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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2024年第3期47卷 371-392,524页

作者： Scott AUBREY rod ELLIS Faculty of Education Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Education Curtin UniversityAustralia

This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university *** included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into those who had spent time abroad in an English-speaking country(CM A)and those who had not(CM nA),and 97 Hong Kong students,divided into those from an English-medium secondary school(Hong Kong EMI)and those from a Chinese-medium school(Hong Kong CMI).Linguistic proficiency was measured by a C-test,and pragmatic competence by a Metapragmatic Knowledge Test,an Irony Test and a Monologic Role *** scores were compared using AnCOVAs to control for differences in *** results point to a continuum of pragmatic competence—EMI>CMI>CM A>CM nA—reflecting the groups’access to English in real-life *** differences between the Hong Kong groups and the Chinese mainland groups were clearest in those tests measuring processing capacity(i.e.,Irony Response Time and the Monologic Role Play).CM A,but not CM nA,performed as well as the Hong Kong groups on measures of metapragmatic *** results are discussed in terms of Bialystok’s(1993)distinction between analyzed representation and control of processing.

关键词： pragmatic competence social context Hong Kong the Chinese mainland metapragmatic knowledge processing capacity

English in Elementary Schools:Limitations and Possibilities

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外国语 2010年第1期33卷 9-17页

作者： rod Ellis Shanghai International Studies University University of Auckland

Many Asian countries,including China,have revised their policy for English language teaching to include the introduction of English in elementary *** article first reviews research that has investigated the effects of introducing English in the elementary school on language *** common myth that children are better language learners than adolescents or adults is not borne *** many respects,adolescent learners are better learners than *** such as the Barcelona Age Factor Project have failed to demonstrate that starting English at the elementary level results in higher levels of proficiency in the long run,especially when learning is measured using tests of explicit L2 *** the article examines the problems that elementary schools face in introducing English in China and Japan.A lack of properly trained teachers has resulted in a very uneven implementation of governmental *** article concludes by proposing that starting English in the elementary school does afford possibilities for improved English language learning in countries like China and Japan but that this depends on the adoption of an appropriate methodology for teaching young learners (***-based language teaching) and on the availability of teachers trained to teach children.

关键词：英语语言学教学方法教材

In planta Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Rice

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Rice science 2017年第3期24卷 181-186页

作者： Kumrop RATAnASUT Weerawan rod-In Kawee SUJIPULI Department of Agricultural Science Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment Naresuan University Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand

The floral-dip transformation, the simplest technique, is no requirement of tissue culture procedure, and can directly transfer the interest gene into plant reproductive cells. It has been successfully applied to various plant species. In this study, the optimal conditions of a floral-dip method for production of transgenic rice variety RD41 were explored. The simple and effective inoculation medium was composed of Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium, 5% sucrose, 44 nmol/L benzylaminopurine, and 0.075% surfactant Tween-20 with pH 5.7. The transformation efficiencies of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains AGL1 and EHA105 were compared with the Agrobacterium density at OD_(600) = 0.8–1.0 and the co-cultivation at 25 ℃ for 48 h. A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 gave slightly higher transformation efficiency than AGL1, with statistically non-significant difference. The floral-drop transformation using the optimal floral-dip conditions showed higher transformation efficiency than the floral-dip method, but the dropped flowers turned brown and died within 2 d. Production of transgenic rice variety RD41 by the floral-dip method was achieved using A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 with the optimal conditions. Screening for the gus A gene by PCR using the gus A specific primers in the T_0 lines, there were 4 transgenic lines from 286 T_0 lines(1.4% transformation efficiency). However, histochemical glucuronidase(GUS) assay demonstrated that only three of four transgenic lines exhibited gus A expression. These results indicated that floral-dip transformation is a potential tool for production of the transgenic rice, which can be used for molecular breeding via genetic engineering in the future.

