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A New Perspective of the Physical Processes Associated with the Clear-Sky Greenhouse effect over High Latitudes

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2004年第2期21卷 171-180页

作者： Zuohao CA0 ronald e．stewart M．K．YAU MeteorologicalServiceofCanada，Ontario，Canada DepartmentofAtmosphericandOceanicSciences，McGillUniversityMontreal，Quebec，Canada

The physical processes associated with the clear-sky greenhouse effect in the presence of water vapor are examined by including surface emissivity in the greenhouse effect formulation, and by introducing a new way to partition physical processes of the greenhouse effect. In this new framework, it is found that the clear-sky greenhouse effect is governed by three physical processes associated with (1) the temperature contrast between the surface and the atmosphere, (2) the interaction between the surface emissivity and the temperature contrast, and (3) the surface emissivity. The importance of the three physical processes is assessed by computing their vertical and spectral variations far the subarctic winter and summer standard atmosphere using the radiation model MODTRAN3 (Moderate Resolution Transmittance code Version 3). The results show that the process associated with the temperature contrast between the surface and the atmosphere dominates over the other two processes in magnitude. The magnitude of this process has substantial variations in the spectral region of 1250 to 1880 cm-1 and in the far infrared region. Due to the low-level temperature inversion over the subarctic winter, there exists a negative contribution to the greenhouse trapping. The seasonal variations are, however, dominated by the processes associated with the interaction between the surface emissivity and the temperature contrast as well as the surface emissivity itself. The magnitudes of these two physical processes contributing to the greenhouse trapping over the subarctic winter are about 7 to 10 times of those over the subarctic summer, whereas the magnitude of the processes associated with the temperature contrast in the subarctic summer is only about 2 times of that in the subarctic winter.

关键词： greenhouse effect surface ernissivity physical processe high latitude seasonal variation

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The Changing Cold Regions Network:Observation,diagnosis and prediction of environmental change in the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie River Basins,Canada

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Science China earth Sciences 2015年第1期58卷 46-60页

作者： Chris M DeBeeR Howard S WHeATeR William L QUINTON Sean K CAReY ronald e stewart Murray D MACKAY Philip MARSH Global Institute for Water Security University of SaskatchewanNational Hydrology Research Centre Cold Regions Research Centre Wilfrid Laurier University School of Geography and earth Sciences Mc Master University Department of environment and Geography University of Manitoba Science and Technology Branch Environment Canada

Climate change is causing rapid and severe changes to many earth systems and processes,with widespread cryospheric,ecological,and hydrological impacts globally,and especially in high northern *** is of major societal concern and there is an urgent need for improved understanding and predictive tools for environmental *** Changing Cold Regions Network(CCRN)is a Canadian research consortium with a focus to integrate existing and new experimental data with modelling and remote sensing products to understand,diagnose,and predict changing land,water,and climate,and their interactions and feedbacks over the geographic domain of the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan River Basins in *** network operates a set of 14 unique and focused Water,ecosystem,Cryosphere and Climate(WeCC)observatories within this region,which provide opportunities to observe and understand processes and their interaction,as well as develop and test numerical simulation models,and provide validation data for remote sensing *** paper describes this network and its observational,experimental,and modelling *** overview of many of the recent earth system changes observed across the study region is provided,and some local insights from WeCC observatories that may partly explain regional patterns and trends are *** of the model products being developed are discussed,and linkages with the local to international user community are reviewed—In particular,the use of WeCC data towards model and remote sensing product calibration and validation is *** future activities and prospects for the network are also presented at the end of the paper.

