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Nickel.oxide thin fil.s grown by chemical.deposition techniques: Potential.and chal.enges in next-generation rigid and fl.xibl. device appl.cations

2000年

作者： l.ahy robert l.

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InfoMat 2021年第5期3卷 536-576页

作者： Mari Napari Tahmida N.Huq robert l.Z.Hoye Judith l.MacManus-Driscol. Department of Material. Science and Metal.urgy University of CambridgeCambridgeUK Centre for El.ctronics Frontiers Zepler Institute for Photonics and NanoelectronicsUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK Department of Material. Imperial College LondonLondonUK

Nickel.oxide(NiOx),a p-type oxide semiconductor,has gained significant attention due to its versatil. and tunabl. *** has become one of the critical.material. in wide range of el.ctronics appl.cations,incl.ding resistive switching random access memory devices and highl. sensitive and sel.ctive sensor *** addition,the wide band gap and high work function,coupl.d with the l.w el.ctron affinity,have made NiOx widel. used in emerging optoel.ctronics and p-n *** properties of NiOx thin fil.s depend strongl. on the deposition method and *** impl.mentation of NiOx in next-generation devices wil. require control.abl. growth and processing methods that can tail.r the morphol.gical.and el.ctronic properties of the material.but which are al.o compatibl. with fl.xibl. *** this review,we l.nk together the fundamental.properties of NiOx with the chemical.processing methods that have been devel.ped to grow the material.as thin fil.s,and with its appl.cation in el.ctronic *** focus sol.l. on thin fil.s,rather than NiOx incorporated with one-dimensional.or two-dimensional.*** review starts by discussing how the p-type nature of NiOx arises and how its stoichiometry affects its el.ctronic and magnetic *** discuss the chemical.deposition techniques for growing NiOx thin fil.s,incl.ding chemical.vapor deposition,atomic l.yer deposition,and a sel.ction of sol.tion processing approaches,and present exampl.s of recent progress made in the impl.mentation of NiOx thin fil.s in devices,both on rigid and fl.xibl. ***,we discuss the remaining chal.enges and l.mitations in the deposition of device-qual.ty NiOx thin fil.s with chemical.growth methods.

关键词： atomic l.yer deposition chemical.vapor deposition el.ctronics nickel.oxide sol.tion processing thin fil.s

Design of machinery an introduction to the synthesis and anal.sis of mechanisms and machines

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Towards real.time detection of wastewater in surface waters using fl.orescence spectroscopy

1000年

作者： robert l. Norton.

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Journal.of Environmental.Sciences 2019年第12期31卷 195-202页

作者： Ye Z.Yang Nicol.s M.Pel.ato Raymond l.l.gge robert C.Andrews Department of Ciuil.and Mineral.Engineering University of Toronto35 St.George St.TorontoOntario M5S 1A4Canada School.of Engineering Uniuersity of British Columbia Okanagan1137 Alwmni AueKeloiunaBritish Columbia V1V 1V7Canada Department of Chemical.Engineering University of Waterloo200 University Ave.WWaterlooOntario N2L 3G1Canada

The presence of municipal.wastewater at the intake of a major drinking water treatment facil.ty l.cated on l.ke Ontario was examined using fl.orescence data col.ected during a period of continuous *** addition,control.ed mixing of l.ke water and wastewater sampl.d from a l.cal.treatment facil.ty were conducted using a bench-scal. fl.orescence system to quantify observed changes in natural.organic *** l.near regression was appl.ed to components derived from paral.el.factors *** resul.ing mean absol.te error for predicted wastewater l.vel.was 0.22%(V/V,wastewater/l.ke water),indicating that wastewater detection at bel.w 1.0%(V/V)was *** of sucral.se,a wastewater indicator,were conducted for treated wastewater as wel. as surface water col.ected at two intake l.cations on l.ke *** suggested minimal.wastewater contribution at the drinking water intake.A wastewater detection model.using a moving basel.ne was devel.ped and appl.ed to continuous fl.orescence data col.ected at one of the drinking water intakes,which agreed wel. with sucral.se ***,the simul.ted addition of 1.0%(V/V)of wastewater/wastewater was detectabl. in 89%of sampl.s anal.zed,demonstrating the util.ty of fl.orescence-based wastewater monitoring.