关键词： Agrobacterium-mediated transformation floral-dip floral-drop transformation efficiency in planta rice

Selective Deactivation of Gibberellins below the Shoot Apex is Critical to Flowering but not to Stem Elongation of Lolium

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Molecular Plant 2008年第2期1卷 295-307页

作者： rod W. King Lewis n. Mander Torben Asp Colleen R MacMillan Cheryl A. Blundell Lloyd T. Evans CSIRO Plant Industry Canberra ACT 2600 Australia Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Department of Genetics and-Biotechnology University of Aarhus 4200 Slagelse Denmark Present Address: EnSIS PO Box E 4008 Kingston ACT 2604 Australia

Gibberellins （GAs） cause dramatic increases in plant height and a genetic block in the synthesis of GA1 explains the dwarfing of Mendel＇s pea. For flowering, it is GAs which is important in the long-day （LD） responsive grass, Loliurn. As we show here, GA1 and GA4 are restricted in their effectiveness for flowering because they are deactivated by C-2 hydroxylation below the shoot apex. In contrast, GAs is effective because of its structural protection at C-2. Excised vegetative shoot tips rapidly degrade [14C]GA1, [14C]GA4, and [14C]GA20 （〉80% in 6 h）, but not [14C]GAs. CoincidentaUy, genes encoding two 2β-oxidases and a putative 16-17-epoxidase were most expressed just below the shoot apex （〈3 mm）. Further down the immature stem （〉4 mm）, expression of these GA deactivation genes is reduced, so allowing GA1 and GA4 to promote sub-apical stem elongation. Subsequently, GA degradation declines in florally induced shoot tips and these GAs can become active for floral development. Structural changes which stabilize GA4 confirm the link between florigenicity and restricted GA 2β-hydroxylation （e.g. 2α-hydroxylation and C-2 di-methylation）. Additionally, a 2-oxidase inhibitor （Trinexapac Ethyl） enhanced the activity of applied GA4, as did limiting C-16,17 epoxidation in 16,17-dihydro GAs or after C-13 hydroxylation. Overall, deactivation of GA1 and GA4 just below the shoot apex effectively restricts their florigenicity in Loliurn and, conversely, with GAs, C-2 and C-13 protection against deactivation allows its high florigenicity. Speculatively, such differences in GA access to the shoot apex of grasses may be important for separating floral induction from inflorescence emergence and thus could influence their survival under conditions of herbivore predation.

关键词： flowering shoot apices Shoots Gallium Lolium plant height Deactivation G(A1) ganglioside Apex APEX1 protein, human Gibberellins stem elongation

The Dark Side of the Genome： Revealing the native Transposable Element/Repeat Content of Eukaryotic Genomes

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Molecular Plant 2016年第12期9卷 1664-1666页

作者： Dario Copetti rod A. Wing Arizona Genomics Institute BIO5 Institute and School of Plant Sciences University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA International Rice Research Institute T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center Los Baños Laguna 63108 Philippines

Dear Editor,The majority of genome assemblies to date fail to represent the true structure of native genomes. This lack of completeness is largely due to the inability to assemble the variable （often significant） fraction of nuclear genomes that is composed primarily of repeated sequences （with either a structural function such as satellite DnA and simple sequence repeats or ＂selfish DnA＂ such as high-copy transposable elements [TEs]）, herein defined as the ＂dark side of the genome.＂

关键词： Specialized Metabolites Flavonol

Dynamic Intra-Japonica Subspecies Variation and Resource Application

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Molecular Plant 2012年第1期5卷 218-230页

作者： Haiyan Lin Peng Xia rod A.Wing Qifa Zhang Meizhong Luo national Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China Arizona Genomics Institute University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA

We constructed a physical map of O. sativa ssp. japonica cv. ZH11 and compared it and its random sample sequences with the nipponbare RefSeq derived from the same subspecies. This comparison showed that the two japonica genomes were highly syntenic but revealed substantial differences in terms of structural variations, rates of substitutions and indels, and transposable element content. For example, contractions/expansions as large as 450 kb and repeat sequences that were present in high copy numbers only in ZH11 were detected. In tri-alignment regions using the indica variety 93-11 sequence as an outgroup, we found that：（1） the substitution rates of the two japonica-indica inter- subspecies comparison combinations were close but almost a magnitude higher than the substitution rate between the japonica rice varieties ZH11 and nipponbare; （2） of the substitutions found between ZH11 and nipponbare, 47.2% occurred in ZH11 and 52.6% in nipponbare; （3） of the indels found between ZH11 and nipponbare, the indels that occurred in ZH11 were 15.8 times of those in nipponbare. Of the indels that occurred in ZH11, 75.67% were insertions and 24.33% deletions. Of the indels that occurred in nipponbare, 48.23% were insertions and 51.77% were deletions. The ZH11 com- parative map covered four nipponbare physical gaps, detected assembly errors in the nipponbare sequence, and was integrated with the FSTs of a large ZH11 T-DnA insertion mutant library. ZH11 BAC clones can be browsed, searched, and obtained at our website, http：//***.

关键词： Physical map comparative genomics Japonica Oryza rice BAC.

Characterization of seedling proteomes and development of markers to distinguish the Brassica A and C genomes

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维普期刊数据库

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2010年第5期37卷 333-340页

作者： Fang Kong Cailin Ge Xiaoping Fang rod J. Snowdon Youping Wang College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China Oil Crops Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Wuhan 430062 China Institute for Plant Breeding and Crop Science I Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 Giessen 35392 Germany

The diploid species Brassica rapa （genome AA） and B. oleracea （genome CC） were compared by full-scale proteome analyses of seedling. A total of 28.2% of the proteins was common to both species, indicating the existence of a basal or ubiquitous proteome. However, a number of discriminating proteins （32.0%） and specific proteins （39.8%） of the Brassica A and C genomes, respectively, were identified, which could represent potentially species-specific functions. Based on these A or C genome-specific proteins, a number of PCR-based markers to distinguish B. rapa and B. oleracea species were also developed.

关键词： Brassica rapa Brassica oleracea proteomics molecular marker

Anatomy & physiology / 5th ed. 5th ed.

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作者： rod Phillips.

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Pediatric interfacility transport effects on mortality and length of stay

2000年

作者： Seeley rod R.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2021年第4期17卷 400-408页

作者： rod M.Shinozaki Andreas Schwingshackl neeraj Srivastava Tristan Grogan Robert B.Kelly David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los AngelesCAUSA University of California IrvineIrvineCAUSA Children’s Hospital of Orange County 1201 West La Veta AvenueOrangeCA92868USA

Background We aimed to evaluate the effects of interfacility pediatric critical care transport response time,physician presence during transport,and mode of transport on mortality and length of stay(LOS)among pediatric *** hypothesized that a shorter response time and helicopter transports,but not physician presence,are associated with lower mortality and a shorter *** Retrospective,single-center,cohort study of 841 patients(nsported to a quaternary pediatric intensive care unit and cardiovascular intensive care unit between 2014 and 2018 utilizing patient charts and transport *** linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for age,diagnosis,mode of transport,response time,stabilization time,return duration,mortality risk(pediatric index of mortality-2 and pediatric risk of mortality-3),and inotrope,vasopressor,or mechanical ventilation presence on *** Four hundred and twenty-eight(50.9%)patients were transported by helicopter,and 413(49.1%)were transported by *** accompanied 239(28.4%)*** median response time was 2.0(interquartile range 1.4–2.9)*** physician presence increased the median response time by 0.26 hours(P=0.020),neither physician presence nor response time significantly affected mortality,ICU length of stay(ILOS)or hospital length of stay(HLOS).Helicopter transports were not significantly associated with mortality or ILOS,but were associated with a longer HLOS(3.24 days,95%confidence interval 0.59–5.90)than ambulance transports(P=0.017).Conclusions These results suggest response time and physician presence do not significantly affect mortality or *** may reflect the quality of pre-transport care and medical control *** transports were only associated with a longer *** analysis provides a framework for examining transport workforce needs and associated costs.

关键词： Helicopter Hospital length of stay Pediatric critical care Pediatric intensive care unit Transport medicine