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Image registration of the human accommodating eye demonstrates equivalent increases in lens equatorial radius and central thickness

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2019年第11期12卷 1751-1757页

作者： Andrzej Grzybowski ronald a.schachar Magdalena Gaca-Wysocka Ira H schachar Barbara KPierscionek Institute for Research in Ophthalmology Poznan 60-554Poland Department of Ophthalmology University of Warmia and MazuryOlsztyn 10-082Poland Department of Physics University of Texas in ArlingtonArlingtonTexas 76019USA Department of Ophthalmology Horngren Family Vitreoretinal CenterByers Eye InstituteStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCalifornia 94304USA School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent UniversityNottingham NG14FQUK

AIM: To compare the results of in vivo human high resolution image registration studies of the eye during accommodation to the predictions of mathematical and finite element models of accommodation. METHODS: Data from published high quality image registration studies of pilocarpine induced accommodative changes of equatorial lens radius(ELR) and central lens thickness(CLT) were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The mean changes in ELR and CLT were 6.76 μm/diopter and 6.51 μm/diopter, respectively. The linear regressions, reflecting the association between ELR and accommodative amplitude(AAELR) was: slope=6.58 μm/diopter, r^2=0.98, P<0.0001 and between CLT and AACLT was: slope=6.75 μm/diopter, r^2=0.83, P<0.001. On the basis of these relationships, the CLT slope and the AAELR were used to predict the measured change in ELR(ELRpredicted). There was no statistical difference between ELRpredicted and the measured ELR as demonstrated by a Student's paired t-test: P=0.96 and linear regression analysis: slope=0.97, r^2=0.98, P<***: Image registration with invariant positional references demonstrates that ELR and CLT equivalently minimally increase ~7.0 μm/diopter during accommodation. The small equivalent increases in ELRand CLT are associated with a large accommodative amplitude. These findings are consistent with the predictions of mathematical and finite element models that specified the stiffness of the lens nucleus is the same or greater than the lens cortex and that accommodation involves a small force(<5 g).

关键词： image registration accommodation equatorial lens radius central lens thickness

Beating the blues:engineering cryptochrome expression improves soybean yield

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Molecular Plant 2021年第2期14卷 202-204页

作者： ronald Pierik Plant Ecophysiology Department of BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CH Utrechtthe Netherlands

Phytochrome A overexpression can increase harvest index,as was shown 25 years ago in a breakthrough paper on tobacco(Robson et al.,1996).The impact of this important discovery has,however,not been fully *** at high densities often respond strongly to nearby competitors by strong elongation of their internodes and upward bending of their leaves,i.e.,shade *** is crucial for plants to ascertain access to sunlight,and this navigation through vegetation occurs through light cues that are sensed with various photoreceptors.A spectacular sensitivity is displayed by sun-loving plants that can already sense their nearby competitors even before mutual shading occurs and respond through a first acceleration of shoot *** anticipatory response is triggered through red(R):far-red(FR)light-sensitive phytochrome photoreceptors that detect FR light that is reflected by nearby *** the vegetation continues to grow and true shading occurs,there is also a significant depletion of red and blue light,since the latter two are absorbed for photosynthesis in the overhead leaves(reviewed in Pierik and Ballaré,2021).Plants can respond to blue light depletion,especially when integrating it with signaling of FR enrichment in Arabidopsis(de Wit et al.,2016).

关键词： depletion soybean breakthrough

Geometric morphometric analysis of the early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Jianshi,Hubei Province,China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第8期53卷 1141-1152页