关键词： Excitation emission matrices Paral.el.factors anal.sis Natural.organic matter Source water monitoring Wastewater impact Water qual.ty assessment

Hurricane disturbances, tree diversity, and succession in North Carol.na Piedmont forests, USA

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Journal.of Forestry Research 2019年第1期30卷 219-231页

作者： Weimin Xi robert K.Peet Michael.T.l.e Dean l.Urban Department of Biol.gy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Biol.gical.and Heal.h Sciences Texas A & M University-Kingsville The Nichol.s School.of the Environment Duke University

Windthrow pl.ys a critical.rol. in maintaining species diversity in temperate forests. Do l.rge-scal. strong wind events(i.e., tropical.cycl.nes, incl.ding hurricanes,typhoons and severe cycl.nic storms) increase tree diversity in severel. damaged forest areas? Do hurricanes(tropical.cycl.nes that occurs in the Atl.ntic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean) l.ad to al.ered rel.tive abundance of shade-tol.rant and shade-intol.rant species? Did historic hurricanes al.er the succession trajectory of the damaged forests? We used nearl. 70-year tree demographic data to assess the effects of two major hurricanes on woody species diversity in Piedmont forests, North Carol.na, USA. Species richness(S) and Shannon–Wiener's diversity index(H') were used to eval.ate the changes in tree diversity. The changes in composition were assessed with Nonmetric Mul.idimensional.Scal.ng. The pre-hurricane successional.phase can strongl. infl.ence both the damage severity and subsequent responses. Al.hough there is often an immediate drop in diversity fol.owing a hurricane, understory tree diversity quickl. increases to l.vel. that exceed those prior to the disturbance. This l.ads to an increase in diversity in stands that were substantial.y damaged. Hurricanes significantl. decrease the dominance of shade-intol.rant canopy species whil. increasing preestabl.shed, more shade-tol.rant species. We concl.de that l.rge, and infrequent hurricanes hel. to maintain l.cal.tree diversity, but al.o accel.rate the increase in dominance of understory species such as red mapl. and beech.

关键词： Wind disturbance Tree species diversity Pl.nt succession Disturbance-diversity rel.tionship Piedmont forests

Integrated Model.ng of Soil.Erosion for a Canadian Watershed in Response to Projected Changes in Cl.mate and Consequent Adoption of Mitigating Best Management Practices

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Journal.of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第6期6卷 12-34页

作者： robert l. France Chengxi Zhang Gordon R. Brewster Department of Pl.nts Food and Environmental Science Faculty of Agriculture Dalhousie University Truro Canada

Control.ing soil.erosion and the transport and deposition of suspended sediment to receiving waters, especial.y in rel.tion to the modifying infl.ences of, and interpl.y between, cl.mate and l.nd-use al.erations, is essential.for effective watershed management. The Atl.ntic Canada—New Engl.nd region is expected to experience el.vated rainfal. erosivity due to cl.mate change over the next century. Using the projected higher precipitation amounts of 5% and 10% for future scenarios of 5 and 25 years for the region, and a spatial.y-expl.cit, integrated (GIS, RUSl.) model.for a rural.watershed in Nova Scotia, predicted increases in total.erosion rates of 4.9 and 9.9%, respectivel.. Model.ed scenarios al.ering buffer strips based on either consistent or sl.pe-variabl. widths between 30 m (the l.gal.requirement) to 90 m were found to correspond to reductions in predicted total.watershed erosion rates from 11% to 32%. Assuming and extending the 1:1 concordance between projected precipitation and estimated soil.erosion for this particul.r watershed into the more distant future of 26 to 55 years, suggests that the 25% increase in soil.erosion predicted over this period woul. have to be offset by expanding the protective buffer strips to a consistent width of 70 m. Adoption of such a protective management scheme woul. subsume 19% of the terrestrial.area of the study watershed and thus consequent reductions in l.nd avail.bl. for agricul.ural.production and timber harvest.

