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Lipid nanoparticles deliver mRNA to the blood-brain barrier

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 9126-9134页

作者： Yanina Kuzminich Avraham Shakked Randi Calkins Sebastian Rudden Camille Jones Jessie Doan Bora Jang Elisa schrader Echeverri Ryan Zenhausern Liming Lian David Loughrey Hannah E.Peck Rachelle Wiese Dorothy Koveal Philip J.Santangelo James E.Dahlman George C.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Parker H.Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Wallace H.Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA

Lipid nanoparticles(LNPs)have delivered RNA to hepatocytes in patients after intravenous *** clinical data support efforts to design LNPs that transfect cells in the central nervous system(CNS).However,delivery to the CNS has been difficult,in large part because quantifying on-target delivery alongside common off-target cell types in adult mice remains *** we report methods to isolate different cell types from the CNS,and subsequently present mRNA delivery readouts using a liver-detargeted *** data suggest that LNPs without targeting ligands can transfect cerebral endothelial cells in mice after intravenous *** the difficulty of crossing the blood-brain barrier,they also underscore the value of quantifying delivery in the CNS with cell-type resolution instead of whole-tissue resolution.

关键词： lipid nanoparticle mRNA nanomedicine central nervous system blood-brain barrier

1200V增强型碳化硅纵向结型场效应晶体管功率模块

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电力电子 2011年第4期9卷 47-49页

作者： robin schrader Vlad Bondarenko David C.Sheridan 查祎英胡冬青 Jeff Casady SemiSouth Laboratories Inc. 北京工业大学

最近的模块研发工作已经生产出封装在SP1模组中的快速开关、1200V、13mΩ、增强型SiC JFET半桥模块。这些模块由36mm^2SiC VJFET和23mm^2肖特基管的并联组合而成。在ID=100A条件下,获得2.7mΩ-cm^2的比导通电阻。开关测试采用了标准的... 详细信息

最近的模块研发工作已经生产出封装在SP1模组中的快速开关、1200V、13mΩ、增强型SiC JFET半桥模块。这些模块由36mm^2SiC VJFET和23mm^2肖特基管的并联组合而成。在ID=100A条件下,获得2.7mΩ-cm^2的比导通电阻。开关测试采用了标准的双脉冲感性负载电路,在600 V、100A、温度分别为25℃和150℃的条件下,得到了历史最低的总开关损耗——100A、150℃下为1.25mJ。本报告详细介绍测试对开关性能、所采用的栅极驱动电路,以及获得这些结果推荐使用的缓冲器。

关键词： SP1模组功率晶体管

Assessing the reproductive health of men with occupational exposures

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 23-30页

作者： Steven M schrader Katherine L Marlow Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Applied Research and Technology Cincinnati OH USA.

The earliest report linking environmental （occupational） exposure to adverse human male reproductive effects dates back to1775 when an English physician, Percival Pott, reported a high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps. This observation led to safety regulations in the form of bathing requirements for these workers. The fact that male-mediated reproductive harm in humans may be a result of toxicant exposures did not become firmly established until relatively recently, when Lancranjan studied lead-exposed workers in Romania in 1975, and later in 1977, when Whorton examined the effects of dibromochloropropane （DBCP） on male workers in California. Since these discoveries, several additional human reproductive toxicants have been identified through the convergence of laboratory and observational findings. Many research gaps remain, as the pool of potential human exposures with undetermined effects on male reproduction is vast. This review provides an overview of methods used to study the effects of exposures on male reproduction and their reproductive health, with a primary emphasis on the implementation and interpretation of human studies. Emphasis will be on occupational exposures, although much of the information is also useful in assessing environmental studies, occupational exposures are usually much higher and better defined.

