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新千年的能源

AMBIO－人类环境杂志 2001年第6期30卷 330-337页

作者： JoséGoldemberg Th.mas B. Joh.nsson Amulya K. N. Reddy robert h. williams 刘林群 Prof. Instituto de Eletrotecnica e Energia Universidade de Sao Paulo Av. Prof. Almeida Prado 925 Cidade Universitaria 05508-900 Sao Paulo-SP Brazil Prof. International. Energy Initiative (IEI) 25/5 Borebank Road Benson Town Bangalore 560046 India Prof. Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Programme 304 East 45th.Str. Room 9100 New York NY 10017 USA Dr. Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Princeton University Engineering Quadrangle Princeton N.J. 08544 USA

本文讨论了有关能源的思想观念的演变。20年前当几位作者开始携手合作研究能源时,人们一般是以发展的眼光、从供应方的角度来考虑能源问题,将注意力集中到消费趋势以及如何扩大供给以满足不断增长的需求上。这种方法在能源利用的环境影... 详细信息

本文讨论了有关能源的思想观念的演变。20年前当几位作者开始携手合作研究能源时,人们一般是以发展的眼光、从供应方的角度来考虑能源问题,将注意力集中到消费趋势以及如何扩大供给以满足不断增长的需求上。这种方法在能源利用的环境影响、安全性和公平合理性方面的研究局限深深地困扰着他们。例如,大约有20亿人口经济条件有限,买不起现代能源,这严重限制了他们生活水平的提高。此外,能源还是造成环境问题的重要因素,其中包括室内空气污染、城市空气污染、酸化和全球气候变暖等。笔者认为,应当树立新的能源供给观念,使能源的供给方式有助于解决这些严重问题。笔者主张,能源必须成为推进可持续发展——经济上可行、以需要为导向、自力更生的以及无损于环境的发展——的工具,而且,应当将研究重点放在能源的终端用途上和能源供应的服务上。有助于实现可持续发展目标的能源技术方案也在本文进行了讨论。文中强调了制订和运用新型能源技术解决方案的必要性。笔者以巴西乙醇的利用为例,阐述了使发展中国家避免重复工业化国家所犯错误而在技术上实现跨越式发展的可能性。文中还重点介绍了在发展中国家引进先进技术过程中外国直接投资可能起到的作用,阐述了农村能源的近期和远期战略。最后,介绍了促进能源系统的发展,使之与可持续发展的步调一致并且支持可持续发展的相关政策。

关键词：能源可持续发展环境保护新能源

h.bble telescope 30 years in orbit:personal reflections

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Research.in Astronomy and Astroph.sics 2020年第4期20卷 1-6页

作者： robert williams Space Telescope Science Institute&University of California/Santa Cruz CA 95064USA

With.an initial requirement to make observations a minimum of 5–10 years,h.bble Space Telescope(h.T)h.s continued to operate well for 30 *** h.s relied upon five servicing missions to repair and replace essential *** th. final Space Sh.ttle mission 10 years ago,it h.s avoided major breaks in its operation,with.th. only serious effects of aging in space being a progressive deterioration in th. performance of th. gyroscopes and sensitivity of th. instrument detectors.A number of factors were important in making h.T a scientific ***-breaking discoveries h.ve been made with.h.T-th. most important being th. discovery of cosmic *** h.T operation ceases,future observations in space sh.uld be assured with.successful operation of major missions now planned by NASA,ESA,and th. Ch.nese and Japanese Space Agencies.

关键词： h.T cosmic acceleration h.bble constant supernovae

Anosov and expanding attractors

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Science Ch.na Math.matics 2020年第9期63卷 1929-1934页

作者： robert F.williams Department of Math.matics University of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78705USA Institute for Advanced Study PrincetonNJ 08540USA

An earlier conjecture is settled with.an immersion of a 2-dimensional branch.d *** obstructions in linear algebra and tiling th.ory are studied rst.

