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Global and Euro Imbalances:China and Germany

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China & World Economy 2014年第1期22卷 1-29页

作者： Guonan Ma robert N.mccauley Bank for International Settlements Representative Office for Asia and the Pacific Monetary and Economic Department Bank for International Settlements

We analyze global and euro area imbalances by focusing on China and Germany as large surplus and creditor countries. In the 2000s, domestic reforms expanded the effective labor force, restrained wages, shifted income toward profits and increased corporate saving. As a result, the Chinese and German current account surpluses widened, and that of Germany has proven more persistent, with subdued domestic investment. China is an early-stage creditor, holding a short equity position and a longposition in safe debt. Germany＇s balanced net debt and equity claims mark it as a mature creditor thatprovides insurance to the rest of the world. China pays to lay off equity risk, while Germany, by contrast, harvests a moderate yield on its net claims. In both economies, the shortfall of the net international investment position from cumulated current account surpluses arises from exchange rate changes, asymmetric valuation gains, and, in Germany＇s case, credit losses.

关键词： current account distribution of income global imbalances international investment saving and investment

Geographic Spread of Currency Trading:The Renminbi and Other Emerging Market Currencies

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China & World Economy 2019年第5期27卷 25-36页

作者： Yin-Wong Cheung robert N mccauley Chang Shu Department of Economics and Finance City University of Hong KongChina Monetary and Economic Department Bank for International Settlements(BIS) Bloomberg USA

This paper studies the ongoing diffusion of renminbi (RMB) trading across the globe, the first of such research of an international currency. It analyses the distribution in offshore RMB trading in 2013 and 2016 using comprehensive data from the Triennial Central Bank Survey of foreign exchange markets. In 2013, Asian centers favored by the policy of RMB internationalization had disproportionate shares in global RMB trading. Over the following three years, RMB trading seemed to converge to the spatial pattern of all currencies, with a half-life of seven to eight years. The previously most traded emerging market currency, the Mexican peso, shows a similar pattern, although it is converging to the global norm more slowly. Three other emerging market currencies show a qualitatively similar evolution in the geography of their offshore trading. Overall, the RMB's internationalization is tracing an arc from the influence of administrative measures to the working of market forces.

关键词： foreign exchange turnover international currency international financial center renminbi internationalization

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欧洲美元银行业务及货币国际化

金融发展评论 2012年第8期 38-48页

作者：何东 robert mccauley 香港货币管理局国际清算银行

众所周知,诸如中国人民币这样的顺差国货币是无法在全球通用的。我们认为欧洲美元市场对于净资本流动方向以及美国经常账目平衡影响甚微。在过去38年中,欧洲美元市场扮演的最重要角色是作为非美国居民使用美元的中间媒介。通过研究欧洲... 详细信息

众所周知,诸如中国人民币这样的顺差国货币是无法在全球通用的。我们认为欧洲美元市场对于净资本流动方向以及美国经常账目平衡影响甚微。在过去38年中,欧洲美元市场扮演的最重要角色是作为非美国居民使用美元的中间媒介。通过研究欧洲美元市场.我们可以预测人民币离岸市场的演变。尽管现在,人民币离岸市场还只是作为国外通向中国大陆的资金管道,但是在未来,这个市场同样可以在非中国居民间起到中介作用。

关键词：欧洲美元离岸市场人民币货币国际化银行业务中国居民非美国资产负债表交易离岸银行

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中国国外资产人民币化

山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版） 2010年第1期 1-11页

作者： Yin-Wong Cheung Guonan Ma robert N. mccauley 秦凤鸣(译) 美国加州大学圣克鲁斯分校国际清算银行亚洲太平洋地区代表处国际清算银行货币与经济研究部山东大学经济学院

自2008年全球金融危机以来,中国主动出击,采取一系列措施推进人民币的国际化,更多的国际债权以人民币而不是以美元定值。从中国国际资产与负债的货币组合这一角度讨论影响人民币国际化前景的因素。在众多的影响因素中,包含人民币的基础... 详细信息

自2008年全球金融危机以来,中国主动出击,采取一系列措施推进人民币的国际化,更多的国际债权以人民币而不是以美元定值。从中国国际资产与负债的货币组合这一角度讨论影响人民币国际化前景的因素。在众多的影响因素中,包含人民币的基础价值与管理。

关键词：人民币国际化国际资产净额可兑换性汇率不确定性钉住美元

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人民币国际化和中国金融发展

金融发展评论 2012年第3期 12-22页

作者： robert N.mccauley 国际清算银行

国际货币的特点是市场参与者——居民或非居民——能够在国外(离岸市场)自由的将该货币用以贸易、投资、借贷和计价。人民币当前正在步人国际化的进程。在过去,经济学家将货币国际化进程视为网络外部性(因为其他人用这种货币,所以我也用... 详细信息

国际货币的特点是市场参与者——居民或非居民——能够在国外(离岸市场)自由的将该货币用以贸易、投资、借贷和计价。人民币当前正在步人国际化的进程。在过去,经济学家将货币国际化进程视为网络外部性(因为其他人用这种货币,所以我也用)下的市场选择。Eichengreen和Flandreau(2010)对这一观点提出挑战。他们发现在美联储法案推动下,美元仅用了15年即取代了英镑在官方储备中的地位。Frankel(2011)认为"少数精英"推动了美联储美元融资计划,因此德国和日本企业在70年代和80年代并没有采用德国马克和日元作为计价货币。