关键词： climate change cryosphere hydrology atmospheric science ecology modelling Canada

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Storylines of family medicine Ⅷ:clinical approaches

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2024年第S3期12卷 70-78页

作者： William B Ventres Leslie A Stone Lauren e Gibson-Oliver elizabeth Kyle Meehan Mari A Ricker David Loxterkamp Stacy A Ogbeide Frank V deGruy Megan R Mahoney Steven Lin Clare MacRae stewart W Mercer Family and Preventive Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of MedicineLittle RockArkansasUSA Family and Community Medicine The University of Arizona College of Medicine-TucsonTucsonArizonaUSA Bucksport Regional Health Center BucksportMaineUSA Family and Community Medicine UT Health San Antonio Long School of MedicineSan AntonioTexasUSA eugene S.Farley Jr.Health Policy CenterUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA Family and Community Medicine University of California San Francisco School of MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA Division of Primary Care and Population Health Stanford MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA Usher Institute Edinburgh Medical SchoolUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK

Storylines of Family Medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked mini-essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the ***‘Ⅷ:clinical approaches’,authors address the following themes:‘evaluation,diagnosis and managementⅠ—toward a working diagnosis’,‘evaluation,diagnosis and managementⅡ—process steps’,‘Interweaving integrative medicine and family medicine’,‘Halfway—the art of clinical judgment’,‘Seamless integration in family medicine—team-based care’,‘Technology—uncovering stories from noise’and‘Caring for patients with multiple long-term conditions’.May readers recognise in these essays the uniqueness of a family medicine approach to care.

关键词： uniqueness dimensions illustration

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Storylines of family medicine Ⅴ:ways of thinking—honing the therapeutic self

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2024年第S3期12卷 43-51页

作者： William B Ventres Leslie A Stone Johanna F Shapiro Cynthia Haq Jéssica R B Leao Donald e Nease Jr Liz Grant stewart W Mercer John C M Gillies Pablo González Blasco Maria Auxiliadora C De Benedetto Graziela Moreto Marcelo R Levites Jennifer e DeVoe William R Phillips Jane M Uygur Thomas R egnew Colette S Stanley Family and Preventive Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of MedicineLittle RockArkansasUSA Family Medicine University of California Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA Faculty of Medicine University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil Family Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA Usher Institute Edinburgh Medical SchoolUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK SOBRAMFA-Medical education and Humanism Sao PauloBrazil Family Medicine Oregon Health&Science University School of MedicinePortlandOregonUSA Family Medicine University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA General Practice Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland General Internal Medicine Geriatrics&Palliative MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA

Storylines of Family Medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine,as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the ***‘Ⅴ:ways of thinking—honing the therapeutic self’,authors present the following sections:‘Reflective practice in action’,‘The doctor as drug—Balint groups’,‘Cultivating compassion’,‘Towards a humanistic approach to doctoring’,‘Intimacy in family medicine’,‘The many faces of suffering’,‘Transcending suffering’and‘The power of listening to stories.’May readers feel a deeper sense of their own therapeutic agency by reflecting on these essays.

关键词： illustration dimensions suffering

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Chemical forms and extractability of iron in sediments of three contrasting lakes of China and UK

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2003年第6期15卷 728-733页

作者： Gibson C.e.,stewart B.M. Key Laboratory of Terrestrial ecological Process Institute of Applied ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Agricultural and environmental Science Queen's University Belfast Shenyang 110016 China Newforge Lane Belfast BT9 5PX UK

Iron is a limiting factor for the eutrophication of lakes, especially those lakes that are enriched with phosphorus. extractability of iron in sediments of West Lake and Taihu Lake in China and Lower Lough erne in Northern Ireland of UK was comparatively investigated on the basis of analysing chemical forms of iron using different extractants. It was shown that extractable iron in sediments of the lakes was greatly different using various extractants. Reactive iron or easily released iron such as “active" iron oxides, total free iron oxide and water-soluble iron was not high, only accounting for 0.01%—0.15% of total iron. The efficiency of the extractants for exchangeable iron was decreased in the sequence 0.1 mol/L HCl DTPA+TeA mixed solution > 1 mol/L NH 4OAc > 0.5 mol/L MgCl 2 = 0.5 mol/L CaCl 2. It seems that the complexion of iron by organic matter was not strong because the concentration of organically bound iron was significantly lower than the concentration it was forecasted. extractable iron is not entirely consistent with or dependent on total iron in lake sediments. To a certain extent, phosphate can inhibit the release of iron in sediments of the lakes. The selection of extractants is thus the first key step to evaluate bioavailability of iron in lake sediments.

