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Classification of Soybean Pubescence from Multispectral Aerial Imagery

Plant Phenomics 2021年第1期3卷 156-166页

作者： robert w.bruce Istvan Rajcan John Sulik Department of Plant Agriculture University of GuelphGuelphONCanada

The accurate determination of soybean pubescence is essential for plant breeding programs and cultivar ***,soybean pubescence is classified visually,which is a labor-intensive and time-consuming ***,the three classes of phenotypes(tawny,light tawny,and gray)may be difficult to visually distinguish,especially the light tawny class where misclassification with tawny frequently *** objectives of this study were to solve both the throughput and accuracy issues in the plant breeding workflow,develop a set of indices for distinguishing pubescence classes,and test a machine learning(ML)classification approach.A principal component analysis(PCA)on hyperspectral soybean plot data identified clusters related to pubescence classes,while a Jeffries-Matusita distance analysis indicated that all bands were important for pubescence class *** images from 2018,2019,and 2020 were analyzed in this study.A 60-plot test(2019)of genotypes with known pubescence was used as reference data,while whole-field images from 2018,2019,and 2020 were used to examine the broad applicability of the classification *** indices,a red/blue ratio and blue normalized difference vegetation index(blue NDVI),were effective at differentiating tawny and gray pubescence types in high-resolution imagery.A ML approach using a support vector machine(SVM)radial basis function(RBF)classifier was able to differentiate the gray and tawny types(83.1%accuracy and kappa=0:740 on a pixel basis)on images where reference training data was *** tested indices and ML model did not generalize across years to imagery that did not contain the reference training panel,indicating limitations of using aerial imagery for pubescence classification in some environmental ***-throughput classification of gray and tawny pubescence types is possible using aerial imagery,but light tawny soybeans remain difficult to classify and may require training da

关键词： indices spectral consuming

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Approaches to antiretroviral therapy in China

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期15卷 895-902页

作者： bruce L GILLIAM robert R REDFIELD Division of Clinical Care and Research Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA

China has recognized the threat of HIV to its population and responded with a national antiretroviral treatment (ART) program. However, high ART failure rates and the spread of resistance within populations are important realities to consider when developing and managing ART programs in China and worldwide. Concepts which will define treatment success and local and national programmatic goals are 1) access to ART, 2) durability of ART at the patient level, 3) scalability of treatment modalities, and the 4) sustainability of the program at the community or national level. In the face of limited resources, China must also consider when to start ARV therapy, which agents to use, when to switch them, and how to treat highly experienced patients with drug resistance. The optimal ARV regimen to start with is changing frequently with the introduction of new agents and the presentation of new data. Currently, a regimen including tenofovir, emtricitabine or lamivudine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor appears to have optimal characteristics to treat HIV/AIDS in China. However, critical to all of these choices is the evaluation of programs implemented to insure wide scale success. China has wisely begun this process of evaluating the perfor- mance of local programs through systematic monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This will allow regi- mens and programs that work to be expanded, and programs with high failure rates to be eliminated. In the end, evidence based data supporting treatment strategies will allow China to successfully confront its AIDS epidemic early and prevent its tragic consequences

关键词： antiretroviral therapy scalability HIV/AIDS.

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Modeling Climate Change Impacts on the US Agricultural Exports

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第4期13卷 666-676页

作者： ZHANG Yu-quan CAI Yong-xia Beach robert H McCARL bruce A Agricultural Resource & Energy Economics and Policy ProgramRTI InternationalResearch Triangle Park Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station

Climate change is expected to have substantial effects on agricultural productivity worldwide. However, these impacts will differ across commodities, locations and time periods. As a result, landowners will see changes in relative returns that are likely to induce modifications in production practices and land allocation. In addition, regional variations in impacts can alter relative competitiveness across countries and lead to adjustments in international trade patterns. Thus in climate change impact studies it is likely useful to account for worldwide productivity effects. In this study, we investigate the implications of considering rest of world climate impacts on projections of the US agricultural exports. we chose to focus on the US because it is one of the largest agricultural exporters. To conduct our analyses, we consider four alternative climate scenarios, both with and without rest of world climate change impacts. Our results show that considering/ignoring rest of world climate impacts causes significant changes in the US production and exports projections. Thus we feel climate change impact studies should account not only for climate impacts in the country of focus but also on productivity in the rest of the world in order to capture effects on commodity markets and trade potential.

