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Quantification of intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue using magnetic resonance imaging after neurodegenerative disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第12期12卷 2100-2105页

作者： Madoka Ogawa robert lester Hiroshi Akima Ashraf S.Gorgey Graduate School of Education & Human Development Nagoya University Nagoya Japan Japan Society for Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC Richmond VA USA Research Center of Health Physical Fitness and Sports Nagoya University Nagoya Japan Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA

Ectopic adiposity has gained considerable attention because of its tight association with metabolic and cardiovascular health in persons with spinal cord injury（SCI）. Ectopic adiposity is characterized by the storage of adipose tissue in non-subcutaneous sites. Magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） has proven to be an effective tool in quantifying ectopic adiposity and provides the opportunity to measure different adipose depots including intermuscular adipose tissue（IMAT） and intramuscular adipose tissue（Intra MAT） or intramuscular fat（IMF）. It is highly important to distinguish and clearly define these compartments, because controversy still exists on how to accurately quantify these adipose depots. Investigators have relied on separating muscle from fat pixels based on their characteristic signal intensities. A common technique is plotting a threshold histogram that clearly separates between muscle and fat peaks. The cut-offs to separate between muscle and fat peaks are still not clearly defined and different cut-offs have been identified. This review will outline and compare the Midpoint and Otsu techniques, two methods used to determine the threshold between muscle and fat pixels on T1 weighted MRI. The process of water/fat segmentation using the Dixon method will also be outlined. We are hopeful that this review will trigger more research towards accurately quantifying ectopic adiposity due to its high relevance to cardiometabolic health after SCI.

关键词： intermuscular adipose tissue intramuscular adipose tissue intramuscular fat ectopic adiposity magnetic resonance imaging

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Semi-automated segmentation of magnetic resonance images for thigh skeletal muscle and fat using threshold technique after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第10期13卷 1787-1795页

作者： Mina P.Ghatas robert M.lester M.Rehan Khan Ashraf S.Gorgey Department of Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center Department of Radiology Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth University

Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the ＂gold standard＂ technique for quantifying thigh muscle and fat cross-sectional area. We have developed a semi-automated technique to segment seven thigh compartments in persons with spinal cord injury. Thigh magnetic resonance images from 18 men（18–50 years old） with traumatic motor-complete spinal cord injury were analyzed in a blinded fashion using the threshold technique. The cross-sectional area values acquired by thresholding were compared to the manual tracing technique. The percentage errors for thigh circumference were（threshold： 170.71 ± 38.67; manual： 169.45 ± 38.27 cm2） 0.74%, subcutaneous adipose tissue（threshold： 65.99±30.79; manual： 62.68 ± 30.22） 5.2%, whole muscle（threshold： 98.18 ± 20.19; manual： 98.20 ± 20.08 cm2） 0.13%, femoral bone（threshold： 6.53 ± 1.09; manual： 6.53 ± 1.09 cm2） 0.64%, bone marrow fat（threshold： 3.12 ± 1.12; manual： 3.1 ± 1.11 cm2） 0.36%, knee extensor（threshold： 43.98 ± 7.66; manual： 44.61 ± 7.81 cm2） 1.78% and % intramuscular fat（threshold： 10.45 ± 4.29; manual： 10.92 ± 8.35%） 0.47%. Collectively, these results suggest that the threshold technique provided a robust accuracy in measuring the seven main thigh compartments, while greatly reducing the analysis time.

关键词： spinal cord injury magnetic resonance imaging semi-automated segmentation subcutaneous adipose tissue intramuscular fat

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MRI analysis and clinical significance of lower extremity muscle cross-sectional area after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第5期12卷 714-722页

作者： robert M.lester Kori Johnson Refka E.Khalil Rehan Khan Ashraf S.Gorgey Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC) Richmond VA USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA Radiology Service Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC) Richmond VA USA

Shortly after spinal cord injury（SCI）, the musculoskeletal system undergoes detrimental changes in size and composition, predominantly below the level of injury. The loss of muscle size and strength, along with increased immobility, predisposes persons with SCI to rapid and severe loss in bone mineral density and other health related consequences. Previous studies have highlighted the significance of measuring thigh muscle cross-sectional area, however, measuring the size and composition of muscles of the lower leg may provide insights on how to decrease the risk of various comorbidities. The purpose of the current review was to summarize the methodological approach to manually trace and measure the muscles of the lower leg in individuals with SCI, using magnetic resonance imaging. We also intend to highlight the significance of analyzing lower leg muscle cross-sectional area and its relationship to musculoskeletal and vascular systems in persons with SCI.

