

关键词： Citation curves Citation graphs Diachronous and synchronous functions Size-dependent and size-independent indicators Knowledge domains Growth

Confidence Intervals for Relative Intensity of Collaboration(RIC)Indicators

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2022年第4期7卷 5-15页

作者： Joel Emanuel Fuchs Lawrence Smolinsky ronald Rousseau University of Wuppertal Gaußstr.20D-42119 WuppertalGermany Louisiana State University Department of MathematicsBaton RougeLos AngelesUSA University of Antwerp Faculty of Social SciencesMiddelheimlaan 1B-2020 AntwerpBelgium KU Leuven Facultair Onderzoekscentrum ECOOMNaamsestraat 61B-3000 LeuvenBelgium

Purpose:We aim to extend our investigations related to the Relative Intensity of Collaboration(RIC)indicator,by constructing a confidence interval for the obtained ***/methodology/approach:We use Mantel-Haenszel statistics as applied recently by Smolinsky,Klingenberg,and ***:We obtain confidence intervals for the RIC indicatorResearch limitations:It is not obvious that data obtained from the Web of Science(or any other database)can be considered a random *** implications:We explain how to calculate confidence *** indicators are more often than not presented as precise values instead of an approximation depending on the database and the time of *** approach presents a suggestion to solve this ***/value:Our approach combines the statistics of binary categorical data and bibliometric studies of collaboration.

关键词： Contingency tables Confidence intervals Relative intensity of collaboration(RIC) Mantel-Haenszel statistics Science of science

EFFECTS OF RIVER ICE ON STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS——A CASE STUDY OF THE YELLOW RIVER

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2007年第4期22卷 263-272页

作者： ronald THRING Bryan W. KARNEY Prof. Environmental Engineering University of Northern British Columbia 3333 University Way Prince George BC Canada V2N 4Z9 Prof. Department of Civil Engineering University of Toronto 35 St. George Street Toronto ON Canada M5S 1A4

Using field observations at four gauging stations along the Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River in China, this paper explores effects of the ice on the hydraulics of this river reach for four different conditions, namely: under open channel flow, during ice-running period, the ice-covered period, and the river break-up period. The rating curves were found to be well recognized under open channel situations, but were sometimes poorly defined and extremely variable under ice conditions. The results also show that the water level is insensitive to flowing ice prior to freeze-up. However, significant, but hardly surprising, variations were observed during ice-covered conditions. The rating curves for both the ice covered condition and river ice breakup period are developed and some related hydraulic issues are examined. Additionally, the impacts of the ice accumulation and associated riverbed deformation during ice period on the rating curves are discussed.

关键词： Ice-running period Ice covered period Rating curve Riverbed deformation River ice break-up

Rock creep modeling based on discontinuous deformation analysis

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2013年第5期23卷 757-761页

作者： Gao Yanan Gao Feng Manchu ronald Yeung State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering China University of Mining & Technology Department of Civil Engineering California State Polytechnic University

Creep is one of the major problems of deep underground mining that must be studied theoretically,experimentally,and numerically over a long *** and feld tests are methods which can directly and more accurately describe the engineering practices as compared with ***,these approaches are also time-consuming because creep problem of rock engineering,such as the roadway/tunnel squeezing phenomenon,usually lasts from several months to a few years.A numerical method can be employed to overcome this time-consuming *** discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)method was originated in 1984 and received considerable attention from geo-engineers and *** current paper discusses the creep calculation methods using the continuous and the discontinuous methods,and proposes a creep analysis method based on *** method proposed in this paper can directly change the stiffness matrix while inheriting the advantages of the original *** this method does not require any changes in the contact part of ***,this method does not have any effect on the open–close iteration and convergence and can solve the creep problem,while maintaining the advantages of the original *** theorized that creep problems are static problems,and based on this,the work using DDA in this study was divided into two parts:(1)addition of a new loop for the original DDA to‘‘discredited’’the total creep time into several time elements,thereby changing the material properties in each time element;and(2)division of each of the time elements by the time steps,similar to the original *** this manner,one creep problem can be solved via assembling of static ***,the method mentioned above is employed to modeling a tunnel *** evolution of the displacement fled and stress feld during creep are analyzed and discussed.

关键词： Creep Deep underground mining DDA Tunnel squeezing

WEAK-DUALITY BASED ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR PDE-CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION WITH POINTWISE GRADIENT STATE-CONSTRAINTS

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2012年第2期30卷 101-123页

作者： M. Hintermuer Michael Hinze ronald H.W. Hoppe Department of Mathematics Humboldt-University of Berlin Germany Department of Mathematics University of Hamburg Germany Department of Mathematics University of Augsburg Germany and Department of MathematicsUniversity of Houston USA

Adaptive finite element methods for optimization problems for second order linear el- liptic partial differential equations subject to pointwise constraints on the l2-norm of the gradient of the state are considered. In a weak duality setting, i.e. without assuming a constraint qualification such as the existence of a Slater point, residual based a posteriori error estimators are derived. To overcome the lack in constraint qualification on the continuous level, the weak Fenchel dual is utilized. Several numerical tests illustrate the performance of the proposed error *** subject classification： 65N30, 90C46, 65N50, 49K20, 49N15, 65K10.

关键词： Adaptive finite element method A posteriori errors Dualization Low regu-larity Pointwise gradient constraints State constraints Weak solutions.