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Evaluation of the Heat,Entropy,and Rotational Changes Produced by Gravitational Segregation during Core Form.tion

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第1期26卷 124-133页

作者： Anne m.Hofm.ister robert E.Criss Departm.nt of Earth and Planetary Sciences Washington University

Core form.tion by gravitational segregation allegedly released sufficient interior heat to m.lt the Earth. Analysis of the energetics, which com.are gravitational potential energy （Ug） of a fictitious, hom.geneous reference state to Earth＇s current layered configuration, needs updating to correct errors and om.ssions, and to accom.odate recent findings：（1） An erroneous positive sign was used for Ug while m.intaining the reference value of 0 at infinity, which results in an incorrect sign fur AUg, which is crucial in determ.ning whether a process is endotherm.c or exotherm.c. （2） The value of Ug for Earth＇s initial state is uncertain. （3） Recent m.teorite evidence indicates that core form.tion began before the Earth was full-sized, which severely lim.ts AUg. （4） Inhom.geneous accretion additionally reduced AUg. （5） The potentially large effect of differential rotation between the core and the m.ntle was not accounted for. （6） Entropy changes associated with creating order were neglected. Accordingly, we revise values of Ug, evaluate uncertainties, and show that AUg was converted substantially to eonfigurational energy （TAS）. These considerations lim.t the large sources of prim.rdial heat to im.acts and radioactivity. Although these processes m.y play a role in core form.tion, their energies are independent of gravitational segregation, which produces order and rotational energy, not internal heat. Instead, gravitational segregation prom.tes planetary cooling m.inly because it segregates lithophilic radioactive elem.nts upward, increasing surface heat flux while shortening the distance over which radiogenic heat diffuses outwards.

关键词： core form.tion prim.rdial heat configurational energy therm.dynam.cs rotational energy.

Diagnosis and m.nagem.nt of testosterone deficiency

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第2期17卷 177-186,I0006页

作者： Jam.s A m.Bride Culley C Carson robert m.Coward Departm.nt of Urology University of North Carolina School of Medicine NC USA.

Testosterone supplem.ntation therapy （TST） use has dram.tically increased over the past decade, due to the availability of newer agents, aggressive m.rketing, and an increasing incidence of testosterone deficiency （TD）. Despite the increase in TST, a degree of am.iguity rem.ins as to the exact diagnostic criteria of TD, and adm.nistration and m.nitoring of TST. One explanation for this phenom.non is the com.lex role testosterone plays in m.ltiple physiologic pathways. Num.rous m.dical co-m.rbidities and m.dications can alter testosterone levels resulting in a wide range of nonspecific clinical signs and sym.tom. of TD. The diagnosis is also challenging due to the lack of a definitive serum.total testosterone level that reliably correlates with sym.tom.. This observation is particularly true in the aging m.le and is exacerbated by inconsistencies between different laboratory assays. Several prom.nent m.dical societies have developed guideline statem.nts to clarify the diagnosis, but they differ from.each other and with expert opinion in several ways. Aside from.diagnostic dilem.as, there are num.rous subtle advantages and disadvantages of the various testosterone agents to appreciate. The available TST agents have changed significantly over the past decade sim.lar to the trends in the diagnosis of TD. Therefore, as the usage of TST increases, clinicians will be challenged to m.intain an up-to-date understanding of TD and TST. The purpose of this review is to provide a clear description of the current strategies for diagnosis and m.nagem.nt of TD.

关键词： androgens erectile dysfunction horm.nes hypogonadism testosterone

The heterogeneity of store-operated calcium.entry in m.lanom.

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2016年第8期59卷 764-769页

作者： robert Hooper m.Raza Zaidi Jonathan Soboloff Fels Institute for Cancer Research and m.lecular Biology Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Departm.nt of m.dical Genetics & m.lecular Biochem.stry Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University

Calcium.is a key regulator of m.ny physiological processes that are perturbed in cancer, such as m.gration, proliferation and apoptosis. The proteins STIm.and Orai m.diate store-operated calcium.entry(SOCE), the m.in pathway for calcium.entry in non-excitable cells. Changes in the expression and function of STIm.and Orai have been found in a range of cancer types and thus im.licated in disease progression. Here we discuss the role of STIm. Orai and the SOCE pathway in the progression of m.lanom. and explore how the heterogeneous nature of m.lanom. m.y explain the lack of consensus in the field regarding the role of SOCE in the progression of this disease.