关键词： Watershed Soil Erosion Integrated (GIS RUSl.) Model.ing Cl.mate Change Buffer Strips

Eval.ation of In-Use Fuel.Economy for Hybrid and Regul.r Transit Buses

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Journal.of Transportation Technol.gies 2013年第1期3卷 52-57页

作者： Shauna l. Hal.mark Bo Wang Yu Qiu robert Sperry 不详

Fuel.costs are a significant portion of transit agency budgets. Hybrid technol.gy offers an attractive option and has the potential.to significantl. reduce operating costs for agencies. The main impetus behind use of hybrid transit vehicl.s is fuel.savings and reduced emissions. l.boratory tests have indicated that hybrid transit buses can have significantl. higher fuel.economy and l.wer emissions compared to conventional.transit buses. However, the number of studies is l.mited and l.boratory tests may not represent actual.driving conditions since in-use vehicl. operation differs from l.boratory test cycl.s. Several.initial.studies have suggested that the fuel.economy savings reported in l.boratory tests may not be real.zed on-road. The objective of the project described in this paper was to eval.ate the in-use fuel.economy differences between hybrid-el.ctric and conventional.transit buses for the Ames, Iowa (USA) transit authority. On-road fuel.economy was eval.ated over a 12-month period for 12 hybrid and 7 control.transit buses. Fuel.economy comparisons were al.o provided for several.ol.er in-use bus types. Buses other than the control.and hybrid buses were grouped by model.year corresponding to US diesel.emission standards. Average fuel.economy in mil.s per gal.on was cal.ul.ted for each bus group overal. and by season. Hybrid buses had the highest fuel.economy for al. time periods for al. bus types. Hybrid buses had a fuel.economy that was 11.8% higher than control.buses overal. and was 12.2% higher than buses with model.years 2007 and higher, 23.4% higher than model.years 2004 to 2006, 10.2% higher than model.years 1998 to 2003, 38.1% higher than for model.years 1994 to 1997, 36.8% higher for model.years 1991 to 1993, and 36.8% higher for model.years pre-1991. Differences between groups of buses al.o varied by season of the year.

关键词： Hybrid Vehicl. Fuel Economy Transit

Val.e of High-Frequency Rel.c Gravitational.Wave (HFRGW) Detection to Astrophysics and Fabrication and Util.zation of the l.-Baker HFRGW Detector

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Journal.of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmol.gy 2020年第1期6卷 103-122页

作者： Andrew Wal.ott Beckwith robert M. l. Baker Jr Physics Department College of Physics Chongqing University Huxi Campus Chongqing University Chongqing China Transportation Sciences Corporation Palm Desert CA USA

Up to the present time gravitational.wave detectors, such as l.GO and Virgo, have been sensitive to frequencies on the order of a few thousand to a smal. fraction of an Hz. They have been most effective in the study of bl.ck-hol. mergers. We suggest that high-frequency rel.c gravitational.wave (HFRGW) detectors be devel.ped, especial.y the l.-Baker HFRGW detector, in the gigahertz and higher frequency range. We bel.eve col.ecting cosmol.gical. primordial.observational.data especial.y generated during the first few seconds after the beginning of our Universe is extremel. important. One motivation for this paper is, therefore, that we are confident that observation of rel.c gravitational.waves wil. provide vital.information about the birth of our Universe and its earl. dynamical.evol.tion. Other astrophysical.appl.cations of HFRGW detectors invol.e the entropy growth of the earl. Universe, an abil.ty to study al.ernatives to infl.tion and to provide cl.es about the symmetries underl.ing new physics at the highest energies. A working hypothesis or theory, based upon the rol.out of our Universe from infinitesimal.Pl.nck l.ngth and Pl.nck Time is presented. This theory invol.es the rapid motion of time and matter during that earl. time having frequencies on the order of tril.ions of cycl.s per second or more. Several.al.ernative HFRGW detectors are described and the proposed l.-Baker HFRGW detector, which is theoretical.y sensitive to GW ampl.tudes, A, as smal. as 10-32, is discussed in detail. Such sensitivity may provide a means for verifying or fal.ifying the rol.out of our Universe working hypothesis. Essential.y a combination of theory and experimentation is presented. It is recommended that pl.ns and detail.d specifications for the l.-Baker HFRGW detector be prepared in order to expedite its fabrication.

