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why ecosystem characteristics predicted from remotely sensed data are unbiased and biased at the same time-and how this affects applications

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 24-31页

作者： Goran Ståhl Terje Gobakken Svetlana Saarela Henrik J.Persson Magnus Ekstrom Sean P.Healey Zhiqiang Yang Johan Holmgren Eva Lindberg Kenneth Nystrom Emanuele Papucci Patrik Ulvdal Hans OleØrka Erik Næsset Zhengyang Hou Håkan Olsson ronald E.McRoberts Department of Forest Resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research StationOgdenUTUSA The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China Department of Forest Resources University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMNUSA

Remotely sensed data are frequently used for predicting and mapping ecosystem characteristics,and spatially explicit wall-to-wall information is sometimes proposed as the best possible source of information for ***,wall-to-wall information typically relies on model-based prediction,and several features of model-based prediction should be understood before extensively relying on this type of *** such feature is that model-based predictors can be considered both unbiased and biased at the same time,which has important implications in several areas of *** this discussion paper,we first describe the conventional model-unbiasedness paradigm that underpins most prediction techniques using remotely sensed(or other)auxiliary *** this point of view,model-based predictors are typically ***,we show that for specific domains,identified based on their true values,the same model-based predictors can be considered biased,and sometimes severely *** suggest distinguishing between conventional model-bias,defined in the statistical literature as the difference between the expected value of a predictor and the expected value of the quantity being predicted,and design-bias of model-based estimators,defined as the difference between the expected value of a model-based estimator and the true value of the quantity being *** show that model-based estimators(or predictors)are typically design-biased,and that there is a trend in the design-bias from overestimating small true values to underestimating large true ***,we give examples of applications where this is important to acknowledge and to potentially make adjustments to correct for the design-bias *** argue that relying entirely on conventional model-unbiasedness may lead to mistakes in several areas of application that use predictions from remotely sensed data.

关键词： Bias Model-based inference Design-based inference

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Cost management : strategies for business decisions / ronald w. Hilton, Michael w. Maher, Frank H. Selto.

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2000年

作者： ronald w. Hilton Michael w. Maher Frank H. Selto.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Finite Complements in English

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外国语 2008年第1期31卷 2-35页

作者： ronald w. Langacker University of California San Diego USA

This paper explores the conceptual basis of finite complementation in English. It first considers the distinguishing property of a finite clause,namely grounding,effected by tense and the modals. Notions crucial for clausal grounding—including a reality conception and the striving for control at the effective and epistemic levels—also figure in the semantic import of complementation. An essential feature of complement constructions is the involvement of multiple conceptualizers,each with their own conception of reality. The different types of complement and their grammatical markings can be characterized on this basis. Finite complements differ from other types by virtue of expressing an autonomous proposition capable of being apprehended by multiple conceptualizers,each from their own vantage point. A cognitive model representing phases in the striving for epistemic control provides a partial basis for the semantic description of predicates taking finite complements. The same model supports the description of both personal and impersonal complement constructions.

关键词：英语认知文法补语谓词限定从句

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Access,Activation,and Overlap:Focusing on the Differential

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外国语 2012年第1期35卷 2-25页

作者： ronald w.Langacker University of California San DiegoU.S.A.

As a long term goal,Cognitive Grammar envisages a unified account of linguistic structure,processing,and discourse.A key requirement is that it properly reflect the dynamicity of language,in all its aspects(including grammar).Consisting as it does in patterns of activity,language is something that happens: it unfolds through time,and how it does so is essential for its *** structure involves the complex interplay of serial and hierarchical *** theory has generally overemphasized the latter,as witnessed by the predominant role of grammatical constituency based on the metaphor of composition("building" a complex structure out of smaller "pieces").More promising for a unified treatment of structure,processing,and discourse is an alternative metaphor,in which a "moving window" of attention allows serial access to complex conceptions that are mostly already in *** processing proceeds concurrently on different time scales,in windows of different *** provides a dynamic basis for hierarchical *** arises when conceptions accessed in windows on one time scale figure in a distinct and more elaborate conception(with its own,emergent properties) accessed in a single window on a larger time *** on the alternative metaphor,an approach is outlined that features serial access,windows of attention,levels of activation,and conceptual *** is then applied,in exploratory fashion,to a number of grammatical *** "access-and-activation" approach directly accommodates reference point relationships,the basis for possessive and topic *** lends itself quite well to the characterization of informational focus,marked in English by unreduced *** requisite descriptive notions are then extended and adapted for ellipsis,which has rather different *** same notions prove useful for handling problematic aspects of coordinate ***,they provide a straig

关键词： attention conceptual overlap discourse dynamicity seriality vs.hierarchy

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Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: the Hangzhou experience

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2008年第3期7卷 235-236页

作者： ronald w. Busuttil UCLA School of Medicine 10833 Le Conte Ave UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles California USA

Over the last 25 years orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been proven a durabletherapy for all forms of end stage liver

关键词： HCC the Hangzhou experience Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

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Metonymy in Grammar

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外国语 2004年第6期27卷 2-24页

作者： ronald w.Langacker UniversityofCalifornia

An assumption usually made in syntactic theory and description is that particular elements combine with one another in very specific and determinate ways. Syntactically, for example, the sentence Alice likes Bill involves a specific structural configuration, with the elements Alice, likes, and Bill inserted in particular slots. Semantically, the predicate LIKE has two arguments, which ALICE and BILL instantiate in accordance with their syntactic roles.