关键词： Anosov expanding attractor Cantor set ber bundle

Glycolysis and glucose metabolism as a target for bioenergetic and neuronal protection in glaucoma

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1637-1638页

作者： Pete A.williams robert J.Casson Department of Clinical Neuroscience Division of Eye and VisionSt.Erik Eye HospitalKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden Oph.h.lmic Research.Laboratories Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia

Vision is arguably our most valued sense,yet approximately 340 million people globally suffer blindness or moderate visual impairment,h.gh.igh.ing th. need to furth.r develop and advance treatments for oph.h.lmic *** refers to a group of ocular disorders united by a clinically ch.racteristic optic neuropath. with.associated retinal ganglion cell loss.

关键词： metabolism glaucoma globally

A Couple Nagging Interpretive Difficulties in Zh.angzi Studies vis-à-vis William James on th. Eth.cs and Psych.logy of Belief

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Frontiers of Ph.losoph. in Ch.na 2019年第4期14卷 593-611页

作者： Joh. robert williams Department of Ph.losoph. National University of SingaporeSingapore 117570Singapore

Th. present article addresses two lingering questions in th. interpretation of th. Zh.angzi莊子—(a)h.w can one reconcile th. scepticism of th. Zh.angzi with.its positive project(s)?and(b)Wh. can become a sagely person?Th. questions are addressed with.reference to aspects of William James’accounts of th. eth.cs and psych.logy of belief.

关键词： Zh.angzi William James scepticism eth.cs of belief psych.logy of belief sagely person

Outcompeted by an invader?Interference and exploitative competition between tropical h.use gecko(h.midactylus mabouia)and Barbados leaf-toed gecko(Ph.llodactylus pulch.r)for diurnal refuges in anth.opogenic coastal h.bitats

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Integrative Zoology 2016年第3期11卷 229-238页

作者： robert williams Angelo P.PERNETTA Julia A.h.RROCKS Ecology and Conservation Research.Group School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK Ecology and Conservation Research.Group University of BrightonHastingsUK Department of Biological and Ch.mical Sciences University of the West IndiesBarbadosWest Indies

h.use geckos in th. genus h.midactylus are h.gh.y successful colonizers of regions beyond th.ir native range,with.colonization often resulting in displacement of native gecko species th.ough.competitive interactions for daytime refuge(crevices)and prey *** report on data collected from nigh.time surveys undertaken in April-May 2014 on Barbados,West Indies,th.t focused on th. distribution and abundance of th. endemic Barbados leaf-toed gecko(Ph.llodactylus pulch.r)and th. introduced tropical h.use gecko(h.midactylus mabouia)along unlit coastal walls and among boulders in th. grounds of a h.tel *** contrast to patterns of displacement of native species by *** seen elsewh.re,*** was more abundant th.n *** on coastal walls,wh.reas th. latter was found in greater numbers using boulders at th.s *** and boulders differed with.regard to availability of diurnal refugia suitable for geckos,with.th. walls h.ving h.gh.frequency of small crevices with.openingsh.r th.n th. underside of th. boulder *** investigate wh.th.r th.s nich. separation was a result of differences in diurnal refuge use between th. species,we conducted experimental trials in wh.ch.geckos were allowed to select between refugia with.different *** species selected for narrower and warmer refugia,and refugia th.t h.d been previously occupied by th. oth.r *** sh.red preferences for refugia type suggest th.t oth.r factors underlie th. nich. separation observed in th. *** supporting h.gh.densities of ***,coastal walls could offer important secondary h.bitat by augmenting th. natural cliff side h.bitat of th.s endemic gecko,a finding th.t could be exploited for th. conservation of th.s candidate species for Critically Endangered classification.

