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A first assessment of Galapagos basidiolichens

Fungal Diversity 2012年第1期52卷 225-244页

作者： Alba Yánez Manuela Dal-Forno Frank Bungartz robert lücking James D.lawrey Biodiversity Assessment Charles Darwin Foundation(AISBL)Puerto AyoraSanta CruzGalapagosEcuador Universidad Central del Ecuador QuitoEcuador Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason UniversityFairfaxVA 22030-4444USA Botany The Field Museum1400 South Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605-2496USA

As part of an ongoing comprehensive inventory of Galapagos lichens,a first assessment of the morphology and anatomy of basidiolichens from the archipelago is presented *** is the basis for further studies of the taxonomy,ecology and biogeography of this poorly known group of *** genera,all in Hygrophoraceae,can be distinguished:Acantholichen,Cora,Cyphellostereum and *** Acantholichen and Cora are characterized by chroococcoid cyanobionts and a heteromerous thallus with a distinct upper cortex and photobiont *** monotypic Acantholichen pannarioides is entirely composed of small,branched,inflated squamules that appear densely pruinose because their cortical hyphae bear characteristically swollen,densely spinose end cells(acanthohyphidia);this species has never been observed *** common Cora glabrata is foliose,forming large,radially zonate,conch-like,often tiled thalli,when fertile with circular lines of basidiocarps on its lower *** is distinguished by filamentous cyanobionts and distinctly filamentous thalli that are homomereous(i.e.,not distinctly layered);all species of Dictyonema *** trichomes(filamentose cyanobacterial photobionts)closely enveloped by fungal cells of a jigsaw *** *** thallus filaments(i.e.,individual fibrils)aggregate to form shelf-like structures similar in appearance to polyporoid bracket fungi;basidiocarps develop in irregular patches on the lower side of these *** contrast,fibrils of *** grow encrusting their substrate with irregularly to suberect trichomes,occasionally bearing basidiocarps dispersed across the *** other species in Galapagos show adpressed growth form and are described here as new:Dictyonema pectinatum,which is characterized by large parallel fibrils with paler,papillate tips,and ***,characterized by thin trichomes of more squarrish elongate *** genus Cyphellostereum is represented by two species:the newly describ

关键词： Census of Galapagos Biodiversity Galapagos lichen Inventory Acantholichen Cora Cyphellostereum Dictyonema

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Marsh Spot Disease and Its Causal Factor, Manganese Deficiency in Plants: A Historical and Prospective Review

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Agricultural Sciences 2021年第9期12卷 928-948页

作者： Bosen Jia Penner Waldo robert lorne conner Ismael Moumen Nadeem Khan Xuhua Xia Anfu Hou Frank Mingan You Ottawa Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada Morden Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Morden Canada

This review provides an examination of the marsh spot disease in beans and the roles played by its causal factor, manganese (Mn) deficiency. The discovery of the marsh spot disease, its relation with Mn deficiency, and how it can be treated are discussed. Mn serves as a cofactor and a catalyst in various metabolic processes in different cell compartments, such as the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (PSII) or reactive oxygen species scavenging. Some major quantitative trait loci (QTl) and putative candidate genes associated with Mn content in plants, especially in plant seeds, have been identified. Marsh spot disease in cranberry common bean is controlled by several major genes with significant additive and epistatic effects. They provide valuable clues for QTl candidate gene prediction and an improved understanding of the genetic mechanisms responsible for marsh spot resistance in plants.

关键词： Marsh Spot Manganese Deficiency Quantitative Trait locus (QTl) Mn Transport Cranberry Common Bean

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease: An association study in New Zealand Caucasians and meta-analysis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第39期19卷 6656-6664页

作者： James D Falvey robert W Bentley Tony R Merriman Mark B Hampton Murray l Barclay Richard B Gearry Rebecca l roberts Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch 8011New Zealand Department of Gastroenterology Christchurch HospitalChristchurch 8011New Zealand Department of Biochemistry University of OtagoDunedin 9054New Zealand Department of Pathology University of OtagoChristchurch 8011New Zealand Department of Surgical Sciences Dunedin School of MedicineDunedin 9054New Zealand

