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Development of Novel Products from Agro-Wastes(Rice Husks)and Characterization in Kenya

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2019年第1期8卷 26-35页

作者： Raphael Kungu Paul Njogu robert Kinyua Institute for Energy and Environmental Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobi 62000-00200Kenya Academy Division Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobi 62000-00200Kenya

Rice growing is a popular agricultural activity in some areas in *** challenge is in the disposal of rh(Rice Husks).Rice production results in 20%rh as *** incineration of rh results in rh ash which is a source of valuable chemical *** ash is 87-97%silica,highly porous and light weight,with a very high external surface *** end product of rhA(Rice Husk Ash)after chemical treatment,sodium silicate,is a precious commodity that has myriad applications especially in detergent manufacture and soap *** objective was to determine the best conditions to synthesize silica from agro-wastes(rh.in *** yield(%SiO2)of the HCl(Hydrochloric Acid)leached rh at 500°C was the highest at 99.2%.Overall these conditions were the best in producing ***(%)removal of each metal is different due to its chemical form in *** removal percentage of K is especially *** 0.5 M HCl leaching followed by thermal treatment of 600°C gave the best increase in%silica *** same process removed the most metallic impurities(P2O5,K2O,CaO,Mn and Zn).Leaching with 0.5 M HCl followed with thermal treatment of 500°C gave the best overall yield in%silica *** increase in temperature from 600°C slightly reduced the%silica dioxide *** 0.5 M HCl used in these trials was able to produce 99.17%silica content from the Mwea *** SiO2 obtained with the water washed rh sample is 97.37%as compared 99.17%(HCl-washed)and 99.02%(H2SO4(Sulphuric Acid)-leached).The FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)spectra indicates HCl leaching avails more silica content than H2SO4 leaching.

关键词： rh conversion acid leaching silicate sodium silicate ideal conditions

Radioembolization for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma:A clinical review

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第11期14卷 1664-1669页

作者： Saad M Ibrahim robert J Lewandowski Kent T Sato Vanessa L Gates Laura Kulik Mary F Mulcahy robert K Ryu Reed A Omary Riad Salem Department of Radiology Section of Interventional RadiologyNorthwestern MemorialHospitalRobert H.Lurie Comprehensive Cancer CenterChicago60611United States Department of Nuclear Medicine Northwestern Memorial HospitalChicago 60611United States Department of Medicine Division of HepatologyNorthwestern Memorial HospitalChicago 60611United States Department of Medicine Divisionof Hematology and OncologyRobert H Lurie ComprehensiveCancer CenterNorthwestern Memorial HospitalChicago 60611United States Department of Radiology Section of Interventional RadiologyNorthwestern MemorialHospitalRobert H.Lurie Comprehensive Cancer CenterChicago60611United States Department of MedicineDivisionof Hematology and OncologyRobert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer CenterNorthwestern Memorial HospitalChicago 60611United States

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the sixth most common cancer in the *** majority of patients with HCC present with unresectable *** patients have historically had limited treatment options secondary to HCC demonstrating chemoresistance to the currently available systemic ***, normal liver parenchyma has shown intolerance to tumoricidal radiation doses,limiting the use of external beam *** of these limitations,novel percutaneous liver-directed therapies have emerged. The targeted infusion of radioactive microspheres (radioembolization)represents one such therapy. Radioembolization is a minimally invasive transcatheter therapy through which radioactive microspheres are infused into the hepatic arteries that supply tumor. Once infused,these microspheres traverse the hepatic vascular plexus and selectively implant within the tumor *** within the arterioles, the 90Y impregnated microspheres emit high energy and low penetrating radiation doses selectively to the *** has recently shown promise for the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC. The objective of this review article is to highlight twocurrently available radioembolic devices(90Y,188rh)and provide the reader with a recent review of the literature.

关键词： Radioembolization Brachytherapy Hepatocellular carcinoma Yttrium-90 rhenium-188

Small RNA Pathways Are in the Angiosperm Male Present and Functional Gametophyte

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Molecular Plant 2009年第3期2卷 500-512页

作者： robert Grant-Downton Said Hafidh David Twell Hugh G. Dickinson Department of Plant Sciences South Parks Rd Oxford OX1 3RB UK Department of Biology University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK

Small non-coding RNAs are essential for development of the sporophyte, the somatic diploid phase of flowering plants. They are integral to key cellular processes such as defense, generation of chromatin structure, and regulation of native gene expression. Surprisingly, very little is known of their presence and function in the male haploid phase of plant development （male gametophyte/pollen grain）, where dramatic cell fate changes leading to gametogenesis occur over just two mitotic divisions. We show that critical components of small RNA pathways are expressed throughout pollen development, but in a pattern that differs from the sporophyte. We also demonstrate that mature pollen accumulates a range of mature microRNAs, the class of small RNA most frequently involved in post-transcriptional regulation of endogenous gene expression. Significantly, these miRNAs cleave their target transcripts in developing pollen-a process that seemingly contributes to the purging of key regulatory transcripts from the mature pollen grain. Small RNAs are thus likely to make a hitherto unappreciated contribution to male gametophyte gene expression patterns, pollen development, and gametogenesis.