关键词： spinal cord injury magnetic resonance imaging pressure ulcers venous thromboembolism cardiovascular disease bone health

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Dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy may explain changes in body composition after spinal cord injury: A retrospective case report

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2019年第17期7卷 2427-2437页

作者： Ashraf S Gorgey robert M lester Mina P Ghatas Sakita N Sistrun Timothy Lavis Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Service Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMCRichmondVA 23249United States Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA 23249United States Bionutrition Service Center for Clinical and Translational ResearchVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA 23249United States

BACKGROUND Reduced level of physical activity,high-fat diet and skeletal muscle atrophy are key factors that are likely to contribute to deleterious changes in body composition and metabolic following spinal cord injury (SCI).Reduced caloric intake with lowering percentage macronutrients of fat and increasing protein intake may likely to improve body composition parameters and decrease ectopic adiposity after *** To highlight the effects of dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on body composition after SCI METHODS A 31-year-old male with T5 SCI was administered transdermal TRT daily for 16 *** intake and percentage macronutrients were analyzed using dietary *** resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to measure changes in body *** Caloric intake and fat percentage were reduced by 445 kcal/d and 6.5%,*** body weight decreased by 8%,body fat decreased by 29%,and lean mass increased by 7%.Thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue cross-sectional area was reduced by 31%.CONCLUSION Manipulation of caloric intake,fat percentage,and protein percentage may have influenced body composition after SCI.

关键词： Spinal cord injury Diet High-protein Low-fat Nutrients Basal metabolic rate Case report

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Transfusion, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy, and kidney transplant wait time

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Open Journal of Internal Medicine 2012年第1期2卷 1-6页

作者： robert M. Perkins H. lester Kirchner Rajesh Govindasamy Center for Health Research Geisinger Medical Center Danville USA Department of Nephrology Geisinger Medical Center Danville USA Department of Nephrology Geisinger Medical Center Danville USA Division of Medicine Geisinger Medical Center Danville USA

Aim: Anemia is highly prevalent among patients wait-listed for renal transplant, and management with blood transfusion or erythropoietin stimulating agents may impact transplant wait time. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of blood transfusion and erythropoiesis stimulating agent therapy on renal transplant wait time. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all adult patients listed for first deceased donor kidney transplantation at two transplant centers in Central Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2008. The exposures of interest were blood transfusion and erythropoietin stimulating agent therapy. Cox proportional hazards were used to model time to deceased donor kidney transplant. Results: Among 407 patients listed for transplant, 84 received a deceased donor kidney during a median follow-up of 26.3 months. In an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, with erythropoiesis stimulating agent and transfusion both treated as time-dependent exposures, UNOS inactive status at listing date (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81;95% CI 0.73 - 0.89;P < 0.001) and transfusion during the wait list period (HR 0.27;95% CI 0.11 - 0.69;P = 0.01) independently predicted longer transplant wait time. Erythropoiesis stimulating agent use prior to or after transplant wait listing date did not independently predict wait time. Conclusion: Blood transfusion while waitlisted for kidney transplant is strongly associated with prolonged wait time.

关键词： Anemia Blood Transfusion Erythropoietin Kidney Disease Transplantation

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High diversity of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) in Amazonian Perú

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Fungal Diversity 2013年第1期58卷 13-32页

作者： Eimy Rivas Plata robert Lücking Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois-Chicago845 West Taylor Street(MC 066)ChicagoIL 60607USA Department of Botany The Field Museum1400 South Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605-2496USA