AIM:To investigate the association of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)promoter polymorphisms with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)***:One thousand and six New Zealand Caucasian cases and 540 Caucasian controls were genotyped for the MIF SNP-173G>C(rs755622)and the repeat polymorphism CATT5-8(rs5844572)using a predesigned TaqMan SNP assay and capillary electrophoresis,*** were analysed for single site and haplotype association with IBD risk and ***-analysis was employed,to assess cumulative evidence of association of MIF-173G>C with *** published genotype data for MIF-173G>C in IBD were identified using PubMed and subsequently searching the references of all PubMed-identified *** genotypes for MIF-173G>C were generated from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium(and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases).Separate meta-analyses were performed on Caucasian Crohn’s disease(CD)(3863 patients,6031controls),Caucasian ulcerative colitis(UC)(1260 patients,1987 controls),and East Asian UC(416 patients and 789 controls)datasets using the Mantel-Haenszel *** New Zealand dataset had 93%power,and the meta-analyses had 100%power to detect an effect size of OR=1.40 atα=0.05,***:In our New Zealand dataset,single-site analysis found no evidence of association of MIF polymorphisms with overall risk of CD,UC,and IBD or disease phenotype(all P values>0.05).Haplotype analysis found the CATT5/-173C haplotype occurred at a higher frequency in New Zealand controls compared to IBD patients(0.6 vs 0.01;P=0.03,OR=0.22;95%CI:0.05-0.99),but this association did not survive bonferroni ***-analysis of our New Zealand MIF-173G>C data with data from seven additional Caucasian datasets using a random effects model found no association of MIF polymorphisms with CD,UC,or overall ***,meta-analysis of all published MIF-173G>C data from East Asian datasets(416UC patients

关键词： Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Migration inhibitory factor rs755622 rs5844572 Genetic association study

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High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第4期85卷 45-73页

作者： Manuela Dal Forno Frank Bungartz Alba Yanez-Ayabaca robert lücking James D.lawrey Department of Botany Smithsonian InstitutionNational Museum of Natural History10th St&Constitution Ave NWWashingtonDC 20560USA Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason UniversityFairfaxVA 22030-4444USA Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands Puerto AyoraGalapagosEcuador School of life Sciences Arizona State UniversityPO Box 874501TempeAZ 85287-4501USA Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas Universidad Central del EcuadorCiudadela UniversitariaQuitoEcuador Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin KoniginLuise-Straße 6–814195 BerlinGermany Science&Education The Field Museum1400 South Lake ShoreChicagoIL 60605USA

This study is a re-assessment of basidiolichen diversity in the Galapagos *** present a molecular phylogenetic analysis,based on 92 specimens from Galapagos,using two nuclear ribosomal DNA markers(ITS and nulSU).We also re-examined the morphology and anatomy of all sequenced *** molecular results confirm our previous assessment that all Galapagos basidiolichens belong to the Dictyonema clade,which in Galapagos is represented by four genera:Acantholichen,Cora,Cyphellostereum,and *** species previously reported from Galapagos in these genera were at the time believed to represent widely distributed *** conclusion,however,has changed with the inclusion of molecular *** almost the same number of species is distinguished,the phylogenetic data now suggest that all are restricted to the Galapagos *** them,six species are proposed here as new to science,namely Cora galapagoensis,Cyphellostereum unoquinoum,Dictyonema barbatum,***,***,and ***;and four species have already been described previously,namely Acantholichen galapagoensis,Cora santacruzensis,Dictyonema pectinatum,and ***,here recombined as Cyphellostereum *** analysis is set on a very broad phylogenetic framework,which includes a large number of specimens(N=826)mainly from Central and South America,and therefore strongly suggests an unusually high level of endemism previously not *** analysis also shows that the closest relatives of half of the basidiolichens now found in Galapagos are from mainland Ecuador,implying that they reached the islands through the shortest route,with all species arriving on the islands through independent colonization events.