关键词： Pollen plant germline small RNA microRNA epigenetics

Symmetry Reduction upon Size Mismatch:The Non-lcosahedral Intermetalloid Cluster [Co@Ge12]^3-

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2018年第12期36卷 1165-1168页

作者： Chao Liu Lei-Jiao Li Ivan A.Popov robert J.Wilson Cong-qiao Xu Jun Li Alexander I.Boldyrev Zhong-Ming Sun State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchunJilin 130022China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Materials Science and Engineering Research Center of Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional MaterialsNankai UniversityTianjin 300350China School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering Chang chun University of Science & TechnologyChangchunJilin 130022China Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University0300 Old Main HillLosanUtah84322-0300USA Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum fur Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universtat MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straβe35043 MarburgGermany Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 200084China

A new complex comprising [Co@Ge12]3- cluster core was synthesized through the reaction of CoMe(PMe3)4 and K4Ge9 in ethylenediamine solution. The pseudo‐D5d geometry of this cluster can be viewed as structurally derived from an icosahedral cage via Jahn‐Teller effect, leading to notable bonding differences from Ih‐[M@E12]q− clusters (E = Sn, Pb with q = 2, 3). The [Co@Ge12]3- cluster represents a structural conundrum. On the basis of the geometric considerations it could be viewed as a sandwich complex. However, chemical bonding analysis revealed that there is a direct covalent multicenter bonding between the two pentagons, thus indicating that the structure should be viewed as an elongated icosahedron. Further theoretical calculations on [M@Ge12]3− (M = rh, Ir, Mt) indicate that similar compounds of larger‐size metal atoms can drive the complete transformation of [M@Ge12]3− clusters from icosahedron structure to a sandwich one.

关键词： Zintl ions intermetalloid cluster icosahedron Sandwich complex

Impact of obesity on kidney function and blood pressure in children

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World Journal of Nephrology 2015年第2期4卷 223-229页

作者： Wei Ding Wai W Cheung robert H Mak Department of Pediatrics Rady Children’s HospitalUniversity of California Division of Nephrology the Fifth People’s Hospital of ShanghaiFudan University

In recent years, obesity has become an increasingly important epidemic health problem in children and adolescents. The prevalence of the overweight status in children grew from 5% to 11% from 1960 s to 1990 s. The epidemic of obesity has been paralleled by an increase in the incidence of chronic kidney disease(CKD) and hypertension. Results of several studies have demonstrated that obesity and metabolic syndrome were independent predictors of renal injury. The pathophysiology of obesity related hypertension is complex, including activation of sympathetic nervous system, renin angiotensin aldosterone system, hyperinsulinemia and inflammation. These same mechanisms likely contribute to the development of increased blood pressure in children. This review summarizes the recent epidemiologic data linking obesity with CKD and hypertension in children, as well as the potential mechanisms.

关键词： Obesity Chronic kidney disease End-stage renal failure Hypertension Blood pressure

Designing and Performance Evaluation of Biochar Production in a Top-Lit Updraft Up-scaled Gasifier

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2015年第2期5卷 41-55页

作者： Hussein Kisiki Nsamba Sarah E. Hale Gerard Cornelissen robert Thomas Bachmann Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET) Universiti Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Section of Industrial Chemistry Department of Chemistry Makerere University Kampala Uganda Invention Plus Limited Kampala Uganda Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) Oslo Norway

The Original Belonio Rice Husk Gasifier (OBrhG), initially of height of 0.6 m, diameter of 0.15 m and thickness of 0.025 m was tested for biochar production through air gasification of rice husk (rh) and the design was upscaled to height of 1.65 m, diameter of 0.85 m and thickness of 0.16 m. A total of 27 experiments were conducted to monitor the gasifier performance and the system can operate with the centrifugal blower operating at a power input of 155 W and a maximum flow rate of 1450 m3/hr regulated according to the air requirement. Building the UBrhG is simple and inexpensive to fabricate and with the fairly satisfactory performance and ease of construction along with the convenience of operation, the UBrhG with rh as feed would find abundant avenues of applications in a rural setting for biochar production alongside thermal, mechanical and electrical energy delivery.

