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中国产业调整和外贸策略

江西社会科学 2005年第8期25卷 219-229页

作者： robert taylor 郭宇冈英国谢菲尔德大学新加坡国立大学

自1978改革开放以来,中国在世界贸易中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文分析中国外贸的发展,试图证明:中国商品通过外贸的方式进入国际市场,对中国经济不仅是必需的手段,而且可以达到调整产业结构和促进改革的目的。国际市场的变化已经影... 详细信息

自1978改革开放以来,中国在世界贸易中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文分析中国外贸的发展,试图证明:中国商品通过外贸的方式进入国际市场,对中国经济不仅是必需的手段,而且可以达到调整产业结构和促进改革的目的。国际市场的变化已经影响和冲击了中国外贸出口的结构和产品竞争力。一些影响中国外贸的因素(例如国际市场上的进出口区域差异、供求关系和价格弹性)引起了越来越多的关注。改革开放初期,中国基本上是以出口原材料和初级产品为主;随着中国经济的发展,制造业在出口中所占的比重越来越大;如今高科技产品的贸易在外贸中的重要性上升,而同时中国对能源进口的需求已经对世界能源供应链产生了压力。2001年,中国加入w.O可以被看作是一个分水岭。加入w.O以后,随着关税和非关税壁垒的消失,产品更容易进入外国市场。作者着重讨论中国的外贸策略的选择:充分利用w.O的特别保护和过渡保护期的规定,特别是保护一些处于起步阶段的行业,并分析了一些具体的行业。另外,世界经济对中国外贸的影响也体现在组成区域经济共同体以及形成全球化生产网络等方面。由于中国对美国和欧盟的贸易顺差,双方的贸易摩擦一直在增长。随着大量的外国直接投资(FDI)进入中国,中国成为跨国公司全球化生产网络一个重要组成部分。而要求中国参与组织东亚,甚至包括ASEAN(东南亚国家联盟)自由贸易区的呼声也越来越高。这些都反映了中国经济的影响和实力。文章由此得出结论:中国产业结构的调整和外贸策略的相互作用对于中国经济的进一步发展和中国国力的增强将产生至关重要的影响。

关键词：产业调整外贸策略

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 1—Biological and Treatment Factors

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2018年第8期9卷 293-309页

作者： robert B. Raffa Joseph V. Pergolizzi robert taylor Sanjib Choudhuri robert Rodenbeck University of Arizona College of Pharmacy Tucson AZ USA Professor Emeritus Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA USA Neumentum Inc. Palo Alto CA USA NEMA Research Inc. Naples FL USA Delta Faucet Co. Indianapolis IN USA

The most frequent adverse event in the healthcare delivery system is acquisition of an infection w.thin a healthcare facility. Since infection control measures are know., simple, and low.cost, w. examine w.y the problem of healthcare-associated infections persists. Hundreds of millions of patients each year are affected by a healthcare-associated infection, w.th negative medical outcome and financial cost. It is a major public health problem even in countries w.th advanced healthcare systems. This is a bit perplexing, given that hygienic practices have been know. and actively promoted. The objective is to address the question: doesn’t the use of disinfection, sterilization, handw.shing, and alcohol rubs prevent the spread of pathogenic organisms? w. conclude that the persistent high prevalence of nosocomial infections despite know. hygienic practices is attributable to tw. categories of factors: biological and inherent shortcomings of some practices (considered in Part 1), and human factors (considered in Part 2). A new.approach is presented in Part 3.

关键词： Infection Nosocomial Hospital Healthcare-Associated Hygiene Handw.shing

Food supply and the obesity scourge: Is there a relationship?