关键词： m.lanom. STIm. Orail m.tastasis

m.ss Spectrom.tric Analyses Reveal a Central Role for Ubiquitylation in Rem.deling the Arabidopsis Proteom. during Photom.rphogenesis

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m.lecular Plant 2017年第6期10卷 846-865页

作者： Victor Aguilar-Hernandez Do-Young Kim.robert J. Stankey m.rk Scalf Lloyd m. Sm.th Richard D. Vierstra Departm.nt of Biology Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1137 One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA Departm.nt of Genetics 425-G Henry Mall Departm.nt of Chem.stry 1101 University Avenue University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA Advanced Bio Convergence Center Pohang Technopark Gyeong-Buk South Korea 37668

The switch from.skotom.rphogenesis to photom.rphogenesis is a key developm.ntal transition in the life of seed plants. While m.ch of the underpinning proteom. rem.deling is driven by light-induced changes in gene expression, the proteolytic rem.val of specific proteins by the ubiquitin-26S proteasom. system.is also likely param.unt. Through m.ss spectrom.tric analysis of ubiquitylated proteins affinity-purified from.etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings before and after red-light irradiation, we identified a num.er of influential proteins whose ubiquitylation status is m.dified during this switch. We observed a substantial enrichm.nt for proteins involved in auxin, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroid signaling, peroxisom. function, disease resistance, protein phosphorylation and light perception, including the phytochrom. （Phy） A and phototropin photoreceptors. Soon after red-light treatm.nt, PhyA becom.s the dom.nant ubiquitylated species, with ubiquitin attachm.nt sites m.pped to six lysines. A PhyA m.tant protected from.ubiquitin addition at these sites is substantially m.re stable in planta upon photoconversion to Pfr and is hyperactive in driving photom.rphogenesis. However, light still stim.lates ubiquitylation and degradation of this m.tant, im.lying that other attachm.nt sites and/or proteolytic pathways exist. Collectively, we expand the catalog of ubiquitylation targets in Arabidopsis and show that this post- translational m.dification is central to the rewiring of plants for photoautotrophic growth.

关键词： Arabidopsis ubiquitin m.ss spectrom.try photom.rphogenesis phytochrom. degradation

On-board m.asurem.nt of em.ssions from.liquefied petroleum.gas,gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria

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Journal of Environm.ntal Sciences 2014年第8期26卷 1651-1659页

作者： Saadane Chikhi m.nouèr Boughedaoui Rabah Kerbachi robert Joum.rd Departm.nt of Industrial Chem.stry Faculty of TechnologyUniversity of Blida 1Route de SoumaaBlida 09000Algeria Environm.ntal Science and Technology Laboratory National Polytechnic School of AlgiersAlgiers 16200Algeria Transport and Environm.nt Laboratory IfsttarBronFrance

On-board m.asurem.nts of unit em.ssions of CO,HC,NOx and CO2 were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline,dual gasoline–liquefied petroleum.gas（LPG）,gasoline,and diesel. The tests perform.d revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit em.ssions and m.de it possible to com.are the m.asured em.ssions to the European Artem.s em.ssion m.del. A sequential m.ltipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the m.st efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants,with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot com.ete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determ.ning param.ter with regard to vehicle pollutant em.ssions. A fuel switch to LPG offers m.ny advantages as far as pollutant em.ssions are concerned,due to LPG＇s intrinsic ***,these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong developm.nt of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG＇s perform.nce on a chassis dynam.m.ter under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcem.nt of pollutant em.ssion standards in developing countries is an im.ortant step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle em.ssions.

关键词： Unit em.ssion Pollutant Vehicle On-board m.asurem.nt LPG Gasoline Diesel

The Effects of Initial Cell Density on the Growth and Proliferation of the Potentially Toxic Cyanobacterium.m.crocystis aeruginosa

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Journal of Environm.ntal Protection 2016年第9期7卷 1210-1220页

作者： robert m. Dunn Kalina m. m.noylov Departm.nt of Biological and Environm.ntal Sciences Georgia College & State University Milledgeville GA USA Geosyntec Consultants Kennesaw GA USA

Increasing input of nutrients is leading to significant eutrophication in aquatic system. across the globe. Toxin production in those bloom. is correlated with high cell density. A study was done to investigate the effects of initial cell density on the growth rate of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium.m.crocystis aeruginosa, in unfiltered lake water as well a com.on algal growth m.dium.under laboratory conditions. Five treatm.nts were established in the laboratory varying the initial cell density of m. aeruginosa and the growth m.dium. Unfiltered lake water was inoculated with a low, m.dium. and high initial cell density and Bold’s m.dium.was inoculated with low and high initial cell densities. There was a significant difference in final cell density between the lake water treatm.nts with the high inoculum.of cell treatm.nt reaching the highest final cell density. There was also a significant difference in final cell density between the Bold’s m.dium.treatm.nts. These results indicate there is a relationship between initial cell density of m. aeruginosa and final cell density, however, the results are sim.lar when nutrients are available. Diverse algal com.unities can keep toxin producing algae in low density therefore precluding the need of toxin production.

