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Does MgSO_(4) protect the preterm brain?Dissecting its role in the pathophysiology of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第9期19卷 1861-1862页

作者： robert Galinsky Laura Bennet Alistair j.Gunn The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVICAustralia Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia Department of Physiology The University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand

Mitigating preterm encephalopathy continues to be one of the greatest challenges in perinatal *** encephalopathy is associated with high mortality,serious morbidity,and significant socio-economic impacts on the individuals,their families,and public health sectors and welfare systems that last a *** cost of disability associated with preterm brain injury continues to *** of this injury,and disability,would significantly reduce this socioeconomic burden.

关键词： encephalopathy mortality hypoxic

A spectral response approach for detecting dominant phytoplankton size class from satellite remote sensing

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2010年第2期29卷 14-32页

作者： robert j W Brewin Samantha j Lavender Nick j Hardman-Mountford Takafumi Hirata School of Marine Science and Engineering University of Plymouth UK ARGANS Ltd Plymouth UK Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) Plymouth UK National Centre for Earth Observation PMLPlymouthUK Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University NIOVV5kita-kuSapporo 060-0810 Japan National Centre for Earth Observation PMLPlymouthUK Graduate School of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido University NIOVV5kita-kuSapporo 060-0810Japan Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University NIOVV5kita-kuSapporo 060-0810Japan

An important goal in ocean colour remote sensing is to accurately detect different phytoplankton groups with the potential uses including the validation of multi-phytoplankton carbon cycle models; synoptically monitoring the health of our oceans, and improving our understanding of the bio-geochemical interactions between phytoplankton and their environment. In this paper a new algorithm is developed for detecting three dominant phytoplankton size classes based on distinct differences in their optical signatures. The technique is validated against an independent coupled satellite reflectance and in situ pigment dataset and run on the 10-year NASA Sea viewing Wide Field of view Sensor （SeaWiFS） data series. Results indicate that on average 3.6% of the global oceanic surface layer is dominated by microplankton, 18.0% by nanoplankton and 78.4% by pieoplankton. Results, however, are seen to vary depending on season and ocean basin.

关键词： phytoplankton size remote sensing absorption ocean colour SeaWiFS

A machine learning approach for regional geochemical data:Platinum-group element geochemistry vs geodynamic settings of the North Atlantic Igneous Province

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第3期12卷 42-59页

作者： jordan j.Lindsay Hannah S.R.hughes Christopher M.Yeomans jens C.Ø.Andersen Iain McDonald Camborne School of Mines University of ExeterPenryn CampusPenrynCornwall TR109FEUnited Kingdom School of Earth and Ocean Sciences Main CollegeCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiff CF103ATUnited Kingdom

Whilst traditional approaches to geochemistry provide valuable insights into magmatic processes such as melting and element fractionation,by considering entire regional data sets on an objective basis using machine learning algorithms(MLAs),we can highlight new facets within the broader data structure and significantly enhance previous geochemical *** platinum-group element(PGE)budget of lavas in the North Atlantic Igneous Province(NAIP)has been shown to vary systematically according to age,geographic location and geodynamic *** the large multi-element geochemical data set available for the region,MLAs were employed to explore the magmatic controls on these shifting *** key advantage of using machine learning in analysis is its ability to cluster samples across multi-dimensional(i.e.,multi-element)*** NAIP data set is manipulated using Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding(t-SNE)techniques to increase separability in the data alongside clustering using the k-means *** new multi-element classification is compared to the original geographic classification to assess the performance of both *** workflow provides a means for creating an objective high-dimensional investigation on a geochemical data set and particularly enhances the identification of metallogenic anomalies across the *** techniques used highlight three distinct multi-element end-members which successfully capture the variability of the majority of elements included as input *** end-members are seen to fluctuate in prominence throughout the NAIP,which we propose reflects the changing geodynamic environment and melting ***,the variability of Pt and Pd are not reflected in MLA-based clustering trends,suggesting that they vary independently through controls not readily demonstrated by the NAIP major or trace element data structure(i.e.,other proxies for magmatic differe

关键词： Platinum-group elements Machine learning Plume Geochemistry Metallogenesis Mantle

Mine tailings storage dams modify upstream headwater fish assemblages

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Water Biology and Security 2023年第2期2卷 32-42页