关键词： climate change relative competitiveness trade agricultural sector model (ASM)

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Commentary on “Prevalence and evolution of drug resistance HIV-1 vari-ants in Henan, China”

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期15卷 850-851页

作者： bruce L GILLIAM robert R REDFIELD Richard Y ZHAO robert C GALLO Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA Department of Microbiology-Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21201 USA Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA .Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21201 USA

Critical to the implementation and scale-up of successful antiretroviral therapy worldwide is an understanding of the effcacy, toxicitie and durability of antiretroviral regimens in the specific populations, which the... 详细信息

关键词： HIV Commentary on Prevalence and evolution of drug resistance HIV-1 vari-ants in Henan

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A Standard Model Approach to Inflation

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第2期13卷 113-121页

作者： robert bruce Hayes Nuclear Engineering Department North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA

By assuming the cosmological principle includes the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) and that the initial singularity existed within Planck time and length scales, a model for inflationary expansion is argued using only standard model physics without any changes to general relativity. All Fermionic matter is forced by the PEP to make a quantum transition to minimally orthogonal states in sequential Planck time intervals. This results in an initial inflation effect due to nearest neighbor quantum transitions which is then exacerbated by matter and antimatter creation effects due to collisions giving rise to the observational effects of universal inflation. The model provides a mechanistic explanation for primordial expansion using only physics from the standard model, specifically utilizing the PEP as a repulsion force between indistinguishable fermions. The present theory offers the benefit of not requiring any particles or fields outside of the standard model nor utilizing changes to general relativity. More succinctly, this theory goes beyond simply offering a mathematical representation (or fit) of the functional dependence but rather offers a mechanistic model to drive inflation using only standard model physics.

关键词： Inflation Cosmological Expansion Standard Model Pauli Exclusion Principle Genesis

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Differences between amorphous indium oxide thin films

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2013年第5期23卷 475-480页

作者： D.bruce Buchholz Li Zeng Michael J.Bedzyk robert P.H.Chang Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University

A series of 60~nm thick indium oxide thin-films,all amorphous as determined by x-ray diffraction,were found to have physical and electrical properties that depended on the temperature of *** carrier mobility and flm conductivity decreased with decreasing deposition temperature;the best electrical properties of high mobility and conductivity were observed at a deposition temperature just below the temperature at which crystalline films *** density of the flm also decreased with deposition temperature from 7.2g/cm3 at+50℃ to 5.3g/cm3 at 100℃.

关键词： Transparent conducting oxide Semiconductor Oxide Amorphous Deposition temperature

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Morphological characterization of fungi associated with the ascochyta blight complex and pathogenic variability of Mycosphaerella pinodes on field pea crops in central Alberta

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The Crop Journal 2015年第1期3卷 10-18页

作者： Hafiz Ahmed Kan-Fa Chang Sheau-Fang Hwang Heting Fu Qixing Zhou Stephen Strelkov robert Conner bruce Gossen Crop Diversification Centre North Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Morden MB R6M 1Y5 Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2 Canada

Field pea crops in central Alberta were surveyed for ascochyta blight from 2011 to 2012 and fungal isolates were recovered from foliar lesions on selected plants. Cultural and microscopic characterization of the 275 isolates obtained revealed that 272 were of Mycosphaerella pinodes and three were of Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella. Ascochyta pisi or Phoma koolunga were not identified. Isolates of M. pinodes were divided into two groups,GI and GII, based on visual assessment of culture characteristics. GI isolates(light to dark, mostly gray colony color; pycnidial distribution radial and concentric; conidia10.5–14.5 × 4.2–6.2 μm most with one septum, occasionally two, constricted at the septum;spore mass light buff to flesh color) were predominant(83%), while GII isolates(dark to gray colony color; pycnidia abundant; conidia 8–16 × 3.5–6.2 μm most with 1 septum, constricted at the septum; spore mass light buff to flesh color) were less common(17%). The cultures of GII isolates were similar to recent descriptions of A. pisi, but they differed in spore color. In a host differential study, 13 pathotypes of M. pinodes were identified from 110 single-spore isolates. Pathotype I was predominant(88 isolates) and virulent on all nine differential genotypes. The other pathotypes(pathotypes II–XIII) were rare(1–6 isolates of each).Comparison of the present results with earlier studies suggests that pathotype I has been prevalent for many years, and that its aggressiveness on the host differentials has increased over time. Emphasis should be placed on breeding for resistance to M. pinodes in field pea cultivars intended for deployment in central Alberta.