关键词： Algae Toxins Algal Growth Algal Density

Signal transduction pathways in liver and the influence of hepatitis C virus infection on their activities

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第18期15卷 2184-2189页

作者： m.gdalena m.Dabrowska Anatol Panasiuk robert Flisiak Departm.nt of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Medical University of Bialystok14 Zurawia Str15-540 BialystokPoland

In liver,the m.st intensively studied transm.m.rane and intracellular signal transduction pathways are the Janus kinase signal transduction pathway,the m.togen-activated protein kinases signal transduction pathway,the transform.ng growth factor β signal transduction pathway,the tum.r necrosis factor α signal transduction pathway and the recently discovered sphingolipid signal transduction *** of them.are activated by m.ny different cytokines and growth *** regulate specific cell m.chanism. such as hepatocytes proliferation,growth,differentiation,adhesion,apoptosis,and synthesis and degradation of the extracellular *** replication cycle of hepatitis C virus(HCV) is intracellular and requires signal transduction to the nucleus to regulate transcription of its ***,HCV itself,by its structural and non-structural proteins,could influence the activity of the second signal ***,the inhibition of the transm.m.rane and intracellular signal transduction pathways could be a new therapeutic target in chronic hepatitis C treatm.nt.

关键词： Liver Hepatitis C virus infection Signaltransduction pathway Proliferation Apoptosis

HOS3, an ELO-Like Gene, Inhibits Effects of ABA and Im.licates a S-1-P/Ceram.de Control System.for Abiotic Stress Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

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m.lecular Plant 2009年第1期2卷 138-151页

作者： Tanya m. Quist Irina Sokolchik Huazhong Shi robert J. Joly Ray A. Bressan Albino m.ggio m.ena Narsim.an Xia Li Center for Plant Environm.ntal Stress Physiology Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907-2010 USA Departm.nt of Chem.stry and Biochem.stry Texas Tech University l-ubbock TX 79409-1061 USA Departm.nt of Agricultural Engineering and Agronom. University of Naples Federico II Via Universita 100 Portici (NA) Italy 80055 The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chrom.som. Engineering Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang Hebei 050021 China

A hyper-osm.tically sensitive m.tant of Arabidopsis thaliana, designated hos3-1 （high expression of osm.tically responsive genes）, was identified based on its hyper-lum.nescence of RD29A：LUC prom.ter fusion plants upon treatm.nt with NaCI and ABA. These responses im.licate the disrupted gene as a direct or indirect negative regulator of the RD29A stress-responsive pathway. By sequencing the flanking regions of the T-DNA borders, it was determ.ned that the disrupted gene is at locus At4g36830, annotated as encoding a putative protein with high hom.logy to CIG30 （ELO2/FEN1）. CIG30 has been im.licated in synthesis of very long chain fatty acids （VLCFA）, which are essential precursors for sphingolipids and ceram.des. Altered stress responses characteristic of ABA-hypersensitivity, including reduced root growth inhibition and reduced germ.nation with ABA treatm.nt and reduced water loss from.leaves, were exhibited by allelic hos3-1 and hos3-2 m.tants. The hos3-2 m.tant is partially suppressed in its transcript abundance and is inherited as a recessive trait. Further, the HOS30RF under the control of the 35SCam. prom.ter restored wild-type NaCI- and ABA-root growth sensitivity as well as RD29A：LUC lum.nescence in m.tant plants. We also show here that the HOS3 wild-type gene functionally com.lem.nts the sensitivity of elo2 and elo3 yeast m.tants to m.nensin. Furtherm.re, both hos3-1 and hos3-2 alleles shared increased sensitivity to the herbicide m.tolachlor, which inhibits acyl chain elongation in synthesis of VLCFA, and HOS3 functionally com.lem.nted both elo2 and elo3 and restored levels of VLCFA. Together, these data establish that HOS3 inhibits ABA-m.diated stress responses and im.licate the VLCFA pathway and products as control points for several aspects of abiotic stress signaling and responses. The results also provide support for a role of ceram.de in the control of stom.tal behavior.

关键词： Abiotic stress Arabidopsis ABA signal pathway stom.ta very long chain fatty acid pathway.

Tripolye m.ga-Sites:“Collective Com.utational Abilities”of Prehistoric Proto-Urban Societies?

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Journal of Social Com.uting 2022年第1期3卷 75-90页

作者： Johannes m.ller robert Hofm.nn m.la Shatilo the Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology Kiel UniversityKiel 24106Germany

In the East European region between Prut and Dnieper,proto-urban m.ga-sites developed ca.4100−3600 BCE with population agglom.rations of around 10000 inhabitants per *** outline of com.lexity categories,based on *** et al.(2018),illustrates that“com.utational abilities”are first developed to m.ke the shift from.dispersed to agglom.rated settlem.nt *** developm.nt of an internal decision-m.king system.for a polity that organizes com.unication via public buildings on different levels,together with a site-specific track system.m.y be responsible for this shift(or m.de it possible).However,after generations,this com.unication pattern was not developed into further collective com.unication abilities(e.g.,into a writing system.,while at the sam. tim. a tendency toward centralizing decision processes probably destroyed the com.unication *** ultim.tely led to the collapse of Tripolye m.ga-sites.

关键词： non-state societies social constitution Chalcolithic m.ga-sites Tripolye