关键词： lichens Systematics Biodiversity Evolution lichenizedbasidiomycetes Galapagos

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Approaches to antiretroviral therapy in China

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期15卷 895-902页

作者： Bruce l GIllIAM robert R REDFIElD Division of Clinical Care and Research Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21201 USA

China has recognized the threat of HIV to its population and responded with a national antiretroviral treatment (ART) program. However, high ART failure rates and the spread of resistance within populations are important realities to consider when developing and managing ART programs in China and worldwide. Concepts which will define treatment success and local and national programmatic goals are 1) access to ART, 2) durability of ART at the patient level, 3) scalability of treatment modalities, and the 4) sustainability of the program at the community or national level. In the face of limited resources, China must also consider when to start ARV therapy, which agents to use, when to switch them, and how to treat highly experienced patients with drug resistance. The optimal ARV regimen to start with is changing frequently with the introduction of new agents and the presentation of new data. Currently, a regimen including tenofovir, emtricitabine or lamivudine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor appears to have optimal characteristics to treat HIV/AIDS in China. However, critical to all of these choices is the evaluation of programs implemented to insure wide scale success. China has wisely begun this process of evaluating the perfor- mance of local programs through systematic monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This will allow regi- mens and programs that work to be expanded, and programs with high failure rates to be eliminated. In the end, evidence based data supporting treatment strategies will allow China to successfully confront its AIDS epidemic early and prevent its tragic consequences

关键词： antiretroviral therapy scalability HIV/AIDS.

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Career Performance Progressions of Junior and Senior Elite Track and Field Athletes

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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2019年第2期1卷 168-175页

作者： Joshua l.Foss Jacob A.Sinex robert F.Chapman Department of Kinesiology School of Public Health-BloomingtonIndiana University1025 E.7th StreetBloomingtonIN 47405USA

Purpose To compare and assess differences in the career performance progressions of elite junior and Olympic track and field *** Annual best performances from top 8 men and women(***)in track and field events at the 2000 World Junior Championships(junior cohort)and the 2000 Olympic Games(Olympic cohort)were *** bests of these finalists were tracked each year from select groups:sprints(100 m,200 m),distance(1500 m,5000 m),jumps(long jump,high jump),throws(discus,shot put).Age of best lifetime performance,age of final posted performance,and improvement from junior-age best to lifetime best performance were compared between *** Olympic finalists achieved lifetime best performances at later ages than junior finalists[26.0±4.0 years vs.21.1±3.5 years;age difference 90%CI(3.7-5.2 years),Pll four *** finalists improved from under-20 best to lifetime best more so than junior finalists[6.1±4.8%vs.2.5±2.3%;Age difference 90%CI(2.5-4.8%),Plists,54 did not improve after age 19,while 19 of 128 Olympic finalists posted no improvement after age *** The data suggest that these two populations have different career performance progressions and challenge the notion that achieving elite success as a junior athlete is a prerequisite for the same success at the senior level.

关键词： Youth sport Maturation Physical development Early specialization

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Creation and judicious application of a wheat resistance gene atlas

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Molecular Plant 2021年第7期14卷 1053-1070页

作者： Amber N.Hafeez Sanu Arora Sreya Ghosh David Gilbert robert l.Bowden Brande B.H.Wulff John Innes Centre Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK USDA-ARS Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research UnitManhattanKS 66506USA

Disease-resistance(R)gene cloning in wheat(Triticum aestivum)has been accelerated by the recent surge of genomic resources,facilitated by advances in sequencing technologies and ***,with the challenges of population growth and climate change,it is vital not only to clone and functionally characterize a few handfuls of R genes,but also to do so at a scale that would facilitate the breeding and deployment of crops that can recognize the wide range of pathogen effectors that threaten *** populations are continually changing,and breeders must have tools and resources available to rapidly respond to those changes if we are to safeguard our daily *** meet this challenge,we propose the creation of a wheat R-gene atlas by an international community of researchers and *** atlas would consist of an online directory from which sources of resistance could be identified and deployed to achieve more durable resistance to the major wheat pathogens,such as wheat rusts,blotch diseases,powdery mildew,and wheat *** present a costed proposal detailing how the inter-acting molecular components governing disease resistance could be captured from both the host and the pathogen through biparental mapping,mutational genomics,and whole-genome association *** explore options for the configuration and genotyping of diversity panels of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat,as well as their wild relatives and major pathogens,and discuss how the atlas could inform a dynamic,durable approach to R-gene *** against the current magnitude of wheat yield losses worldwide,recently estimated at 21%,this endeavor presents one route for bringing R genes from the lab to the field at a considerable speed and quantity.