关键词：转喻语法造句法语句构成修辞方法英语

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Elementaryprinciplesofchemicalprocesses Richard M. Felder, ronald w. Rousseau. 3rd ed

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2000年

作者： Richard M. Felder ronald w. Rousseau.

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Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:an update

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2011年第3期10卷 234-242页

作者： Ali Zarrinpar Fady Kaldas ronald w Busuttil Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation Department of Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy with multiple etiologies, high incidence, and high mortality. The standard surgical management for patients with HCC consists of locoregional ablation, surgical resection, or liver transplantation, depending on the background state of the liver. Eighty percent of patients initially presenting with HCC are unresectable, either due to the extent of tumor or the level of underlying hepatic dysfunction. while in patients with no evidence of cirrhosis and good hepatic function resection has been the surgical treatment of choice, it is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is the optimal surgical treatment. DATA SOURCES: PubMed search of recent articles (from January 2000 to March 2011) was performed looking for relevant articles about hepatocellular carcinoma and its treatment. Additional articles were identified by evaluating references from selected articles. RESULTS: Here we review criteria for transplantation, the types, indications, and role of locoregional therapy in treating the cancer and in downstaging for possible later transplantation. we also summarize the contribution of immunosuppression and adjuvant chemotherapy in the management and prevention of HCC recurrence. Finally we discuss recent advances in imaging, tumor biology, and genomics as we delineate the remaining challenges for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. CONCLUSIONS: Much can be improved in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. A great challenge will be to improve patient selection to criteria based on tumor biology. Another will be to incorporate systemic agents post-operatively in patients at high risk for recurrence, paying close attention to efficacy and safety. The future direction of the effort in treating HCC will be to stimulate prospective trials, develop molecular imaging of lymphovascular invasion, to improve recipient selection, and to investigate biomarkers

关键词： liver transplantation hepatocellular carcinoma liver neoplasm downstaging immunosuppression locoregional therapy

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ERROR REDUCTION IN ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATIONS OF ELLIPTIC OBSTACLE PROBLEMS

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2009年第2期27卷 148-169页

作者： Dietrich Braess Carsten Carstensen ronald H.w.Hoppe Faculty of Mathematics Ruhr University BochumD-44780 BochumGermany Institute of Mathematics Humboldt University of BerlinD-10099 BerlinGermany Department of Mathematics University of HoustonHoustonTX 77204-3008USA Institute of Mathematics University at AugsburgD-86159 AugsburgGermany

we consider an adaptive finite element method （AFEM） for obstacle problems associated with linear second order elliptic boundary value problems and prove a reduction in the energy norm of the discretization error which leads to R-linear convergence. This result is shown to hold up to a consistency error due to the extension of the discrete multipliers （point functionals） to H^-1 and a possible mismatch between the continuous and discrete coincidence and noncoincidence sets. The AFEM is based on a residual-type error estimator consisting of element and edge residuals. The a posteriori error analysis reveals that the significant difference to the unconstrained case lies in the fact that these residuals only have to be taken into account within the discrete noncoincidence set. The proof of the error reduction property uses the reliability and the discrete local efficiency of the estimator as well as a perturbed Galerkin orthogonality. Numerical results are given illustrating the performance of the AFEM.

关键词： Adaptive finite element methods Elliptic obstacle problems Convergence analysis

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Radiation and Exciting Forces of Axisymmetric Structures with a Moonpool in waves

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Journal of Marine Science and Application 2018年第3期17卷 297-311页

作者： ronald w.Yeung Lu wang Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720-1740USA

A highly efficient "hybrid integral-equation method" for computing hydrodynamic added-mass, wave-damping, and wave-exciting force of general body geometries with a vertical axis of symmetry is presented. The hybrid method utilizes a numerical inner domain and a semi-infinite analytical outer domain separated by a vertical cylindrical matching *** representation of velocity potential is used in the outer domain;the three-dimensional potential in the inner domain is solved using a "two-dimensional" boundary element method with ring sources and ring dipoles to exploit the body symmetry for efficiency. with proper solution matching at the common boundary, both radiation and diffraction potentials can be solved efficiently while satisfying the far-field radiation condition exactly. This method is applied to compute the hydrodynamic properties of two different body geometries: a vertical-walled moonpool with a bottom plate that restricts the opening and a spar-like structure with a diverging bottom opening inspired by designs of floating Oscillating water Columns. The effects of the size of the bottom opening on the hydrodynamic properties of the body are investigated for both geometries. The heave motion of the floater as well as the motion of the internal free surface under incident wave excitation are computed and studied for the spar-like structure.

关键词： Moonpool Spar Oscillating water column Potential flow Hybrid method Axisymmetric body

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