A survey of crustose microlichens at Los Amigos Biological Station in Amazonian Peru revealed 116 species of Graphidaceae at this *** is the second highest number of Graphidaceae ever reported for a single site world-wide,after the Surumoni crane station in Venezuela,with 131 species,and followed by Fakahatchee Strand Park Preserve in Florida,with 111 *** on the number of Graphidaceae found at Los Amigos,we predict the total lichen species richness at this site to be approximately 700 *** the 116 species encountered at Los Amigos,59 were graphidoid species(former Graphidaceae ***.)and 67 thelotremoid species(former Thelotremataceae).The following 18 species are described as new:Ampliotrema sorediatum Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Chapsa hypoconstictica Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Chapsa scabiocarpa Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Chapsa subsorediata Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Diorygma nigricans Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Fissurina flavomedullosa Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Fissurina platythecioides Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Graphis apertoinspersa Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Graphis pitmanii Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Leucodecton inspersum Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Ocellularia cicra Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Ocellularia fenestrata Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Ocellularia microsorediata Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Ocellularia natashae Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Ocellularia plicata Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Ocellularia protoinspersa Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,Ocellularia pustulata Rivas Plata&Lücking,***,and Thelotrema amazonicum Rivas Plata&Lücking,***.

关键词： Lichens Thelotremoid Tropical Rainforest Corticolous Madre de Dios

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Genome mapping of postzygotic hybrid necrosis in an interspecific pear population

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Horticulture Research 2016年第1期3卷 326-337页

作者： Sara Montanari lester Brewer robert Lamberts Riccardo Velasco Mickael Malnoy Laure Perchepied Philippe Guérif Charles-Eric Durel Vincent G M Bus Susan E Gardiner David Chagné Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund MachVia Mach 1San Michele all’Adige38010TNItaly The New Zealand Institute for Plant&Food Research Limited Palmerston North Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences-UMR1345 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique(INRA)SFR 4207 Quasav42 rue Georges MorelBeaucouzéF-49071France The New Zealand Institute for Plant&Food Research Limited Motueka Research CentreMotuekaNew Zealand Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences-UMR1345 Universitéd’AngersAngersF-49045France The New Zealand Institute for Plant&Food Research Limited Hawke’s Bay Research CentreHavelock NorthNew Zealand

Deleterious epistatic interactions in plant inter-and intraspecific hybrids can cause a phenomenon known as hybrid necrosis,characterized by a typical seedling phenotype whose main distinguishing features are dwarfism,tissue necrosis and in some cases *** of the chromosome regions associated with this type of incompatibility is important not only to increase our understanding of the evolutionary diversification that led to speciation but also for breeding *** of molecular markers linked to the lethal genes will allow breeders to avoid incompatible inbred combinations that could affect the expression of important agronomic tratis co-segregating with these *** hybrid necrosis has been reported in several plant taxa,including Rosaceae species,this phenomenon has not been described previously in *** the interspecific pear population resulting from a cross between PEAR3(Pyrus bretschneideri×Pyrus communis)and‘Moonglow’(***),we observed two types of hybrid necrosis,expressed at different stages of plant *** a combination of previously mapped and newly developed genetic markers,we identified three chromosome regions associated with these two types of lethality,which were genetically *** type resulted from a negative epistatic interaction between a locus on linkage group 5(LG5)of PEAR3 and a locus on LG1 of‘Moonglow’,while the second type was due to a gene that maps to LG2 of PEAR3 and which either acts alone or more probably interacts with another gene of unknown location inherited from‘Moonglow’.

关键词： breeding seedling dwarf

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毫米波单脈冲跟踪雷达

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现代雷达 1981年第1期 18-29页

作者： Dr.lester H.Kosowsky Kenneth L.Koester robert S.Graziano 才长根

供高分辨力跟踪用的毫米波单脉冲雷达已研制出来。该系统利用一个实口径毫米波天线发射中等功率非相参窄脉冲。对恶劣气候条件下的衰減和后向散射所作的分析表明,对一个10平方米的目标,晴空条件下的作用距离可达到10公里,而在降雨速率... 详细信息

供高分辨力跟踪用的毫米波单脉冲雷达已研制出来。该系统利用一个实口径毫米波天线发射中等功率非相参窄脉冲。对恶劣气候条件下的衰減和后向散射所作的分析表明,对一个10平方米的目标,晴空条件下的作用距离可达到10公里,而在降雨速率为每小时4毫米的雨天,其作用距离为4.8公里。本文敍述了该系统的组成和目前已得到的实验数据。已达到优于1毫弧度的精度。

关键词：跟踪雷达毫米波极高频单脉冲系统作用距离单脉冲雷达天线波瓣千兆赫后向散射毫弧度雷达脉冲角反射器伪装器材杂波数据处理单元

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