关键词： wheat Triticum aestivum disease resistance R genes association genetics gene stewardship durable resistance

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Choledocholithiasis: Evolving standards for diagnosis and management

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3162-3167页

作者： Marilee l Freitas robert l Bell Andrew J Duffy Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple StreetSuite 3 ANew HavenCT 06510United States

Cholelithiasis, one of the most common medical conditions leading to surgical intervention, affects approximately 10 % of the adult population in the United States. Choledocholithiasis develops in about 10%-20% of patients with gallbladder stones and the literature suggests that at least 3%-10% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy will have common bile duct （CBD） stones. CBD stones may be discovered preoperatively, intraoperatively or postoperatively Multiple modalities are available for assessing patients for choledocholithiasis including laboratory tests, ultrasound, computed tomography scans （CT）, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography （MRCP）. Intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy can be used routinely or selectively to diagnose CBD stones. The most common intervention for CBD stones is ERCP. Other commonly used interventions include intraoperative bile duct exploration, either laparoscopic or open. Percutaneous, transhepatic stone removal other novel techniques of biliary clearance have been devised. The availability, of equipment and skilled practitioners who are facile with these techniques varies among institutions. The timing of the intervention is olden dictated by the clinical situation.

关键词： Choledocholithiasis laparoscopy Diagnosis Treatment Cholangiogram

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Retinoid X receptor α downregulation is required for tail and caudal spinal cord regeneration in the adult newt

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第6期13卷 1036-1045页

作者： Sarah E.Walker Rachel Nottrodt lucas Maddalena Christopher Carter Gaynor E.Spencer robert l.Carlone Department of Biological Sciences Brock University Department of Geosciences University of Calgary Biomedical Sciences Cambridge University Pre-Health Sciences Department Niagara College

Some adult vertebrate species,such as newts,axolotls and zebrafish,have the ability to regenerate their central nervous system（CNS）.However,the factors that establish a permissive CNS environment for correct morphological and functional regeneration in these species are not well *** evidence supports a role for retinoid signaling in the intrinsic ability of neurons,in these regeneration-competent species,to regrow after CNS ***,we demonstrated that a specific retinoic acid receptor（RAR）subtype,RARβ,mediates the effects of endogenous retinoic acid（RA）on neuronal growth and guidance in the adult newt CNS after ***,we now examine the expression of the retinoid X receptor RXRα（a potential heterodimeric transcriptional regulator with RARβ）,in newt tail and spinal cord *** show that at 21 days post-amputation（dpa）,RXRαis expressed at temporally distinct periods and in non-overlapping spatial domains compared to RARβ.Whereas RARβprotein levels increase,RXRαproteins level decrease by 21 dpa.A selective agonist for RXR,SR11237,prevents both this downregulation of RXRαand upregulation of RARβand inhibits tail and caudal spinal cord ***,treatment with a selective antagonist for RARβ,lE135,inhibits regeneration with the same morphological consequences as treatment with ***,lE135 treatment also inhibits the normal downregulation of RXRαin tail and spinal cord tissues at 21 *** results reveal a previously unidentified,indirect regulatory feedback loop between these two receptor subtypes in regulating the regeneration of tail and spinal cord tissues in this regeneration-competent newt.

关键词： retinoid X receptor spinal cord regeneration newt retinoic acid ependymoglia retinoic acid receptor

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Discrete Scale Relativity and SX Phoenicis Variable Stars

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International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2011年第2期1卷 39-44页

作者： robert l Oldershaw 不详

Discrete Scale Relativity proposes a new symmetry principle called discrete cosmological self-similarity which relates each class of systems and phenomena on a given Scale of nature’s discrete cosmological hierarchy to the equivalent class of analogue systems and phenomena on any other Scale. The new symmetry principle can be understood in terms of discrete scale invariance involving the spatial, temporal and dynamic parameters of all systems and phenomena. This new paradigm predicts a rigorous discrete self-similarity between Stellar Scale variable stars and Atomic Scale excited atoms undergoing energy-level transitions and sub-threshold oscillations. Previously, methods for demonstrating and testing the proposed symmetry principle have been applied to RR lyrae, δ Scuti and ZZ Ceti variable stars. In the present paper we apply the same analytical methods and diagnostic tests to a new class of variable stars: SX Phoenicis variables. Double-mode pulsators are shown to provide an especially useful means of testing the uniqueness and rigor of the conceptual principles and discrete self-similar scaling of Discrete Scale Relativity. These research efforts will help theoretical physicists to understand the fundamental discrete self-similarity of nature, and to model both stellar and atomic systems with one unified physics.

关键词： Discrete Scale Relativity SX Phe Variables Rydberg Atoms Quantum Cosmology

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