作者： ronald CLARKE University of the Witwatersrand JohannesburgSouth Africa

Although the early Pleistocene hominin fossils found in East Asia continent are widely recognized as the earliest hominins migrated from Africa, debates remain on the morphology and taxonomy of these fossils. In this study, dental crown shape of the three early Pleistocene hominin teeth (P3, M1, and M1) found in Jianshi, Hubei Province of China was analyzed by means of geometric morphometrics. The comparative samples of fossil hominins from Africa, Asia, and Europe as well as those of modern humans (N=257) were used. The results indicate that the contour, asymmetry, and cusp patterns of these three types of teeth differ obviously between the fossil hominins and modern humans. The crown shape of P3 in most fossil hominins including Australopithecus, African early Homo, and Asian Pleistocene hominins are asymmetric with their crown occlusal contours long and curving elliptic-shaped. The occlusal contour of the fossil hominin M1 is symmetric and rectangle-shaped with no marked cusp protrusion. The crown shape of fossil M1 is characterized by asymmetric contour with slightly projected metaconid and hypoconid. On the contrary, in modern Chinese and some European late Pleistocene hominins, the crowns of P3s show symmetric contours with buccal side wider than lingual side; the crown shape of M1 is asymmetric with lingual cusp distalplaced, especially for hypoconid; the M1 has symmetric and round crown contour. Our study reveals that Australopithecus has wide variations in its crown shape, whereas these dental morphospaces of Asian hominins are closely placed. The crown contour, symmetry, and cusp patterns of these three teeth of Jianshi hominin resemble those of Asian early and middle Pleistocene hominins. No marked difference in dental crown shape is shown between the Jianshi hominin and other Chinese Homo erectus, and there is also no evidence in support of the Jianshi hominin's closeness to Australopithecus and African early Homo members.

关键词： human evolution tooth shape geometric morphometric Jianshi Hubei China

Chemokine signaling involving chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 plays a role in descending pain facilitation

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2012年第2期28卷 193-207页

作者： ronald Dubner Department of Neural and Pain Sciences School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience University of Maryland

Objective Despite accumulating evidence on a role of immune cells and their associated chemicals in mecha- nisms of pain, few studies have addressed the potential role of chemokines in the descending facilitation of persistent pain. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the chemokine （C-C motif） ligand 2 （CCL2）（commonly known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1） signaling in the rostral ventromedial medulla （RVM）, a pivotal structure in brainstem pain modulatory circuitry, is involved in descending pain facilitation in rats. Methods An L5 spinal nerve ligation （SNL） was produced in rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels of CCL2 and CCL2 receptor （CCR2）, and examine their distributions compared with the neuronal marker NeuN as well as glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP, astroglial） and CD 11 b （microglial）, respectively. Results SNL induced an increase in CCL2 expression in the RVM, and this returned to the control level at 4 weeks after injury. The induced CCL2 colocalized with NeuN, but not with GFAP and CD1 lb. CCR2 was also upregu- lated by SNL in the RVM, and this increase lasted for at least 4 weeks. CCR2 was colocalized with CD1 lb but not GFAP. Few RVM neurons also exhibited CCR2 staining. Neutralizing CCL2 with an anti-CCL2 antibody （0.2-20 ng） or injecting RS-102895 （0.1-10 pmol）, a CCR2b chemokine receptor antagonist, into the RVM on day 1 after SNL, significantly at- tenuated the established thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. In addition, injection of recombinant rat CCL2 （0.03-3 pmol） into the RVM induced dose-dependent hyperalgesia, which was prevented by pretreatment with RS-102895 （10 pmol）. Interleukin-β （IL-1]3）, a potent inducer of neuronal CCL2, was also selectively upregulated in RVM reactive as- trocytes. Injection of IL-1 ]3 （120 fmol） into the RVM induced behavioral hyperalgesia, which was blocked by RS-102895 （10 pmol

关键词： monocyte chemoattractant protein-l chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 rostral ventromedial medulla neu-ron-glial interaction neuropathic pain rat

Artificial enzymes,cancer chemotherapy,conjugation and nanoelectronics,and prebiotic chemistry

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Science China Chemistry 2011年第12期54卷 1803-1814页

作者： BRESLOW ronald Department of Chemistry Columbia University

This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of *** principal conclusions are described,but it will be ... 详细信息

关键词： artificial enzymes cancer chemotherapy conjugation and nanoelectronics prebiotic chemistry

Epidemiology of Sexual dysfunction in Asia compared to the rest of the world

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第1期13卷 152-158页

作者： ronald W Lewis Section of Urology Medical College of Georgia Augusta GA 30912 USA