关键词： Ascochyta Phoma Resistance Virulence Pathotype

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Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improves protein utilization efficiency while vitamin E supplementation reduces markers of the inflammatory response in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic ***

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第1期8卷 143-153页

作者： Jae Cheol Kim bruce P. Mullan John L. Black robert J. E. Hewitt robert J. van Barneveld John R. Pluske School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA 6150 Australia Department of Agriculture and Food Pork Innovation South Perth WA 6151 Australia John L Black Consulting Warrimoo NSW 2774 Australia SunPork Farms Solutions Loganholme QLD 4129 Australia Barneveld Nutrition Pry Ltd Loganholme QLD 4129 Australia

Background： This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that vitamin E（Vit E） and acetylsalicylic acid（ASA）, a cyclooxygenase-2（COX-2） inhibitor, will additively reduce the production of the immunosuppressive molecule prostaglandin E_2（PGE_2） and hence reduce inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. ***： The experiment was conducted in a research facility with 192 individually-housed male weaner pigs（Landrace × Large white） weighing 6.6 ± 0.04 kg（mean ± SEM）. The pigs were experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli and were allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial design with the respective factors being without and with 125 ppm ASA and three levels of Vit E supplementation（50, 100 or 200 IU/kg diet, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate）.Results： Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improved average daily gain（P 〈 0.05） and tended to improve feed：gain ratio（P 〈 0.10） during the first 14 d after weaning. Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation also improved（P 〈 0.001） amino acid utilization efficiency（as assessed by plasma urea level） and tended to decrease（P 〈 0.10） PGE2 production in the liver without affecting smal intestinal histology and tight junction protein mR NA expression in the jejunal epithelium. Vitamin E supplementation greater than 100 IU/kg diet sustained both the plasma Vit E concentration（P 〈 0.001） and plasma haptoglobin content（P 〈 0.001） after weaning. However, there was no additive effects of the combined supplementation of ASA and Vit E on performance, intestinal barrier function and inflammatory responses of weaned ***： Although ASA and vitamin E improved amino acid utilization efficiency and reduced acute inflammatory responses, ASA and vitamin E did not additively reduce production of PGE2 and inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimental y infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli.

关键词： Acetylsalicylic acid E.coli infection PGE_2 Vitamin E weaner pigs

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Nanostructured TiO2(B):the effect of size and shape on anode properties for Li-ion batteries

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2013年第3期23卷 235-244页

作者： Zheng Liu Yuri G.Andreev A.robert Armstrong Sergio Brutti Yu Ren Peter G.bruce School of Chemistry and EaStChem University of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFife KY16 9STUK Dipartimento di Scienze Unversità della BasilicataV.le Ateneo Lucano 10Potenza 85100Italy National Institute of Clean-and-low-carbon Energy(NICE) Future Science& Technology CityChangping

Reducing the dimensions of electrode materials from the micron to the nanoscale can have a profound influence on their properties and hence on the performance of electrochemical devices,***-ion batteries,that employ such ***2(B) has received growing interest as a possible anode for Li-ion batteries in recent *** offers the possibility of higher energy storage compared with the commercialized ***,nanowire,nanotube,and nanoparticle morphologies have been prepared and ***,to date these materials have not be compared in one *** the current review we first summarize the different synthesis methods for the preparation of nanostructured TiO2(B);then present the effects of size and shape on the electrochemical *** TiO2(B) with nanometer dimensions exhibit a higher capacity to store Li,regardless of rate,due to structural distortions inherent at the nanoscale.

关键词： TiO2(B) Synthesis Anode Nanostructure Li-ion batteries

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Polyaniline Nanofiber Composites with Amines:Novel Materials for Phosgene Detection

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Nano Research 2009年第2期2卷 135-142页

作者： Shabnam Virji robert Kojima Jesse D.Fowler Joey G.Villanueva Richard B.Kaner bruce H.weiller Materials Processing and Evaluation Department Space Materials LaboratoryThe Aerospace CorporationP.O.Box 92957/M2-248Los AngelesCA 90009USA Department of Chemistry&Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute University of CaliforniaLos AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095-1569USA

Several orders of magnitude of change in resistance are observed upon chemical doping and dedoping of the conducting polymer *** large conductivity range can be utilized to make sensitive chemical ***,in its nanofiber form,has even greater sensing capabilities due to the small fiber diameters,high surface area,and porous nanofiber network that enhances gas diffusion into the *** nanofibers have been synthesized using a rapid mixing method and dispersed in water allowing them to be easily modified with water soluble agents,making new composite *** nanofiber composite materials can be used to enhance detection of analytes that unmodified polyaniline would not otherwise be able to *** detection mechanism involves the reaction of an additive with the analyte to generate a strong acid that is easily detected by polyaniline,resulting in orders of magnitude changes in *** reaction of the additive alone with the analyte produces no electrical response,*** this paper,an array of amine-polyaniline nanofiber composite materials is investigated for the detection of phosgene *** influence of environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature are examined and a detection mechanism is presented.

关键词： Polyaniline nanofibers conducting polymer amines chemical sensor phosgene

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