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Health 2012年第12期4卷 1457-1463页

作者： Lillian Mw.nri w.ndy Foley John Coveney robert Muller Fiona Verity Paul R. w.rd Patricia Carter Philip Mohr Anne taylor Department of Social w.rk Flinders University Adelaide Australia Discipline of Public Health Flinders University Adelaide Australia Health Promotion Branch SA Health Adelaide Australia Inala Indigenous Health Service Queensland Health Inala Australia Population Research and Outcome Studies Unit SA Health Adelaide Australia School of Psychology University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia

This paper review. literature on the relationship betw.en food supply and obesity. The focus is on the supply, cost, and variety of food through various types of food outlets and the impact of these factors on obesity in developed countries. The article reveals complex relationships betw.en food supply factors and obesity. A numer of factors related to lifestyles including the mobility of populations and the use of motor vehicles greatly reduce the impact of the local environment on family and individual eating patterns. How.ver, obesity is also affected by factors such as the type and density of food outlets, the cost of food, the travel distance and means of transport to the food outlet. w.ile the relationship betw.en food supply and obesity in the literature reveals complex and mixed findings, this paper concludes obesity is complex and food supply is only part of this phenomenon’s predictors. Because the relationship betw.en food supply and obesity is mediated by such multiple and complex factors including population behaviours, beliefs, lifestyles, know.edge and both food and physical environments;multiple strategies including policy development and other strategies aimed at manipulating food environments, physical environments, populations’ beliefs, behaviours and practices must be considered in searching for evidence to effectively combat obesity.

关键词： Obesity Food Supply Food Outlets Socio Economic Status Complex Relationships

The Place of Community Rescue Naloxone in a Public Health Crisis of Opioid Overdose

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2019年第2期10卷 61-81页

作者： Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jo Ann LeQuang robert taylor robert B. Raffa NEMA Research Naples FL USA Neumentum Palo Alto CA USA LeQ Medical Angleton TX USA University of Arizona College of Pharmacy Tucson AZ USA Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA USA

The recent large increase in deaths involving opioids (w.ether prescription or illicit, pure or adulterated, alone or in combination w.th other drugs) is the manifestation of a complex, and multifaceted problem consisting of psychological, psychosocial, medical, legal, regulatory, economic, cultural, and political components, among others. Because the problem involves issues related to both supply and demand, the solution is not obvious, simple, or quick. There is no easy fix. Preventing and treating opioid misuse and abuse requires a comprehensive, time-intensive, and expensive intervention supported by public policy and support through coordinated medical, regulatory, legal, and financial guidelines and practice. But until the long-term problems can be fixed, the immediate crisis of overdose deaths can be ameliorated by making available an opioid receptor antagonist to reverse the respiratory depression that is the cause of death to those w.o are in the best position to administer it in time (professionals, untrained bystanders, and even fellow.drug abusers). The statistics overw.elmingly demonstrate that this is a life-saving medical intervention. Yet, there is still uncertainty about this intervention, and even some opposition to it. w. describe the scientific basis for the approach and the issues surrounding its use to treat accidental or intentional overdose by pain patients, recreational opioid users, and addicts. w. also describe the calls to limit the number of times it should be available to a user and the limitations of its effectiveness—mainly that it only addresses the acute death crisis, not the underlying problems that led to it.

关键词： Opioid Crisis Opioid Abuse Opioid Antagonist Community Naloxone

Differences in the Receptor Binding Profile of Lofexidine Compared to Clonidine

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2019年第1期10卷 1-10页

作者： robert B. Raffa Joseph V. Pergolizzi robert taylor robert P. James Mark Pirner Neumentum Inc. Palo Alto CA USA University of Arizona College of Pharmacy Tucson AZ USA Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA USA NEMA Research Inc. Naples FL USA US w.rldMeds LLC Louisville KY USAs

Lucemyra? (lofexidine hydrochloride) has recently been approved by the US FDA for the mitigation of w.thdraw.l symptoms to facilitate abrupt discontinuation of opioids in adults. Lofexidine is an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist. How.ver, the clinical attributes of lofexidine differ in advantageous w.ys from the classical alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine. In the present study, w. measured the receptor binding profile of lofexidine and clonidine in an effort to gain an insight into the clinical difference(s).

关键词： Lofexidine Clonidine Opioid w.thdraw.l Receptor Affinity Alpha-2 Agonist

Designing General Anesthetics That Have a Better Safety Profile

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2019年第10期10卷 407-415页

作者： robert B. Raffa Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr. robert taylor Jr. Neumentum Inc.，Palo Alto CAUSA College of Pharmacy University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA USA NEMA Research Inc. Naples FL USA.

