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Multiple aspects of the maternal reproductive investmentin a polytocous species:What do mothers really control?

Current Zoology 2023年第2期69卷 136-142页

作者： Rudy Brogi roberta chirichella Enrico Merli Marco Apollonio Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassarivia Vienna 2I-07100 SassariItaly Department of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Sassarivia Roma 151I-07100 SassariItaly

One of the factors facilitating the expansion and proliferation of wild boar Sus scrofa is the plasticity of its reproductive biology.Nevertheless,the real influence of maternal and environmental factors on number and sex of the offspring is stll controversial.While the litter size was shown to be related with the maternal condition,the strength of this relation remains to be understood,together with the possible role played by environmental conditions.Analogously,it is unclear whether wild boar females can adjust their offspring sex.We investigated multiple aspects of wild boar maternal investment by means of a 10-year dataset of female reproductive traits and a set of biologically meaningful environmental variables.The maternal condition slightly affected the litter size but not the offspring sex,and environment did not affect the litter size or the offspring sex.Moreover,mothers did not cope with the higher costs entailed by producing sons by placing them in the most advantageous intrauterine position,nor by allocating less resources on daughters.Our set of results showed that the female reproductive investment is quite rigid in comparison with other aspects of wild boar reproductive biology.Wild boar females seem to adopt a typical rstrategy,producing constantly large litters and allocating resources on both sexes regardless of internal and external conditions.Such strategy may be adaptive to cope with environmental unpredictability and an intense human harvest,contributing to explain the extreme success of wild boar within human-dominated landscapes.

关键词： investment life history litter size reproduction sex allocation wild boar

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It is time to mate: population-level plasticity of wild boar reproductive timing and synchrony in a changing environment

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Current Zoology 2022年第4期68卷 371-380页

作者： Rudy Brogi Enrico Merli Stefano Grignolio roberta chirichella Elisa Bottero Marco Apollonio Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassarivia Vienna 2Sassari I-07100Italy

On a population level,individual plasticity in reproductive phenology can provoke either anticipations or delays in the average reproductive timing in response to environmental changes.However,a rigid reliance on photoperiodism can constraint such plastic responses in populations inhabiting temperate latitudes.The regulation of breeding season length may represent a further tool for populations facing changing environments.Nonetheless,this skill was reported only for equatorial,nonphotoperiodic populations.Our goal was to evaluate whether species living in temperate regions and relying on photoperiodism to trigger their reproduction may also be able to regulate breeding season length.During 10 years,we collected 2,500 female reproductive traits of a mammal model species(wild boar Sus scrofa)and applied a novel analytical approach to reproductive patterns in order to observe population-level variations of reproductive timing and synchrony under different weather and resources availability conditions.Under favorable conditions,breeding seasons were anticipated and population synchrony increased(i.e.,shorter breeding seasons).Conversely,poor conditions induced delayed and less synchronous(i.e.,longer)breeding seasons.The potential to regulate breeding season length depending on environmental conditions may entail a high resilience of the population reproductive patterns against environmental changes,as highlighted by the fact that almost all mature females were reproductive every year.

关键词： breeding season length phenology photoperiodism population ecology reproduction wild boar

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