关键词： iron chemical form extractability lake sediment eutrophication

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多元文化经验对艺术创作的影响:舒龑的艺术探索之旅

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艺术与设计（理论版） 2024年第8期 23-24页

作者：司徒瓦特不详

在全球化日益加深的今天,多元文化经验对于艺术创作的重要性日益凸显。艺术家舒的创作经历充分展示了不同文化背景如何深刻影响和丰富艺术家的创作视角和艺术表达。文化自信与国际艺术交流舒的艺术创作不仅展示了其个人的文化自信,也促... 详细信息

在全球化日益加深的今天,多元文化经验对于艺术创作的重要性日益凸显。艺术家舒的创作经历充分展示了不同文化背景如何深刻影响和丰富艺术家的创作视角和艺术表达。文化自信与国际艺术交流舒的艺术创作不仅展示了其个人的文化自信,也促进了国际艺术交流。他的作品《白龙的追逐者》和《阿斯特利亚之城》不仅在国内外多个平台和媒体上得到广泛传播,《阿斯特利亚之城》还被收录于法国蒙彼利埃法布尔美术馆(Musée Fabre)的展览,以及阿罕布拉市的Nucleus画廊的个展里。

关键词：艺术创作蒙彼利埃创作经历阿斯特文化自信创作视角利亚追逐者

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Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2:a new player of the innate immune response for stroke recovery

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第11期12卷 1762-1764页

作者： Hsiao-Huei Chen Alexandre e R.stewart Ottawa Hospital Research Institute OttawaCanada University of Ottawa Heart Institute OttawaCanada

Ischemic brain injury triggers an inflammatory response. tissue but can also exacerbate brain injury. Microglia are This response is necessary to clear damaged brain the innate immune cells of the brain that execute this critical function. In healthy brain, microglia perform a housekeeping function, pruning unused syn- apses between neurons. However, microglia become activated to an inflammatory phenotype upon brain injury. Interferon regulatory factors modulate microglial activation and their production of inflammatory cytokines. This review briefly discusses recent findings pertaining to these regulatory mechanisms in the context of stroke recovery.

关键词： interferon regulatory factors interferon beta protein 2 stroke inflammation synaptie pruning anxiety microglia interferon regulatory factor 2 binding

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Applicability of five models to simulate water infiltration into soil with added biochar

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Journal of Arid Land 2017年第5期9卷 701-711页

作者： WANG Tongtong Catherine e stewart MA Jiangbo ZHeNG Jiyong ZHANG Xingchang State Key Laboratory of Soil erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China College of Natural Resources and environment Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China Soil-Plant-Nutrient Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Fort Collins CO 80526-8119 USA

As a soil amendment, biochar can reduce soil bulk density, increase soil porosity, and alter soil aggregates and thus affect the infiltration. Researchers have proposed and revised several theoretical models to describe the process of soil infiltration. Although these models have been successfully used to evaluate the soil infiltration in different scenarios in agricultural fields, little effort has been devoted to assess their performances in arid and semi-arid soils after the addition of biochar. A laboratory experiment was performed to study the infiltration characteristics of two typical Loess Plateau soils at three particle sizes（2–1, 1–0.25, and 〈0.25 mm） and five biochar application amounts（0, 10, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg）. The performance of five models（i.e., the Philip model, Kostiakov model, Mezencev model, USDA-NRCS model, and Horton model） in simulating the infiltration process was then evaluated based on the adjusted coefficient of determination and a reduced Chi-Square test. Results indicated that the Horton model best simulated the water-infiltration process in an aeolian sandy soil with added biochar. However, the Mezencev model best simulated the infiltration process in a loamy clay soil（eum-Orthic Anthrosol）. The three-parameter model, i.e., Mezencev and Horton models can better describe the relationship between cumulative infiltration and infiltration time. In conclusion, biochar reduced the soil infiltration capacity of the aeolian sandy soil and increased that of the eum-Orthic Anthrosol.