General anesthetics constitute some of the most important and w.dely-used therapeutic drugs in the pharmacotherapeutic armamentarium. They are routinely used effectively and w.th adequate precaution-safety throughout the w.rld for a multitude of clinical applications, predominantly as adjunctive agents for surgical procedures. Nevertheless, they have potential adverse effects (such as a drop in blood pressure and the inhibition of steroid production), particularly in vulnerable populations such as the very young and the frail elderly. It w.uld be desirable therefore to have alternative agents that are just as efficacious, but have a better safety profile in a broader spectrum of patients. Tow.rd this end, an anesthetic based on a unique chemical core (viz., an N-arylpyrrole derivative) has been reported in preclinical models to produce anesthetic effects w.thout hemodynamic suppression. This lead could pave the w.y for new.general anesthetics that are safer and easier to use.

关键词： General Anesthetic Intravenous Drug Discovery GABAA Receptor Molecular Modeling

“Atropisomeric” Drugs: Basic Concept and Example of Application to Drug Development

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2020年第1期11卷 1-8页

作者： robert B. Raffa Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr. robert taylor Jr. Neumentum Inc. Palo Alto CA USA College of Pharmacy University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA School of Pharmacy Temple University Philadelphia PA USA NEMA Research Inc. Naples FL USA

Many therapeutic drugs are racemates;i.e. they are chiral molecules consisting of “left”- and “right-handed” enantiomers (stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, and are non-superimposable). In some cases, both enantiomers of the drug contribute to some extent (or equally) to the therapeutic effect;in other cases they contribute not at all. The same is true for the adverse effects of racemate drugs: the adverse effects of a racemate drug can be greater-than, less-than, or equal to one or the other enantiomer. An unusual situation arises w.en a drug consists of “atropisomers”, stereoisomers arising because of hindered rotation about a single chemical bond. w. summarize the concept of atropisomerism, and give examples.

关键词： Atropisomer Chirality Pharmacotherapy Drug Development NaV1.7 Inhibitor

“New.Look” Opioids: Biased Ligands

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2018年第7期9卷 242-249页

作者： Joseph V. Pergolizzi Michael H. Ossipov robert taylor robert B. Raffa NEMA Research Inc. Naples FL USA College of Medicine University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA College of Pharmacy University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA USA

Betw.en the illicit use of opioids and attendant overdoses, and accidental overdoses w.th prescribed drugs, overuse of opioids has become a serious problem. At the same time, finding that fine balance betw.en minimizing the risk of opioid misuse and abuse w.ile at the same time providing access to treatment for patients w.o need pain control presents an ongoing challenge. Efforts to discover and develop better agents have led to w.at w. term “new.look” opioids. w. summarize here one such approach—know. as biased ligands. By targeting a subset of GPCR signal transduction, this approach attempts to increase the separation betw.en therapeutic and adverse effects.

关键词： Pain Analgesic Drugs Opioids G Protein-Coupled Receptors Biased Ligands

Ⅲ–Ⅴ compounds as single photon emitters

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Journal of Semiconductors 2019年第7期40卷 63-74页

作者： Xu w.ng Lei Xu Yun Jiang Zhouyang Yin Christopher C. S. Chan Chaoyong Deng robert A. taylor Key Laboratory of Electronic Functional Composite Materials of Guizhou Province Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China Guizhou Institute of Quantum Information and Big Data Applied Technology Guiyang 550002 China Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong 999077 China Department of Physics University of Oxford Clarendon Laboratory Oxford OX1 3PU UK

Single-photon emitters (SPEs) are one of the key components in quantum information applications. The ideal SPEs emit a single photon or a photon-pair on demand, w.th high purity and distinguishability. SPEs can also be integrated in photonic circuits for scalable quantum communication and quantum computer systems. Quantum dots made from Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds such as InGaAs or GaN have been found to be particularly attractive SPE sources due to their w.ll studied optical performance and state of the art industrial flexibility in fabrication and integration. Here, w. review.the optical and optoelectronic properties and grow.h methods of general SPEs. Subsequently, a brief summary of the latest advantages in Ⅲ-Ⅴ compound SPEs and the research progress achieved in the past few.years w.ll be discussed. w. finally describe frontier challenges and conclude w.th the latest SPE fabrication science and technology that can open new.possibilities for quantum information applications.

关键词： single photon emitters solid-states quantum dots 2D materials