作者： Gilberto N.Salvador robert M.hughes Fabio Vieira Raphael Ligeiro Luciano F.A.Montag Ecology and Conservation Laboratory(LABECO) Federal University of ParaBiological Sciences InstituteRua Augusto Correa01GuamaCaixaBelemPA479Brazil Fish Ecology and Conservation Laboratory(Eco-Peixes) Federal University of Minas GeraisBiological Sciences InstituteAv.Antonio Carlos6627Belo HorizonteMGCEP:31.270-901Brazil Amnis Opes Institute 2895 SE GlennCorvallisOR97333USA Department of Fisheries Wildlife&Conservation SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA Zoology Department Federal University of Minas GeraisBiological Sciences InstituteAv.Antonio Carlos6627CEP:31.270-901Belo HorizonteMGBrazil

Riverscape connectivity is a critically important component determining the ecological condition of lotic *** evaluated changes in fish assemblages caused by the loss of connectivity by mine tailings storage dams(TSDs),hypothesizing that headwater fish assemblages are restructured by TSDs located downstream,even though the upstream habitats are not *** used standard methods to collect fish in 24 first to third order sites,with half draining to TSDs(dammed)and the other half free from this impact(undammed).To identify differences between treatments,we used PERMANOVA to test both environmental variables and ichthyofauna composition(Bray-Curtis similarity index)and evaluated the biological metrics that most influenced assemblage composition *** expected,we observed no difference between treatments for environmental variables,but we did observe differences in fish assemblage *** also observed five metrics with lower values in dammed streams(richness and abundance of intolerant species,siluriform richness,and abundance of Pareiorhaphis *** and Trichomycterus brasiliensis)and two metrics with higher values in dammed streams(perciform richness and abundance of Oligosarcus argenteus).We believe these changes resulted from of stream fragmentation by TSDs,in addition to source-sink mechanisms and conclude that mine TSDs located downstream change headwater fish assemblages,an impact often neglected in biomonitoring and bioassessment studies.

关键词： Habitat fragmentation Source-sink dynamics Iron ore mining Rio Doce basin

Controlling schistosomiasis with praziquantel:How much longer without a viable alternative?

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 654-663页

作者： robert Bergquist jürg Utzinger jennifer Keiser Ingerod BrastadSweden Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute P.O.BoxCH-4002 BaselSwitzerland University of Basel P.O.BoxCH-4003 BaselSwitzerland

The current approach of morbidity control of schistosomiasis,a helminth disease of poverty with considerable public health and socioeconomic impact,is based on preventive chemotherapy with *** is a pressing need for new drugs against this disease whose control entirely depends on this single drug that has been widely used over the past 40 *** argue that a broader anthelminthic approach supplementing praziquantel with new antischistosomals targeting different parasite development stages would not only increase efficacy but also reduce the risk for drug *** drugs already approved for other diseases provides a shortcut to clinical trials,as it is expected that such drugs rapidly pass the regulatory *** antischistosomal properties of antimalarial drugs(e.g.,semisynthetic artemisinins,synthetic trioxolanes,trioxaquines and mefloquine)and of drugs being developed or registered for other purposes(e.g.,moxidectin and miltefosin),administered alone or in combination with praziquantel,have been tested in the laboratory and clinical *** avenue to follow is the continued search for new antischistosomal properties in ***,we summarise recent progress made in schistosomiasis chemotherapy,placing particular emphasis on repositioning of existing drugs against schistosomiasis.

关键词： Chemotherapy Drug repositioning Elimination Morbidity control Praziquantel Schistosomiasis

Are sperm capacitation and apoptosis the opposite ends of a continuum driven by oxidative stress？

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Asian journal of Andrology 2015年第4期17卷 633-639页

作者： robert j Aitken Mark A Baker Brett Nixon Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science Discipline of Biological Sciences and Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle NSW 2308 Australia.

This chapter explores the possibility that capacitation and apoptosis are linked processes joined by their common dependence on the continued generation of reactive oxygen species （ROS）. According to this model capacitation is initiated in spematozoa following their release into the female reproductive tract as a consequence of intracellular ROS generation, which stimulates intracellular cAMP generation, inhibits tyrosine phosphatase activity and enhances the formation of oxysterols prior to their removal from the sperm surface by albumin. The continued generation of ROS by capacitating populations of spermatozoa eventually overwhelms the limited capacity of these cells to protect themselves from oxidative stress. As a result the over-capacitation of spermatozoa leads to a state of senescence and the activation of a truncated intrinsic apoptotic cascade characterized by enhanced mitochondrial RO$ generation, lipid peroxidation, motility loss, caspase activation and phosphatidylserine externalization. The latter may be particularly important in instructing phagocytic leukocytes that the removal of senescent, moribund spermatozoa should be a silent process unaccompanied by the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. These observations reveal the central role played by redox chemistry in defining the life and death of spermatozoa. A knowledge of these mechanisms may help us to engineer novel solutions to both support and preserve the functionality of these highly specialized cells.