关键词： Biochar Equivalence Ratio Yield Upscale Belonio Rice Husk Gasifier

Improved Gasification of Rice Husks for Optimized Biochar Production in a Top Lit Updraft Gasifier

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2014年第4期4卷 225-242页

Biochar is a solid material obtained from the carbonization of biomass. If properly produced, it is useful for soil application to enrich plant values. Rice husk (rh) waste, an abundant agricultural by-product, was gasified in a top-lit updraft Belonio rice husk gasifier with a biochar yield of 29.0% ± 1.9%. The equivalence ratio (ER) for optimum biochar production was identified and its effect on biochar properties such as pH, volatile matter (VM), fixed carbon (FC) and ash content (AC), electricity consumption, biochar yield, specific gasification rate (SGR) as well as reactor temperature investigated and statistically analyzed. As ER increased from 0.292 ± 0.005 to 0.442 ± 0.016, the SGR decreased from 85.4 ± 4.5 kg/(m2hr) to 51.6 ± 2.4 kg/(m2hr) whereas reactor temperature increased linearly with ER. The original VM content of rh was found to be 76.1% ± 1.2% and decreased with increasing ER from 14.1% ± 0.2% to 10.6% ± 0.3%. The original FC and AC of 5.49% ± 0.22% and 9.10% ± 1.23% increased with ER from 50.5% ± 0.7% to 51.3% ± 0.4% and 33.7% ± 0.4% to 36.7% ± 0.1% respectively. The biochar pH at low, medium and high ER was 9.36 ± 0.11, 9.64 ± 0.03 and 9.42 ± 0.01, respectively. Results revealed a significant change in biochar yield and proximate values as ER changes from low to high.

关键词： Equivalence Ratio Biochar Carbonization Yield Specific Gasification Rate

Regulating the morphology of fluorinated non-fullerene acceptor and polymer donor via binary solvent mixture for high efficiency polymer solar cells

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Science China Chemistry 2019年第9期62卷 1221-1229页

作者： Mengxue Chen Zhuohan Zhang Wei Li Jinlong Cai Jiangsheng Yu Emma L. K. Spooner Rachel C. Kilbride Donghui Li Baocai Du robert S. Gurney Dan Liu Weihua Tang David G. Lidzey Tao Wang School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK

Fluorinated non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs) usually have planar backbone and a higher tendency to crystallize compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts, which leads to enhanced charge mobility in organic solar cells(OSCs). However, this selforganization behavior may result in excessive phase separation with electron donors and thereby deteriorate device ***, we demonstrate an effective approach to tune the molecular organization of a fluorinated NFA(INPIC-4 F), and its phase separation with the donor PBDB-T, by varying the casting solvent. A prolonged film drying time encourages the crystallization of INPIC-4 F into spherulites and consequently results in excessive phase separation, leading to a low device power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.1%. Contrarily, a drying time leads to fine mixed domains with inefficient charge transport properties,resulting in a moderate device PCE of 11.4%. An intermediate film drying time results in the formation of face-on π-π stacked PBDB-T and INPIC-4 F domains with continuous phase-separated networks, which facilitates light absorption, exciton dissociation as well as balanced charge transport towards the electrode, and achieves a remarkable PCE of 13.1%. This work provides a rational guide for optimizing the molecular ordering of NFAs and electron donors for high device efficiency.

关键词： organic solar cells non-fullerene acceptors solvent morphology efficiency

Internet of radio and light:5G building network radio and edge architecture

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Intelligent and Converged Networks 2020年第1期1卷 37-57页

作者： Yue Zhang Hequn Zhang John Cosmas Nawar Jawad Kareem Ali Ben Meunier Adam Kapovits Li-Ke Huang Wei Li Lina Shi Xun Zhang Jintao Wang Israel Koffman Muller robert Charilaos C.Zarakovitis School of Engineering University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK Brunel University LondonUB83PHUK Eurescom GmBH Heidelberg 69123Germany Viavi Solutions StevenageSG12ANUK Institut Sup′erieur D’′electronique De Paris Paris 75006France Department of Electronic Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China RunEL Ltd Rishon Lezion 7565502Israel Fraunhofer IIS Ilmenau 98693Germany National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos Agia Paraskevi 15341Greece

The Internet of Radio-Light(IoRL)is a cutting-edge system paradigm to enable seamless 5G service provision in indoor environments,such as homes,hospitals,and *** system draws on innovative architectural structure that sits on the synergy between the Radio Access Network(RAN)technologies of millimeter Wave communications(mmWave)and Visible Light Communications(VLC)for improving network throughput,latency,and coverage compared to existing *** aim of this paper is to introduce the IoRL system architecture and present the key technologies and techniques utilised at each layer of the *** emphasis is given in detailing the IoRL physical layer(Layer 1)and Medium Access Control layer(MAC,Layer 2)by means of describing their unique design characteristics and interfaces as well as the robust IoRL methods of improving the estimation accuracy of user positioning relying on uplink mmWave and downlink VLC measurements.

关键词： 5G Internet of Radio-Light(IoRL) Visible Light Communications(VLC) millimeterWave communications(mmWave) Remote Radio Light Head(RRLH) Network Function Virtualization(NFV) Software Defined Network(SDN) positioning