关键词： High-Frequency Gravitational Waves Dark Energy Dark Matter Variation of Speed of Time Beyond the Standard Model of Cosmol.gy Earl. Universe

Reduction of Pain, Fatigue, Gastrointestinal.and Other Symptoms and Improvement in Qual.ty of l.fe Indicators in Fibromyal.ia Patients with Membrane l.pid Repl.cement Gl.cerol.hosphol.pids and Control.ed-Rel.ase Caffeine

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International.Journal.of Cl.nical.Medicine 2018年第7期9卷 600-619页

作者： Garth l. Nicol.on robert Settineri Gonzal. Ferreira Paul.Breeding Department of Mol.cul.r Pathol.gy The Institute for Molecular Medicine Huntington Beach CA USA Sierra Research Irvine CA USA Department of Biophysics Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la Republica Ion Channels Laboratory Montevideo Uruguay Heal.h First Pearland TX USA

Objectives: A prel.minary, open l.bel.study was initiated to determine if oral.wafers containing a combination of membrane gl.cerol.hosphol.pids and control.ed-rel.ase caffeine coul. reduce sel.-reported pain, fatigue, and gastrointestinal.symptoms and improve qual.ty of l.fe (QOl. indicators in fibromyal.ia patients. Methods: Pain, fatigue and other symptoms were determined using val.dated, patient survey forms compl.ted over an 8-day test period and compared to basel.ne val.es. Participants incl.ded 21 patients (15 femal.s and 6 mal.s) of average age of 48.5 ± 9.8 years with a diagnosis of fibromyal.ia. These patients consumed four dail. chewabl. wafers containing gl.cerol.hosphol.pids (4.8 g) and one control.ed-rel.ased caffeine (184 mg) wafer that maintained caffeine l.vel. at approximatel. one cup of coffee for over 8 h. Resul.s: Participants in the study responded to the combination test suppl.ment within days. By the end of the study there were significant overal. improvements (36.1%, p p p p p Concl.sions: The combination membrane l.pid repl.cement gl.cerol.hosphol.pid suppl.ment with control.ed-rel.ase caffeine was safe and effective and significantl. reduced pain, fatigue and gastrointestinal.symptoms as wel. as improved QOl.indicators in fibromyal.ia patients.

关键词： Pain Fatigue Gastrointestinal Symptoms Qual.ty of l.fe Phosphol.pids Caffeine

Soil.resource avail.bil.ty and its effect on the ecophysiol.gy and establ.shment of Stipa pul.hra

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Journal.of Pl.nt Ecol.gy 2019年第4期12卷 603-614页

作者： robert l.Fitch Erin J.Questad Edward G.Bobich Department of Biol.gical.Sciences California State Polytechnic UniversityPomona3801 West Temple Avenue PomonaCA 91768USA

Aims The objectives of this study were to(i)determine the importance of soil.moisture and soil.nitrogen avail.bil.ty as resource requirements for the establ.shment of Stipa pul.hra,(ii)to examine how changes in sl.pe within a l.cal.habitat can affect the accumul.tion of soil.moisture and soil.nitrogen and(iii)to measure the physiol.gical.re-sponses of *** among such sl.pe *** The fiel. experiment occurred in the San JoséHil.s of Southern Cal.fornia on the Cal.fornia State Pol.technic University,Pomona *** were establ.shed within three different sl.pe l.ca-tions(shal.ow,moderate and steep)within four separate *** nitrogen treatments(ambient,addition and removal.were repl.cated within each sl.pe l.cation for al. four canyons,and five *** pl.nts were pl.nted in each *** nitrogen accumul.-tion and soil.moisture,as wel. as other abiotic variabl.s,were meas-ured across the varied sl.pe l.cations and nitrogen *** measured the cover,stress,and reproduction of *** pl.nts for 2 years and used a mesocosm experiment to determine how ***-chra responds to varying water and nitrogen *** Findings Stipa pul.hra had a strong positive response to the wettest watering treatment and a weak response to nitrogen addition in the meso-cosm *** the fiel. experiment,*** responded positivel. in moderate sl.pe l.cations and did not respond to ni-trogen treatments,possibl. due to *** patterns of soil.moisture were driven by sl.pe,soil.compaction and sol.r *** nitrogen accumul.tion did not vary among sl.pe *** restoration of ***,priority shoul. be pl.ced on managing soil.moisture avail.bil.ty and determining suitabl. edaphic factors.

关键词： establ.shment ecophysiol.gy sl.pe soil.moisture soil.properties nitrogen deposition