关键词： apoptosis reactive oxygen species sperm capacitation

Non-interferometric photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy

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Light(Science & Applications) 2017年第1期6卷 753-760页

作者： Parsin Hajireza Wei Shi Kevan Bell robert j Paproski Roger j Zemp Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2V4 Canada IllumiSonics Inc.5205-38A Ave.N.W.EdmontonAlbertaT6L 2J4Canada

Elasto-optical refractive index modulation due to photoacoustic initial pressure transients produced significant reflection of a probe beam when the absorbing interface had an appreciable refractive index *** effect was harnessed in a new form of non-contact optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy called photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy.A noninterferometric system architecture with a low-coherence probe beam precludes detection of surface oscillations and other phase-modulation *** probe beam was confocal with a scanned excitation beam to ensure detection of initial pressure-induced intensity reflections at the subsurface origin where pressures are *** studies confirmed signal dependence on optical absorption,index contrast and excitation *** vivo imaging of superficial microvasculature and melanoma tumors was demonstrated with~2.7±0.5μm lateral resolution.

关键词： all optical medical imaging optical resolution photoacoustic remote sensing

Choledocholithiasis: Evolving standards for diagnosis and management

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3162-3167页

作者： Marilee L Freitas robert L Bell Andrew j Duffy Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple StreetSuite 3 ANew HavenCT 06510United States

Cholelithiasis, one of the most common medical conditions leading to surgical intervention, affects approximately 10 % of the adult population in the United States. Choledocholithiasis develops in about 10%-20% of patients with gallbladder stones and the literature suggests that at least 3%-10% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy will have common bile duct （CBD） stones. CBD stones may be discovered preoperatively, intraoperatively or postoperatively Multiple modalities are available for assessing patients for choledocholithiasis including laboratory tests, ultrasound, computed tomography scans （CT）, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography （MRCP）. Intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy can be used routinely or selectively to diagnose CBD stones. The most common intervention for CBD stones is ERCP. Other commonly used interventions include intraoperative bile duct exploration, either laparoscopic or open. Percutaneous, transhepatic stone removal other novel techniques of biliary clearance have been devised. The availability, of equipment and skilled practitioners who are facile with these techniques varies among institutions. The timing of the intervention is olden dictated by the clinical situation.

关键词： Choledocholithiasis Laparoscopy Diagnosis Treatment Cholangiogram

Evolution of surgical skills training

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3219-3224页

作者： Kurt E roberts robert L Bell Andrew j Duffy Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple StreetSuite 3ANew HavenCT 06510United Staets

Surgical training is changing： one hundred years of tradition is being challenged by legal and ethical concerns for patient safety, work hours restrictions, the cost of operating room time, and complications. Surgical simulation and skills training offers an opportunity to teach and practice advanced skills outside of the operating room environment before attempting them on living patients. Simulation training can be as straight forward as using real instruments and video equipment to manipulate simulated ＂tissue＂ in a box trainer. More advanced, virtual reality simulators are now available and ready for widespread use. Early systems have demonstrated their effectiveness and discriminative ability. Newer systems enable the development of comprehensive curricula and full procedural simulations. The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education＇s （ACGME） has mandated the development of novel methods of training and evaluation. Surgical organizations are calling for methods to ensure the maintenance of skills, advance surgical training, and to credential surgeons as technically competent. Simulators in their current form have been demonstrated to improve the operating room performance of surgical residents. Development of standardized training curricula remains an urgent and important agenda, particularly for minimal invasive surgery. An innovative and progressive approach, borrowing experiences from the field of aviation, can provide the foundation for the next century of surgical training, ensuring the quality of the product. As the technology develops, the way we practice will continue to evolve, to the benefit of physicians and patients.

关键词： Surgery Training Certification Skills Simulation Curriculum