关键词： accessory glands endocrine epidemiology semen sexual function sperm testis toxicology

Quantifyingα-diversity as a continuous function of location——a case study of a temperate forest

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林业研究:英文版 2023年第6期34卷 1683-1691页

作者： Peijian Shi Brady K.Quinn Long Chen Jie Gao Julian schrader Bamboo Research Institute College of Ecology and EnvironmentNanjing Forestry University159 Longpan RoadNanjing 210037People’s Republic of China Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology University of GottingenBusgenweg 137077 GottingenGermany St.Andrews Biological Station Fisheries and Oceans Canada125 Marine Science DriveSt.AndrewsNB E5B 0E4Canada College of Life Science Xinjiang Normal University102 Xinyi RoadUrumqi 830054People’s Republic of China School of Natural Sciences Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSW 2109Australia Biodiversity Macroecology&BiogeographyUniversity of GottingenBusgenweg 137077 GottingenGermany

α-diversity describes species diversity at local *** Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener indices are widely used to characterizeα-diversity based on species abundances within a fixed study site(e.g.,a quadrat or plot).Although such indices provide overall diversity estimates that can be analyzed,their values are not spatially continuous nor applicable in theory to any point within the study region,and thus they cannot be treated as spatial covariates for analyses of other ***,we extended the Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener indices to create point estimates ofα-diversity for any location based on spatially explicit species occurrences within different bandwidths(i.e.,radii,with the location of interest as the center).For an arbitrary point in the study region,species occurrences within the circle plotting the bandwidth were weighted according to their distance from the center using a tri-cube kernel function,with occurrences closer to the center having greater weight than more distant *** novel kernel-basedα-diversity indices were tested using a tree dataset from a 400 m×400 m study region comprising a 200 m×200 m core region surrounded by a 100-m width buffer *** newly extendedα-diversity indices did not disagree qualitatively with the traditional indices,and the former were slightly lower than the latter by<2%at medium and large band *** present work demonstrates the feasibility of using kernel-basedα-diversity indices to estimate diversity at any location in the study region and allows them to be used as quantifiable spatial covariates or predictors for other dependent variables of interest in future ecological *** continuousα-diversity indices are useful to compare and monitor species trends in space and time,which is valuable for conservation practitioners.

关键词： Distance-based weighting Diversity continuum Kernel function Shannon-Wiener index Simpson’s index Tri-cube kernel

An elliptical blade is not a true ellipse,but a superellipse–Evidence from two Michelia species

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第4期33卷 1341-1348页

作者： Yuping Li Karl JNiklas Johan Gielis Ülo Niinemets Julian schrader Rong Wang Peijian Shi College of Horticulture Jinling Institute of TechnologyNanjing 210038People’s Republic of China Bamboo Research Institute Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037People’s Republic of China Plant Biology Section School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA Department of Biosciences Engineering University of AntwerpB-2020 AntwerpBelgium Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences51006 TartuEstonia Estonian Academy of Sciences 10130 TallinnEstonia Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSW 2109Australia Biodiversity Macroecology and BiogeographyUniversity of Göttingen37077 GöttingenGermany

The shape of leaf laminae exhibits considerable diversity and complexity that reflects adaptations to environmental factors such as ambient light and precipitation as well as phyletic *** leaves appear to be elliptical which may represent a‘default’developmental ***,whether their geometry truly conforms to the ellipse equation(EE),i.e.,(x/a)^(2)+(y/b)^(2)=1,remains *** alternative is described by the superellipse equation(SE),a generalized version of EE,i.e.,|x/a|^(n)+|y/b|^(n)=*** test the efficacy of EE versus SE to describe leaf geometry,the leaf shapes of two Michelia species(i.e.,*** ***,and ***),were investigated using 60 leaves from each *** shows that the majority of leaves(118 out of 120)had adjusted root-mean-square errors of<0.05 for the nonlinear fitting of SE to leaf geometry,i.e.,the mean absolute deviation from the polar point to leaf marginal points was smaller than 5%of the radius of a hypothesized circle with its area equaling leaf *** estimates of n for the two species were<2,indicating that all sampled leaves conformed to SE and not to *** study confirms the existence of SE in leaves,linking this to its potential functional advantages,particularly the possible influence of leaf shape on hydraulic conductance.

关键词： Bilateral symmetry Leaf ellipticalness index Leaf laminae Leaf roundness index Magnoliaceae

Quantification of human telomerase RNA(hTR)and human telomerase reverse transcriptase(hTERT)mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile patients

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2001年第4期3卷 263-270页

作者： Mark schrader Markus Müller Rüdiger Heicappell Bernd Straub Kurt Miller Department of Urology Universitatsklinikum Benjamin FranklinFreie Universitat BerlinHindenburgdamm 3012200 BerlinGermany