关键词： infiltration models biochar Horton model Mezencev model Loess Plateau

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Dabrafenib,an inhibitor of RIP3 kinase-dependent necroptosis,reduces ischemic brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第2期13卷 252-256页

作者： Shelly A.Cruz Zhaohong Qin Alexandre e R.stewart Hsiao-Huei Chen Ottawa Hospital Research Institute OttawaCanada University of Ottawa Brain and Mind InstituteOttawaCanada University of Ottawa Heart Institute OttawaCanada Canadian Partnership for Storke Recovery OttawaCanada

Ischemic brain injury triggers neuronal cell death by apoptosis via caspase activation and by necroptosis through activation of the receptor-interacting protein kinases （RIPK） associated with the tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-a）/death receptor. Recent evidence shows RIPK inhibitors are neuroprotective and al- leviate ischemic brain injury in a number of animal models, however, most have not yet undergone clinical trials and safety in humans remains in question. Dabrafenib, originally identified as a B-raf inhibitor that is currently used to treat melanoma, was later revealed to be a potent RIPK3 inhibitor at micromolar con- centrations. Here, we investigated whether Dabrafenib would show a similar neuroprotective effect in mice subjected to ischemic brain injury by photothrombosis. Dabrafenib administered intraperitoneally at 10 mg/ kg one hour after photothrombosis-induced focal ischemic injury significantly reduced infarct lesion size in C57BL6 mice the following day, accompanied by a markedly attenuated upregulation of TNF-u. However, subsequent lower doses （5 mg/kg/day） failed to sustain this neuroprotective effect after 4 days. Dabrafenib bl ocked lipopolysaccharides-induced activation of TNF-ct in bone marrow-derived macrophages, suggesting that Dabrafenib may attenuate TNF-ct-induced necroptotic pathway after ischemic brain injury. Since Dab- rafenib is already in clinical use for the treatment of melanoma, it might be repurposed for stroke therapy.

关键词： ischemic brain injury inflammation macrophage Dabrafenib tumor necrosis factor-alpha photothrombosis receptor-interacting protein kinases necroptosis microgIia stroke neural regeneration

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Statistical variability and fragility assessment of ballistic perforation of steel plates for 7.62 mm AP ammunition

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2020年第3期16卷 503-513页

作者： Mark G.stewart Michael DNetherton Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability The University of NewcastleNew South Wales2038Australia

The paper describes field test results of 7.62×51 mm M61 AP(armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor *** targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in *** tests recorded penetration depth,probability of perforation(i.e.,complete penetration),muzzle and impact velocities,bullet mass,and plate yield strength and *** measured penetration depth exhibited a variability of approximately±12%.The paper then compared ballistic test results with predictive models of steel penetration depth and thickness to prevent *** parameters were derived for muzzle and impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model error.A Monte-Carlo probabilistic analysis was then developed to estimate the probability of plate perforation of 7.62 mm M61 AP ammunition for a range of impact velocities,and for mild steels,and High Hardness Armour(HHA) *** perforation fragility analysis considered the random variability of impact velocity,bullet mass,plate thickness,plate hardness,and model *** a probabilistic analysis allows for reliability-based design,where,for example,the plate thickness with 95% reliability(*** 1 in 20 shots will penetrate the wall) can be estimated knowing the probabilistic distribution of ***,it was found that the plate thickness to ensure a low 5% probability of perforation needs to be 11-15% thicker than required to have a 50/50 chance of perforation for mild steel *** would need to be 20-30% thicker if probability of perforation is reduced to zero.

关键词： Ballistics Probability Statistics Steel plates Armour steel Ammunition experimental Perforation

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