关键词：人民币汇率人民币国际化离岸市场中国金融发展债券市场资本管制外汇市场中国企业欧洲美元外汇储备

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美国债券市场收益率波动性研究

经济资料译丛 2012年第1期 79-83页

作者： Claudio E.V. Borio robert N. mccauley 魏玮（摘译）不详财政部财政科学研究所 100142

一、简介 1994年债券市场收益率的大幅波动让市场上的经纪人、基金经理、财政部长和央行官员们都大为吃惊。来自低通货膨胀国家的观察员更是希望这是金融市场最后一次如此大幅度的波动；那些来自有着超强的物价稳定历史记录国家的观察... 详细信息

一、简介 1994年债券市场收益率的大幅波动让市场上的经纪人、基金经理、财政部长和央行官员们都大为吃惊。来自低通货膨胀国家的观察员更是希望这是金融市场最后一次如此大幅度的波动；那些来自有着超强的物价稳定历史记录国家的观察员看到这样的波动也很惊讶，

关键词：市场收益率美国债券波动性低通货膨胀基金经理财政部长金融市场历史记录

Multi-Scale Dilated Convolution Network for SPECT-MPI Cardiovascular Disease Classification with Adaptive Denoising and Attenuation Correction

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 299-327页

作者： A.robert Singh Suganya Athisayamani Gyanendra Prasad Joshi Bhanu Shrestha Department of Computational Intelligence SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyKattankulathur603203Tamil NaduIndia School of Computing Sastra Deemed to be UniversityThanjavur613401Tamil NaduIndia Department of Artificial Intelligence&Software Kangwon National UniversitySamcheok25913Republic of Korea Department of Information Convergence System Graduate School of Smart ConvergenceKwangwoon UniversitySeoul01897Republic of Korea

Myocardial perfusion imaging(MPI),which uses single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT),is a well-known estimating tool for medical diagnosis,employing the classification of images to show situations in coronary artery disease(CAD).The automatic classification of SPECT images for different techniques has achieved near-optimal accuracy when using convolutional neural networks(CNNs).This paper uses a SPECT classification framework with three steps:1)Image denoising,2)Attenuation correction,and 3)Image *** denoising is done by a U-Net architecture that ensures effective image *** correction is implemented by a convolution neural network model that can remove the attenuation that affects the feature extraction process of ***,a novel multi-scale diluted convolution(MSDC)network is *** merges the features extracted in different scales and makes the model learn the features more *** scales of filters with size 3×3 are used to extract *** three steps are compared with state-of-the-art *** proposed denoising architecture ensures a high-quality image with the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)value of *** proposed classification method is compared with the five different CNN models,and the proposed method ensures better classification with an accuracy of 96%,precision of 87%,sensitivity of 87%,specificity of 89%,and F1-score of 87%.To demonstrate the importance of preprocessing,the classification model was analyzed without denoising and attenuation correction.

关键词： SPECT-MPI CAD MSDC denoising attenuation correction classification

Three-Stage Transfer Learning with AlexNet50 for MRI Image Multi-Class Classification with Optimal Learning Rate

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 155-183页

作者： Suganya Athisayamani A.robert Singh Gyanendra Prasad Joshi Woong Cho School of Computing Sastra Deemed to be UniversityThanjavur613401India Department of Computational Intelligence SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyKattankulathur603203India Department of AI and Software Engineering Kangwon National UniversitySamcheok25913Republic of Korea Department of Electronics Information and Communication EngineeringKangwon National UniversitySamcheok25913Republic of Korea

In radiology,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an essential diagnostic tool that provides detailed images of a patient’s anatomical and physiological *** is particularly effective for detecting soft tissue ***,radiologists manually interpret these images,which can be labor-intensive and time-consuming due to the vast amount of *** address this challenge,machine learning,and deep learning approaches can be utilized to improve the accuracy and efficiency of anomaly detection in MRI *** manuscript presents the use of the Deep AlexNet50 model for MRI classification with discriminative learning *** are three stages for learning;in the first stage,the whole dataset is used to learn the *** the second stage,some layers of AlexNet50 are frozen with an augmented dataset,and in the third stage,AlexNet50 with an augmented dataset with the augmented *** method used three publicly available MRI classification datasets:Harvard whole brain atlas(HWBA-dataset),the School of Biomedical Engineering of Southern Medical University(SMU-dataset),and The National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospitals brain MRI dataset(NINS-dataset)for *** hyperparameter optimizers like Adam,stochastic gradient descent(SGD),Root mean square propagation(RMS prop),Adamax,and AdamW have been used to compare the performance of the learning ***-dataset registers maximum classification *** evaluated the performance of the proposed classification model using several quantitative metrics,achieving an average accuracy of 98%.

关键词： MRI tumors classification AlexNet50 transfer learning hyperparameter tuning optimizer

Climate Change:No Going Back

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China Today 2025年第1期74卷 42-44页

作者： robert WALKER Beijing Normal University Royal Society of Arts Academy of Social Sciences in the U.K

With a commitment to reduce emissions,and its investment in green technology bringing down global costs,China is emerging as the leader in fighting climate *** knows that our world is getting *** also know *** out po... 详细信息

关键词： investment bringing fighting