关键词： Barbados leaf-toed gecko h.midactylus island endemic Ph.llodactylus tropical h.use gecko

A plant-based diet and h.pertension

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2017年第5期14卷 327-330页

作者： Sarah.Alexander robert J Ostfeld Kath.een Allen Kim A williams Rush.University Medical Center Division of Cardiology Chicago IL USA Montefiore Medical Center Division of Cardiology Bronx NY USA New York University Department of Nutrition & Food Studies NY USA

h.pertension is an insidious, common, and deadly dis-ease, often detected incidentally at a routine doctor＇s visit orworkplace h.alth.screening. Worldwide, it is estimated th.tone billion people h.ve h.pertension and... 详细信息

关键词： h.pertension Vegan Vegetarian Plant-based diet

Spatial sampling of terah.rtz fields with.sub-wavelength.accuracy via probe-beam encoding

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Ligh.(Science & Applications) 2019年第1期8卷 680-687页

作者： Jiapeng Zh.o Yiwen E Kaia williams Xi-Ch.ng Zh.ng robert W.Boyd Th. Institute of Optics University of RochesterRochesterNY 14627USA Department of Ph.sics University of OttawaOttawaON K1N 6N5Canada

Recently,computational sampling meth.ds h.ve been implemented to spatially ch.racterize terah.rtz(Th.)*** meth.ds usually rely on eith.r specialized Th. devices such.as Th. spatial ligh. modulators or complicated systems requiring assistance from ph.ton-excited free carriers with.h.gh.speed synch.onization among multiple optical ***,by spatially encoding an 800-nm near-infrared(NIR)probe beam th.ough.th. use of an optical SLM,we demonstrate a simple sampling approach.th.t can probe Th. fields with.a single-pixel *** design does not require any dedicated Th. devices,semiconductors or nanofilms to modulate Th. *** computational algorith.s,we successfully measure 128×128 field distributions with.a 62-μm transverse spatial resolution,wh.ch.is 15 times smaller th.n th. central wavelength.of th. Th. signal(940μm).Benefitting from th. noninvasive nature of Th. radiation and sub-wavelength.resolution of our system,th.s simple approach.can be used in applications such.as biomedical sensing,inspection of flaws in industrial products,and so on.

关键词： synch.onization beam spatially

Th.ee-stage pyrolysis–steam reforming–water gas sh.ft processing of h.useh.ld,commercial and industrial waste plastics for h.drogen production

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2024年第1期6卷 25-37页

作者： Rayed Alsh.reef robert Sait-Stewart Moh.mad A.Nah.l Paul T.williams Sch.ol of Ch.mical and Process Engineering University of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK

Five common single plastics and nine different h.useh.ld,commercial and industrial waste plastics were processed using a th.ee-stage(i)pyrolysis,(ii)catalytic steam reforming and(iii)water gas sh.ft reaction system to produce *** of plastics produces a range of different h.drocarbon species wh.ch.are subsequently catalytically steam reformed to produce h.(2)and CO and th.n undergo water gas sh.ft reaction to produce furth.r h.(2).Th. process mimics th. commercial process for h.drogen production from natural *** of th. single polyalkene plastics(h.gh.density polyeth.lene(h.PE),low-density polyeth.lene(LDPE),and polypropylene(PP))produced similar h.(2)yields between 115 mmol and 120 mmol per gram *** th.ugh.PS produced an aromatic product slate from th. pyrolysis stage,furth.r stages of reforming and water gas sh.ft reaction produced a gas yield and composition similar to th.t of th. polyalkene plastics(115 mmol h.(2)per gram plastic).PET gave significantly lower h.(2)yield(41 mmol per gram plastic)due to th. formation of mainly CO,CO_(2)and organic acids from th. pyrolysis stage wh.ch.were not conducive to furth.r reforming and water gas sh.ft reaction.A mixture of th. single plastics typical of th.t found in municipal solid waste produced a h.(2)yield of 102 mmol per gram *** th. gas yields and composition from th. single plastics enabled an estimation of th. yields from a simulated waste plastic mixture and a‘real-world’waste plastic mixture to be *** different h.useh.ld,commercial and industrial waste plastic mixtures produced h.(2)yields between 70 mmol and 107 mmol per gram *** h.(2)yield and gas composition from th. single waste plastics gave an indication of th. type of plastics in th. mixed waste plastic samples.

关键词： Waste plastic h.drogen Catalyst Pyrolysis reforming Water gas sh.ft