There have been a limited number of epidemiological studies published on sexual disorders in persons from Asia. This paper aims to assess the reports of sexual dysfunction epidemiological studies published in the English language that involved Asian countries. Key points are summarized in this paper from nine epidemiological papers on sexual dysfunction from Asia that were published in the English language. Seven met the criteria for evidence-based studies reaching a Prins score of at least 10 or more. Papers included in this report came from national and regional representative studies in peer review journals. These results for sexual dysfunction in the nine papers are summarized for various sexual dysfunctions in men and women in Asian countries. In three of these, worldwide data were presented in the same paper allowing comparisons with Asian data on prevalence rates. Detailed descriptions from each of these studies are presented in paragraph form. More detailed data on erectile dysfunction （ED） is presented in a tabular form. Collectively, there seems to be a need for country- and population-specific further descriptive and analytical epidemiological studies in all of the sexual disorders from Asia. This critical review paper should help guide these studies for reachinj[ evidence-based literature standards.

关键词： descriptive epidemiology male and female dysfunction male ED premature ejaculation

Delayed recognition:recent developments and a proposal to study this phenomenon as a fuzzy concept

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2018年第3期3卷 1-13页

作者： ronald Rousseau University of Antwerp Faculty of Social SciencesB-2020 AntwerpBelgium d KU LeuvenFacultair Onderzoekscentrum ECOOM

Purpose:New developments in the study of delayed recognition are ***/methodology/approach:Based on these new developments a method is proposed to characterize delayed recognition as a fuzzy ***:A benchmark value of 0.333 corresponding with linear growth is ***,a case is discovered in which an expert found delayed recognition several years before citation analysis could discover this *** limitations:As all citation studies also this one is database *** implications:Delayed recognition is turned into a fuzzy ***/value:The article presents a new way of studying delayed recognition.

关键词： Delayed recognition Sleeping beauty Hibernators Fuzzy membership function

From dolphins to dogs:new opportunities to understand the role of P2X4 receptors in spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第7期18卷 1497-1498页

作者： Reece A.Sophocleous ronald Sluyter Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute WollongongNSWAustralia Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience University of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia

The P2X4 receptor belongs to the P2X receptor family of trimeric ligand-gated ion channels and was the first member of this family for which a crystal structure was obtained(Kawate et al.,2009).This structure confirmed the trimeric stoichiometry of P2X receptors and subsequent studies from the same group revealed the orthosteric binding site of the natural ligand adenosine 5′-triphosphate(ATP)in a cleft between each adjacent subunit(Hattori and Gouaux,2012).Now synonymous with structural descriptions of P2X receptors,these original studies described the structure of each P2X4 receptor subunit as that resembling a dolphin.

关键词： P2X4 subsequent

The F-measure for Research Priority

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2018年第1期3卷 1-17页

作者： ronald Rousseau University of Antwerp Faculty of Social SciencesB-2020 Antwerp Belgium&KU Leuven Facultair Onderzoekscentrum ECOOMNaamsestraat 61Leuven B-3000Belgium

Purpose： In this contribution we continue our investigations related to the activity index （A/） and its formal analogs. We try to replace the AI by an indicator which is better suited for policy applications. Design/methodology/approach： We point out that fluctuations in the value of the AI for a given country and domain are never the result of that country＇s policy with respect to that domain alone because there are exogenous factors at play. For this reason we introduce the F-measure. This F-measure is nothing but the harmonic mean of the country＇s share in the world＇s publication output in the given domain and the given domain＇s share in the country＇s publication ***： The F-measure does not suffer from the problems the AI does Research limitations： The indicator is not yet fully tested in real cases R＆D policy management： In policy considerations, the AI should better be replaced by the F-measure as this measure can better show the results of science policy measures （which the AI cannot as it depends on exogenous factors）. Originality/value： We provide an original solution for a problem that is not fully realized by policy makers.

关键词： Keywords Activity index Harmonic mean F-measure Research policy Endogenous andexogenous factors