Aim:To evaluate the quantitative detection of human telomerase RNA(hTR)and human telomerase reverse tran-scriptase(hTERT)mRNA as diagnostic parameters in the workup of testicular tissue specimens from patients presentingwith non-obstructive ***:hTR and hTERT mRNA expression were quantified in 38 cryopre-served testicular tissue specimens by fluorescence real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)in a LightCycler(r).This was paralleled by conventional histological workup in all tissue specimens and additionalsemithin sectioning preparation in cases with maturation arrest(n=12)and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome(n=12).Re-sults;The average normalized hTERT expression(N_(hTERT))was 131.9±48.0 copies(mean±SD)in tissue speci-mens with full spermatogenesis,N_(hTERT)=51.2±17.2 copies in those with maturation arrest and N_(hTERT)=2.7±2.4copies in those with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome(SCOS).The discriminant analysis showed that detection of N_(hTERT)(N_(hTR))had a predictive value of 86.8%(55.3%)for correct classification in one of the three histological ***;Our results demonstrate that quantitative detection of hTERT mRNA expression in testicular tissue en-ables a molecular-diagnostic classification of *** detection of hTERT in testicular biopsies isthus well suited for supplementing the histopathological evaluation.

关键词： spermatogenesis human telomerase reverse transcriptase human telomerase RNA fertility

ALKALINE PRETREATMENT AND AIR MIXING FOR IMPROVEMENT OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF POULTRY LITTER WITH WHEAT STRAW

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023年第3期10卷 424-436页

作者： Yuanhang ZHAN Jun ZHU Yiting XIAO Leland C.schrader Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA

Alkaline pretreatment(AL)and air mixing(air)both have the potential to improve anaerobic co-digestion(Co-AD)of poultry litter with wheat straw for methane *** this study,the effects of the combination of AL(pH 12 for 12 h)and air mixing(12 mL·d^(−1))on the Co-AD process were *** substrate hydrolysis was enhanced by AL,with soluble chemical oxygen demand increased by 4.59 times and volatile fatty acids increased by 5.04 *** cumulative methane yield in the group of Co-AD by AL integrated with air(Co-(AL+air)),being 287 mL·(g VS_(added))^(−1),was improved by 46.7%compared to the *** cone model was found the best in simulating the methane yield kinetics with R^(2)≥0.9979 and root mean square prediction error(rMSPE)≤***-(AL+air)had a larger hydrolysis constant k(0.14 d^(−1))and a shorter lag phaseλ(0.99 d)than the control(k=0.12 d^(−1),λ=2.06 d).The digestate improved the removal of total solids and total volatile solids by 2.0 and 2.3 times,*** facilitated substrate degradation,while air can enrich the microbial activity,together enhancing the methane *** results show that AL+air can be applied as an effective method to improve methane production from the Co-AD process.

关键词： sodium hydroxide air injection cumulative methane yield kinetic modeling analysis digestate

Acute scrotum due to arterial bleeding mimicking non-seminomatous germ cell tumor

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2004年第4期6卷 379-381页

作者： F.Christoph M.schrader A.Amirmaki K.Miller Department of Urology Department of UrologyDepartment of PathologyDepartment of Urology Charité Charité Charité Universitatsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin Berlin Germany Charité

Men with testicular tumors usually present with painless increase in testis size incidentally noticed by the patient. We report a case of a young patient presenting as an emergency with acute onset of massive right-sided testicular pain without previous injury. After physical examination testicular torsion could not be excluded. Ultrasound examination of the testis was suspicious for testicular tumor. Surgical exploration of the right testis by inguinal approach was performed revealing subcapsular arterial bleeding due to a small nonseminomatous germ cell tumor non-palpable on clinical examination.

关键词： acute scrotum hemorrhage testicular cancer

Systemic Therapy of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma—Summary of Main Presentations at the ASCO, ASCO-GU and ESMO 2012 Annual Meetings

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Open Journal of Urology 2013年第1期3卷 5-11页

作者： Andres Jan schrader Department of Urology Ulm Medical Center Ulm Germany

A number of very interesting studies presented this year at the ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncology) Annual Meeting, the ASCO-GU (ASCO Genitourinary Cancers) Spring Meeting, and the ESMO (European Society for Medical Oncology) Annual Congress could strongly influence or even revolutionize the systemic treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of this article is to identify, summarize and discuss some outstanding studies of direct or indirect clinical relevance for systemic therapy.

关键词： Renal Cell Carcinoma ASCO ESMO Review Systemic Therapy